Bahasa Khowar
| Bahasa Khowar | |
|---|---|
| کھووار Khowār | |
 | |
| Dipakay bak | Jolma Kho |
| Jumlah Panutur | 580 ribu |
| Wilayah | Pakistan |
| Kaluwarga Basa | Indo-Eropa • Indo-Iran • Indo-Arya • Bahasa Khowar |
| Huruf | Arab |
| Status | |
| Resmi di | |
| Diatur bak | Association for the Promotion of Khowar |
| Status Basa | Lokok tipakay |
| Kode Basa | |
| ISO 639-3 | khw |
Basa Khowar joda da salah osay basa say dituturko Jolma Kho di nagara Pakistan.
Huruf
[dandani | Sunting sumbor]Konsonan
[dandani | Sunting sumbor]| Golar[1] | Bontuk | IPA[2] | Romanisasi[3] | Unicode | Cuntuh[2] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khowar Romanisasi |
Posay | Uncuk | Tongah-tongah | Pangkal | Khowar Romanisasi |
Horti | |||
| الف alif |
ا | ـا | /ɑː/, /ʔ/, rokop[4] | ā, – | U 0627 | انگار angár |
Apuy | ||
| بے be |
ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | /b/ | b | U 0628 | برار braár |
Mahani |
| پے pe |
پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | /p/ | p | U 067E | پلوغ palóγ |
Apel |
| تے te |
ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | /t̪/ | t | U 062A | تت tat |
Ubak |
| ٹے ṭe |
ٹ | ـٹ | ـٹـ | ٹـ | /ʈ/ | ṭ | U 0679 | ٹپ ṭip |
Ponuh |
| ثے se |
ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | /s/ | s | U 062B | توابی saʋabi |
Panghorgaan/Ngaruwahi |
| جيم jim |
ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | /d͡ʒ/ | j | U 062C | جم jam |
Holaw |
| ݮيم j̣im |
ݮ | ـݮ | ـݮـ | ݮـ | /ɖ͡ʐ/ | j̣ | U 076E | ݮنݮیر j̣anj̣ér |
Rantay |
| چے če |
چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | /t͡ʃ/ | č | U 0686 | چومر čúmur |
Bosi |
| ݯے c̣e |
ݯ | ـݯ | ـݯـ | ݯـ | /ʈ͡ʂ/ | c̣ | U 076F | ݯار c̣at |
Ngoluh |
| حے he |
ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | /h/ | h | U 062D | حاجت haját |
Porlu |
| خے xe |
خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | /x/ | x | U 062E | خڑاو xaɫáu |
Tikus |
| څے tse |
څ | ـڅ | ـڅـ | څـ | /t͡s/ | ts | U 0685 | څیق tseq |
Ronik |
| ځے dze |
ځ | ـځ | ـځـ | ځـ | /d͡z/ | dz | U 0681 | ځاہ dzah |
Basoh |
| دال dal |
د | ـد | /d̪/ | d | U 062F | دروݯ droc̣ |
Anggur | ||
| ڈال ḍal |
ڈ | ـڈ | /ɖ/ | ḍ | U 0688 | ڈانگ ḍaáng |
Jantung/Hati | ||
| ذال zal |
ذ | ـذ | /z/ | z | U 0630 | ذخیره zaxira |
Buwah ngoluh | ||
| رے re |
ر | ـر | /r/ | r | U 0631 | روئے roi |
Jolma | ||
| ڑے ɫe |
ڑ | ـڑ | /lˠ/ | ɫ | U 0691 | ڑوو ɫow |
Rubah | ||
| زے ze |
ز | ـز | /z/ | z | U 0632 | زوم zom |
Gunung | ||
| ژے že |
ژ | ـژ | /ʒ/ | ž | U 0698 | ژور žuúr |
Nakbay | ||
| ݱے ẓe |
ݱ | ـݱ | /ʐ/ | ẓ | U 0771 | ݱوت ẓot |
Awal | ||
| سین sin |
س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | /s/ | s | U 0633 | سوت sot |
Pitu |
| شین šin |
ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | /ʃ/ | š | U 0634 | شوت šot |
Sumpah |
| ݰین ṣin |
ݰ | ـݰ | ـݰـ | ݰـ | /ʂ/ | ṣ | U 0770 | ݰابوک ṣaboók |
Kabayan obay |
| صواد swad |
ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | /s/ | s | U 0635 | صفا safá |
Borsih |
| ضواد zwad |
ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | /z/ | z | U 0636 | ضائع zayá |
Siya-siya |
| طوئے to’ē |
ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | /t̪/ | t | U 0637 | طوطی toti |
Manuk beo |
| ظوئے zo’ē |
ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | /z/ | z | U 0638 | ظالم zaálim |
Hotung |
| عین ‘ain |
ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/, /ʔ/, /ʕ/, rokop [5] |
‘ | U 0639 | عاشق ašéq |
Panggoring |
| غین γayn |
غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | /ɣ/ | γ | U 063A | غیژی γéži |
Posay |
| فے fe |
ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | /f/ | f | U 0641 | فروخ frox |
Banguk |
| قاف qaf |
ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | /q/ | q | U 0642 | قاق qáq |
Ngoluh |
| کاف kaf |
ک | ـک | ـکـ | کـ | /k/ | k | U 06A9 | کانو kánu |
Buta |
| گاف gaf |
گ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | /ɡ/ | g | U 06AF | گونج gonj |
Panyimpanan |
| لام lam |
ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | /l/ | l | U 0644 | لوٹ loṭ |
Balak |
| میم mim |
م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | /m/ | m | U 0645 | مخ mux |
Pudak |
| نون nun |
ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | /n/, /ɲ/, /ɳ/, /ŋ/ |
n | U 0646 | نموتی namúti |
Mak busolop |
| واؤ wa’o |
و | ـو | /ʋ/, /uː/, /ʊ/, /o ː/, /ɔː/ |
v, w, u, o, aw |
U 0648 | واؤ wau وریݱنو vreẓ̌nú |
Morli tuha Bawang handak | ||
| ہے he |
ہ | ـہ | ـہـ | ہـ | /h/, /ɑː/, /eː/ | h, a, e | U 06C1 [6] |
ہوست host |
Pungu |
| چھوٹی ہے choṭi he | |||||||||
| دو چشمی ہے do-cashmī hē |
ھ | ـھ | ـھـ | ھـ | /ʰ/ [7] |
-h | U 06BE | پھوست phost |
Bawak |
| یے ye |
ی | ـی | ـیـ | یـ | /j/, /i/, /e/ [8] |
y, i, e | U 06CC | یومون yomún میوه mewá لگینی ligíni |
Musim salju Buah Ma |
| بڑی یے baṛi ye |
ے | ـے | /e/, /aj/ [9] |
ay, e | U 06D2 | اوچے očé |
Rik | ||
| ہمزہ hamzah |
ئ | ـئ | ـئـ | ئـ | /ʔ/ atawa rokop [10] |
’, –, -i, -o, -u | U 0626 | نخوئے naxói |
Buncis |
| ؤ | ـؤ | U 0624 | بوؤ buú |
Manuk hantu/guguk | |||||
| ء | U 0621 | ||||||||
Vokal
[dandani | Sunting sumbor]Vokal dilom basa Khowar tilambangko rik huruf-huruf say munih tianggap sabagay konsonan. Lamon bunyi vokal panday tilambangko rik say huruf. Kabingungan panday timbul, tapi konteks biyasona cukup untuk ngapanday bunyi say bonor.
| Romanisasi | Pangucapan[11] | Uncuk | Tongah-tongah | Pangkal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | /ə/ | 
|
|
|
| ā | /ɑː/ | 
|
|
|
| i | /ɪ/ | 
|
| |
| ī | /iː/ | 
|
|
|
| u | /ʊ/ | 
|
|
|
| ū | /uː/ | 
|
|
|
| e | /eː/ | 
|
|
|
| ay | /ɛ/ | 
|
|
|
| o | /oː/ | 
|
|
|
| aw | /ɔ/ | 
|
|
|
Vokal Buntak
[dandani | Sunting sumbor]Vokal buntak ("a", "i", "u") titanday rik tanda diakritik dinggak rik di bah huruf konsonan.
| Vokal | Golar | Transkripsi | IPA |
| بَ | zabar | ba | /ə/ |
| بِ | zer | bi | /ɪ/ |
| بُ | pesh | bu | /ʊ/ |
Cuntuh Tulisan
[dandani | Sunting sumbor]UDHR pasal 1
[dandani | Sunting sumbor]سف انسان آزاد وا حقوق اوچے عزتو اعتبارو سورا برابار پیدا بیتی آسونی، ھیتانتے ضمیر اوچے عقل عطا کورونو بیتی شیر، ھے بچین ھیتان تان موژی برارگاریو سلوکو کوریلک۔
Saf insān āzād wa ḥuqūq-ochay izzato ėʿtibāro sora barābaar paidā biti asuni. hetantey żamīr ôchay ʿaql ataa koronu biti sher. Hey bachen hetan taan muzhi brar gariyo sulūk korelik.
Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.
Rujukan
[dandani | Sunting sumbor]- ↑ Ahmadriza, Fareed; Hussain, Mumtaz. "Evolution of khowar alphabets" کھوار حروف تہجی کی تاریخ [History of the Khowar Alphabet]. Mahraka.Kategori:CS1 uses Urdu-language script (ur)
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Farid Ahmad Raza, Preliminary Grapheme to Phoneme Khowar Alphabet Chart, Booni Chitral. http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/grapheme_to_phoneme.pdf
- ↑ Elena Bashir, A digital Khowar-English dictionary with audio - Organization of the dictionary. University of Chicago. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/khowar-2nd/frontmatter/frontmatter.pdf
- ↑ At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble اُردو "Urdu". But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted اردو like other short vowel diacritcs.
- ↑ Used mainly for Arabic loanwords.
- ↑ Similar to Urdu, sometimes choṭī hē is used to refer to hey but choṭī hē can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use U 0647 whereas Khowar uses U 06C1 for gōl hey.Citakan:Fact See also: Urdu in Unicode.
- ↑ No word begins with this letter. This letter forms part of digraph with other consonants to represent aspirated varieties of those consonants
- ↑ The letter ye can either represent consonant ([j]) or vowel ([i] or [e]). The letter ye can represent [j] in initial, medial, or final position, or it can represent [i] and [e] occur in medial positions, or [i] in final position. To represent [e] in final position, the letter baṛi ye (ے) is used.
- ↑ The letter baṛi ye only occurs in final position. The letter baṛi ye represents the vowel [e]. To represent [e] in media position, the letter ye (ـیـ) is used.
- ↑ In Khowar, hamzah is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as hamzah-e-izafat. The main use of hamzah in Khowar is to indicate a vowel cluster.
- ↑ October 2017, section is a verbatim copy of Urdu alphabet, are wer sure the very same pronunciations hold?