Perang Kroasia-Bosnia

Perang Kroasia–Bosnia
Bagian dari Perang Bosnia dan Perang Yugoslavia
Searah jarum jam dari kanan atas: sisa-sisa Stari Most di Mostar, diganti dengan jembatan kabel; Detasemen Artileri IFOR Perancis, berpatroli di dekat Mostar; tugu peringatan perang Kroasia di Vitez; tugu peringatan perang Bosnia di Stari Vitez; pemandangan Novi Travnik selama perang
Tanggal 18 Oktober 1992 – 23 Februari 1994 (1 tahun, 4 bulan dan 5 hari) Lokasi Bosnia dan Herzegovina, terutama di Bosnia Tengah dan sepanjang sungai Neretva. Hasil Persetujuan Washington Pendirian Federasi Bosnia dan Herzegovina Perubahan wilayah Wilayah Bosnia dan Herzegovina yang dikuasai oleh Dewan Pertahanan Kroasia menurun dari 20 persen menjadi 10 persen pada masa Persetujuan Washington.
Pihak terlibat
Republik Kroasia Herzeg-Bosnia Kroasia	Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Franjo Tuđman Gojko Šušak Janko Bobetko Mate Boban Milivoj Petković Slobodan Praljak Ante Roso Valentin Ćorić	Alija Izetbegović Sefer Halilović Rasim Delić Enver Hadžihasanović Arif Pašalić Mehmed Alagić
Kekuatan
40.000–50.000 (1993)	100.000–120.000 (1993)
Korban
1,606 Tewas	Tidak Diketahui

Perang Kroat-Bosniak adalah sebuah konflik bersenjata antara Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina melawan Republik Kroasia Herzeg-Bosnia yang didukung oleh Kroasia. Perang ini berlangsung dari 18 Oktober 1992 hingga 23 Februari 1994. Perang ini sering kali disebut "perang dalam perang" karena merupakan bagian dari Perang Bosnia yang lebih besar. Pada awalnya, suku Bosnia (Muslim Bosnia) dan Kroat bersekutu melawan Angkatan Darat Rakyat Yugoslavia dan Angkatan Darat Republika Srpska, tetapi pada akhir tahun 1992 ketegangan di antara mereka mula memanas. Insiden baku tembak pertama terjadi pada Oktober 1992 di Bosnia. Persekutuan Bosnia-Kroat tetap dapat bertahan hingga awal tahun 1993, tetapi kemudian kerjasama mereka berakhir dan dua kelompok etnis ini mulai saling berkonflik secara terbuka.

Perang Kroat-Bosniak memanas di Bosnia tengah dan kemudian menyebar ke Herzegovina. Sebagian besar pertempuran terjadi di kedua wilayah tersebut. Angkatan perang Bosniak adalah Angkatan Darat Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina, sementara angkatan perang Kroasia adalah Dewan Pertahanan Kroasia. Pada umumnya, konflik yang terjadi merupakan konflik sporadis dan beberapa gencatan senjata telah disepakati sepanjang perang. Namun, perang ini bukanlah perang berskala penuh dan keduanya masih bersekutu di wilayah-wilayah lain. Beberapa rencana perdamaian telah diusulkan oleh komunitas internasional semasa perang, tetapi semuanya gagal. Pada tanggal 23 Februari 1994, gencatan senjata telah disepakati dan sebuah persetujuan untuk menghentikan perang Kroat-Bosniak telah ditandatangani di Washington pada tanggal 18 Maret 1994. Pada masa ini, Dewan Pertahanan Kroasia telah kehilangan separuh wilayah yang sebelumnya mereka kendalikan. Perjanjian ini tidak hanya merukunkan pihak-pihak yang bertikai, tetapi juga mendirikan Federasi Bosnia dan Herzegovina. Pihak Kroat dan Bosniak kemudian memulai sebuah operasi bersama untuk melawan pasukan Serbia. Persekutuan ini berhasil mengubah keseimbangan kekuatan militer dan mengakhiri Perang Bosnia.

Pengadilan Pidana Internasional untuk Bekas Yugoslavia telah mendakwa sejumlah pejabat tinggi Kroat dan Bosniak atas tuduhan kejahatan perang. Dalam kasus-kasus yang menimpa pemimpin politik dan militer Republik Kroasia Herzeg-Bosnia, pengadilan ini memutuskan bahawa Kroasia memiliki kendali penuh atas Dewan Pertahanan Kroasia. Dalam putusan tingkat pertama kasus Prlić et al., pengadilan ini juga menetapkan bahwa terdapat joint criminal enterprise (kejahatan yang dilakukan bersama-sama) yang berupaya untuk menganeksasi atau mengendalikan sebagian wilayah Bosnia dan Herzegovina sesuai dengan perbatasan Banovina Kroasia pada tahun 1939.

Daftar pustaka

Buku dan jurnal

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• Zürcher, Christoph (2003). Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6241-4. 

Artikel koran

• Bullough, Oliver (7 November 2007). "Transcripts Suggest Croatia Conspired to Break Up Bosnia". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. 
• Burns, John F. (6 July 1992). "Croats Claim Their Own Slice of Bosnia". New York Times. 
• Burns, John F. (21 July 1992). "U.N. Resumes Relief Flights to Sarajevo". New York Times. 
• Burns, John F. (26 July 1992). "Croatian Pact Holds Risks for Bosnians". New York Times. 
• Burns, John F. (11 October 1992). "Bosnia Loss Hints at Croat-Serb Deal". New York Times. 

• "West Rejects Revision Of Dayton Accords". Chicago Tribune. 2 June 1999. 
• Hedges, Chris (16 November 1997). "At Home and Under Duress With Bosnian Croats". New York Times. 
• Hedl, Dragutin (5 September 2000). "Bosnian Trade Off". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. 
• Lashmar, Paul; Bruce, Cabell; Cookson, John (1 November 2000). "Secret recordings link dead dictator to Bosnia crimes". The Independent. 
• Lušić, Bisera (3 November 2000). "Britanci su od Mesića dobili samo intervju, ne i transkripte". Slobodna Dalmacija. 
• Myers, Linnet (6 May 1993). "Bosnian Serbs Spurn Un Pact, Set Referendum". Chicago Tribune. 
• O'Connor, Mike (16 December 1995). "5 Islamic Soldiers Die in Shootout With Croats". New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-03-18. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-19. 
• Perlez, Jane (15 August 1996). "Muslim and Croatian Leaders Approve Federation for Bosnia". New York Times. 
• Pringle, Peter (7 March 1993). "Progress on Vance-Owen map for Bosnia". The Independent. 
• Kurt, Schork (19 October 1993). "Winter of trench warfare looms: Muslims and Croats deadlocked in valley". The Independent. 
• Sudetic, Chuck (7 September 1992). "Croatians Insist Muslim Fighters Leave Sarajevo Buffer Area". New York Times. 
• Sudetic, Chuck (8 September 1992). "Croatian Militia Denies Issuing a Broad Challenge to Bosnia". New York Times. 
• Šoštarić, Eduard; Cvitić, Plamenko (30 January 2007). "Susak Handed Over the Posavina Region". Nacional. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-25. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-19. 
• Tanner, Marcus (27 July 1993). "Bosnia: New commander vows to return fire". The Independent. 
• Williams, Carol J. (9 May 1992). "Serbs, Croats Met Secretly to Split Bosnia". Los Angeles Times. 
• Williams, Carol J. (15 January 1994). "Croatia Risks Cutting Its Own Throat". Los Angeles Times. 

Sumber internasional, pemerintah dan organisasi non-pemerintah

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• "Prosecutor v. Kordić and Čerkez Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 26 February 2001. 
• "Prosecutor v. Kordić & Čerkez Appeals Judgement Summary" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 17 December 2004. 
• "Prosecutor v. Rasim Delić Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 September 2008. 
• "Prosecutor v. Rasim Delić Judgement Summary" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 September 2008. 
• "Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić – Judgement – Volume 1 of 6" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. 
• "Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić – Judgement – Volume 2 of 6" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. 
• "Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić – Judgement – Volume 4 of 6" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. 
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• "Prosecutor v. Hadžihasanović & Kubura Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 March 2006. 
• "Prosecutor v. Hadžihasanović & Kubura Judgement Summary" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. March 2006. 
• "Prosecutor v. Naletilić & Martinović Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 31 March 2003. 
• "Prosecutor v. Nisvet Gasal, Musajb Kukavica and Senad Dautović". Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2011. 
• "Prosecutor v. Ćurić Enes, Demirović Ibrahim, Kreso Samir, Čopelja Habib and Kaminić Mehmed". Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-19. 
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