Reformator Protestan

Reformator Protestan adalah para teolog yang karier, karya, dan tindakannya melahirkan Reformasi Protestan pada abad ke-16.

Dalam konteks Reformasi, Martin Luther adalah reformator pertama yang menyampaikan pandangannya secara terbuka pada tahun 1517, diikuti oleh Andreas Karlstadt dan Philipp Melanchthon di Wittenberg, yang segera bergabung dengan gerakan baru tersebut. Pada tahun 1519, Huldrych Zwingli reformator pertama yang mengekspresikan sebuah bentuk tradisi Reformed .

Berikut ini hanyalah para reformator yang paling berpengaruh. Mereka didaftar berdasarkan gerakan, meskipun beberapa reformator mempengaruhi berbagai gerakan dan dimasukkan ke dalam masing-masing bagian.

Pendahulu yang terkemuka

Selama Abad Pertengahan, menurut Edmund Hamer Broadbent, terdapat sejumlah gerakan Kristen yang berusaha untuk kembali ke apa yang mereka anggap sebagai kemurnian gereja Apostolik dan yang ajaran-ajarannya menjadi bayang-bayang ide-ide Protestan.^[1]

Reformator Magisterial

Perdebatan fiktif antara tokoh-tokoh Reformasi Protestan terkemuka (duduk di sisi kiri meja: Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Melanchthon, Bugenhagen, dan Oecolampadius) dan perwakilan Gereja Katolik

Ada sejumlah reformator utama dalam Reformasi Magisterial, termasuk:

Lutheran

Martin Luther
Philipp Melanchthon
Justus Jonas
Martin Chemnitz
Georg Spalatin
Joachim Westphal
Andreas Osiander
Johannes Brenz
Johannes Bugenhagen
Andreas Karlstadt, yang kemudian menjadi Reformator Radikal
Hans Tausen
Mikael Agricola
Primož Trubar
Jiří Třanovský

Reformed

Anglikan

Arminian

Jacobus Arminius

Unitarian

Ferenc David

Reformator Radikal

Para reformator penting dalam Reformasi Radikal meliputi:

Anabaptis

Schwenkfelder

Kaspar Schwenkfeld

Reformator Front Kedua

Ada juga sejumlah orang yang pada awalnya bekerja sama dengan para Reformator Radikal, tetapi kemudian memisahkan diri dari mereka untuk membentuk "Front Kedua", yang pada dasarnya menolak sakralisme. Di antaranya adalah:

Anabaptis

Kontra Reformator

Para teolog Katolik Roma yang bekerja menentang Reformasi Protestan meliputi:

Katolik Roma

Lihat juga

Daftar Reformator Protestan (menurut abjad)
Protestantisme di Jerman

Referensi

^ Broadbent, E.H. (1931). The Pilgrim Church. Basingstoke: Pickering & Inglis. ISBN 0720806771.
^ F. L. Cross; E. A. Livingstone, ed. (13 March 1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition. USA: Oxford University Press. hlm. 359. ISBN 0-19-211655-X.
^ "Gottschalk Of Orbais | Roman Catholic theologian". Britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-27.
^ caryslmbrown (2017-07-18). "Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais". Doing History in Public (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-27.
^ Lockridge, Kenneth R. "Gottschalk "Fulgentius" of Orbais".
^ Minton, Gretchen E. (2014-01-26). John Bale's 'The Image of Both Churches' (dalam bahasa Inggris). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-007-7296-0. Berengar of Tours was an 11th-century theologian who argued that the doctrine of transubstantiation was contrary to reason and unsupported by scripture
^ Siebeck, Mohr (11 March 2016). Prophecy, Piety, and the Problem of Historicity: Interpreting the Hebrew. Germany. hlm. 372. ISBN 978-3-16-154270-1. Berengar of Tours (c. 1005-1088), Bernand of Clairvaux, the Waldensians in the twelfth century, the Albigensians in the thirteenth century and John Wycliffe (x. 1330-1385) and Jan Hus (c. 1370-1415) in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, are all prefigured in the poetic images of Solomon's Songs. They all become forerunners of Luther and Calvin
^ Jung, Emma; Franz, Marie-Luise von (1998). The Grail Legend (dalam bahasa Inggris). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00237-8. Berengar of Tours (first half og the eleventh century), whose views occasioned the dispute known as the Second Eucharistic Controversy. Berengar aught that the body and the blood of the Lord were no "real" in the Eucharist but a specific image or likeleness ("figuram quandam similitudinem"). He was thus a forerunner of the Reformers.
^ "Pierre Valdo (1140-1217) and the Waldenses". Musée protestant. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-31.
^ "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-23.
^ "The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin" (PDF). Pharos Journal of Theology. 98. 2016. John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread in turned into the real body and blood of Christ
^ "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-23.
^ "Lollard | English religious history". Britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-27.
^ "Jan Hus (1369-1415) and the Hussite wars (1419-1436)". museéprotestant. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal Jun 18, 2023.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

George, Timothy. Theology of the Reformers. Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0805401950 NB: Studi banding berbagai pemimpin gerakan Magisterial dan Radikal Reformasi Protestan abad ke-16.

[1] Broadbent, E.H. (1931). The Pilgrim Church. Basingstoke: Pickering & Inglis. ISBN 0720806771.

[ODCC-2] F. L. Cross; E. A. Livingstone, ed. (13 March 1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition. USA: Oxford University Press. hlm. 359. ISBN 0-19-211655-X.

[3] "Gottschalk Of Orbais | Roman Catholic theologian". Britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-27.

[4] ryslmbrown (2017-07-18). "Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais". Doing History in Public (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-27.

[5] Lockridge, Kenneth R. "Gottschalk "Fulgentius" of Orbais".

[6] Minton, Gretchen E. (2014-01-26). John Bale's 'The Image of Both Churches' (dalam bahasa Inggris). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-007-7296-0. Berengar of Tours was an 11th-century theologian who argued that the doctrine of transubstantiation was contrary to reason and unsupported by scripture

[7] Siebeck, Mohr (11 March 2016). Prophecy, Piety, and the Problem of Historicity: Interpreting the Hebrew. Germany. hlm. 372. ISBN 978-3-16-154270-1. Berengar of Tours (c. 1005-1088), Bernand of Clairvaux, the Waldensians in the twelfth century, the Albigensians in the thirteenth century and John Wycliffe (x. 1330-1385) and Jan Hus (c. 1370-1415) in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, are all prefigured in the poetic images of Solomon's Songs. They all become forerunners of Luther and Calvin

[8] Jung, Emma; Franz, Marie-Luise von (1998). The Grail Legend (dalam bahasa Inggris). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00237-8. Berengar of Tours (first half og the eleventh century), whose views occasioned the dispute known as the Second Eucharistic Controversy. Berengar aught that the body and the blood of the Lord were no "real" in the Eucharist but a specific image or likeleness ("figuram quandam similitudinem"). He was thus a forerunner of the Reformers.

[9] "Pierre Valdo (1140-1217) and the Waldenses". Musée protestant. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-31.

[10] "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-23.

[11] "The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin" (PDF). Pharos Journal of Theology. 98. 2016. John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread in turned into the real body and blood of Christ

[12] "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-23.

[13] "Lollard | English religious history". Britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-27.

[14] "Jan Hus (1369-1415) and the Hussite wars (1419-1436)". museéprotestant. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal Jun 18, 2023.

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