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«Մասնակից:Արշո/Ավազարկղ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

Վիքիպեդիայից՝ ազատ հանրագիտարանից
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'''Jacob Alexander Wohl''' (born December 12, 1997) is an American [[Radical right (United States)|far-right]] [[conspiracy theorist]], [[fraud]]ster, and [[Felony#United_States|convicted felon]]. Wohl and lobbyist [[Jack Burkman]] have been responsible for multiple unsuccessful plots to frame public figures for fictitious sexual assaults. The pair were allegedly behind plots in October 2018 against [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)|U.S. Special Counsel]] [[Robert Mueller]], in April 2019 against 2020 Democratic presidential candidate [[Pete Buttigieg]], and in April 2020 against [[White House Coronavirus Task Force]] member [[Anthony Fauci]].
'''Սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսություն''' ('''ՍՇՏ'''), [[Չինաստան|Չինաստանի Ժողովրդական Հանրապետությունում]] կիրառվող [[տնտեսական համակարգ]] և տնտեսական զարգացման մոդել։ Համակարգը [[շուկայական տնտեսություն]] է, որտեղ գերակշռում են [[Հանրային սեփականություն|պետական սեփականությունը]] և [[պետական ձեռնարկություն|պետական ձեռնարկությունները]]<ref name="Ding20092">{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Xiaoqin |date=1 April 2009 |title=The Socialist Market Economy: China and the World |journal=Science & Society |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=235–241 |doi=10.1521/siso.2009.73.2.235 |jstor=40404550}}</ref>: «Սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսություն» տերմինը ներկայացվել է [[Ցզյան Զեմին|Ցզյան Զեմինի]] կողմից Չինաստանի Կոմունիստական կուսակցության (ՉԿԿ) [[Չինաստանի կոմունիստական կուսակցության 14-րդ ազգային կոնգրես|14-րդ ազգային կոնգրեսի]] ժամանակ 1992 թվականին՝ նկարագրելու [[Չինաստանի տնտեսական բարեփոխումներ|Չինաստանի տնտեսական բարեփոխումների]] նպատակը<ref name="Belknap Press2">{{Cite book |last=Vogel |first=Ezra |title=Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China |date=2011 |publisher=Belknap Press |isbn=978-0-674-72586-7 |page=682}}</ref>:


Wohl has created and promulgated other false or unfounded claims and conspiracy theories, mainly against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] politicians such as [[Joe Biden]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Kamala Harris]], [[Ilhan Omar]], and [[Elizabeth Warren]]. To aid his schemes, Wohl has created multiple fake [[private intelligence agency|private intelligence agencies]], and has fabricated [[death threats]] and protests against himself. Formerly highly active on [[Twitter]], and known for his online trolling on social media, Wohl has been banned from Twitter, [[Facebook]], and [[Instagram]] for creating fake accounts in violation of site policies.
Սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսությունը, որը սկիզբ է առել 1978 թվականին նախաձեռնված չինական տնտեսական բարեփոխումներից, որոնք ինտեգրեցին Չինաստանը [[Գլոբալացում|համաշխարհային շուկայական տնտեսության]] մեջ, ներկայացնում է սոցիալիզմի զարգացման նախնական կամ «առաջնային փուլ»<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2004 |title=Socialist Market Economic System |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/topic/bizchina/economicsystem/200406/20040600239133.shtml |access-date=7 March 2018 |publisher=Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China |quote=The development of the economic system with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side is a basic characteristic of the socialist economic system at the preliminary stage…The public economy consists not only the state-owned economy and the collective economy, but also the state-owned and collective component in the mixed-ownership economy. The dominant position of the public ownership is represented that: the public assets have a dominant proportion in the overall assets of the society; the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in the economic development, as is from the aspect of the whole country.}}</ref>: Որոշ մեկնաբաններ համակարգը նկարագրում են որպես «<nowiki/>[[Պետական կապիտալիզմ|պետական կապիտալիզմի]]<nowiki/>» ձև<ref name="Cui20122">{{Cite journal |last=Cui |first=Zhiyuan |date=2012 |title=Making Sense of the Chinese 'Socialist Market Economy': A Note |journal=Modern China |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=665–676 |doi=10.1177/0097700412459700 |jstor=41702477 |s2cid=156702979}}</ref>, իսկ մյուսները՝ որպես [[Մարքսիզմ|մարքսիզմի]] օրիգինալ էվոլյուցիա՝ մարքսիզմ-լենինիզմին համահունչ, որը նման է [[Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն|Խորհրդային Միության]] «<nowiki/>[[Նոր տնտեսական քաղաքականություն|Նոր տնտեսական քաղաքականությանը]]<nowiki/>»՝ հարմարեցված համակեցություն գլոբալացված կապիտալիստական համակարգի հետ<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Poulin |first=Maxence |date=2021-10-02 |title=Comparative Analysis of the Economic Structure of the Socialist Market Economy of China and the New Economy Policy |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2021.2007502 |journal=International Critical Thought |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=519–534 |doi=10.1080/21598282.2021.2007502 |issn=2159-8282 |s2cid=244875301 |quote=Our thesis is that the modern Chinese mode of production, since 1990s, follows a logic similar to the Soviet one during the NEP era. In the light of the NEP experience, our research shows that the Chinese development strategy shouldn't be understood as trending towards a neoliberal model. It is rather an original evolution of Marxism, in line with the tradition of Marxism-Leninism, adapted to the cohabitation with a globalized capitalist system.}}</ref>:


In August 2020, Wohl and Burkman made tens of thousands of [[robocall]]s to residents of [[Swing state|battleground states]], in a campaign that prosecutors have alleged intentionally targeted non-white communities to spread disinformation in an attempt to [[Voter suppression in the United States|suppress voting]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]. As a result of the campaign, Wohl and Burkman each pleaded guilty to one [[felony]] charge of [[Phone fraud|telecommunications fraud]] in Ohio, were found to have violated federal and state civil rights laws in a civil case in New York, and are facing a criminal suit in Michigan. In June 2023, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] imposed a fine of more than $5{{Nbsp}}million against both Wohl and Burkman over the robocall scheme.
== Նկարագրություն ==
1970-ականների վերջին, այն ժամանակվա գլխավոր առաջնորդ [[Դեն Սյաոպին|Դեն Սյաոպինգը]] և [[Չինաստանի Կոմկուսի Կենտկոմ|ՉԿԿ ղեկավարությունը]] մերժել են մշակույթի և քաղաքական գործակալության նախկին [[Մաոիզմ|շեշտադրումները]] որպես տնտեսական առաջընթացի շարժիչ ուժեր և սկսել են ավելի մեծ շեշտ դնել նյութական արտադրողական ուժերի առաջխաղացման վրա՝ որպես հիմնարար և անհրաժեշտ առաջադեմ սոցիալիստական հասարակություն կառուցելու նախապայման։ Շուկայական բարեփոխումների ընդունումը համարվում էր համահունչ Չինաստանի զարգացման մակարդակին և անհրաժեշտ քայլ հասարակության [[Արտադրողական ուժեր|արտադրողական ուժերի]] առաջխաղացման համար: Չինական այս քաղաքականությունը համահունչ է ավելի ավանդական մարքսիստական հեռանկարին, որտեղ լիովին զարգացած սոցիալիստական պլանային տնտեսությունը կարող է գոյանալ միայն այն բանից հետո, երբ շուկայական տնտեսությունը սպառել է իր պատմական դերը և աստիճանաբար վերածվել պլանավորված տնտեսության՝ խրախուսված տեխնոլոգիական առաջընթացներով, որոնք հնարավոր են դարձնում տնտեսական պլանավորումը և հետևաբար շուկայական հարաբերությունները պակաս անհրաժեշտ են<ref name="Ding20093">{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Xiaoqin |date=1 April 2009 |title=The Socialist Market Economy: China and the World |journal=Science & Society |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=235–241 |doi=10.1521/siso.2009.73.2.235 |jstor=40404550}}</ref>:


Wohl founded several [[investment fund]]s as a teenager. The [[National Futures Association]] banned Wohl for life in 2017, after investigating multiple investor complaints against him and concluding that Wohl was guilty of refusing to cooperate with the NFA as required, misrepresenting investments, and misleading investors. The same year, the [[Arizona Corporation Commission]] charged Wohl with 14 counts of [[securities fraud]] and ordered him to pay approximately $35,000 in restitution and penalties. In August 2019, Wohl was arrested on felony charges for allegedly illicit securities sales that took place in July and August 2016. Wohl pleaded not guilty to two charges of selling unregistered securities in February 2020.
Սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսությունը ՉԿԿ-ն ներկայացնում է որպես սոցիալիզմի զարգացման վաղ փուլ (այս փուլը տարբեր կերպ կոչվում է սոցիալիզմի «առաջնային» կամ «նախնական» փուլ), որտեղ պետական սեփականությունը զուգորդվում է սեփականության տարբեր ոչ պետական ձևերի հետ: ՉԿԿ-ի տեսանկյունից Չինաստանը կապիտալիստական երկիր չէ, քանի որ չնայած մասնավոր կապիտալիստների և ձեռնարկատերերի համատեղ գոյությանը պետական և կոլեկտիվ ձեռնարկությունների հետ, կուսակցությունը պահպանում է երկրի կառավարման վերահսկողությունը<ref name="Ding20094">{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Xiaoqin |date=1 April 2009 |title=The Socialist Market Economy: China and the World |journal=Science & Society |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=235–241 |doi=10.1521/siso.2009.73.2.235 |jstor=40404550}}</ref>: Այնուամենայնիվ, շատ գիտնականներ [[Պեկինի կոնսենսուս|չինական տնտեսական մոդելը]] համարում են [[Ավտորիտար կապիտալիզմ|ավտորիտար կապիտալիզմի]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gruin |first=Julian |last2=Knaack |first2=Peter |date=2020-04-15 |title=Not Just Another Shadow Bank: Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism and the 'Developmental' Promise of Digital Financial Innovation |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437 |journal=New Political Economy |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=370–387 |doi=10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437 |issn=1356-3467 |s2cid=159282907 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McGregor |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scM57r29sJUC&dq=china authoritarian capitalism&pg=PR11 |title=NO ANCIENT WISDOM, NO FOLLOWERS: The Challenges of Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism |date=2012-11-06 |publisher=Easton Studio Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-935212-81-2 |language=en}}</ref>, [[Պետական կապիտալիզմ|պետական կապիտալիզմի]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Szamosszegi and Cole Kyle |title=An Analysis of State-owned Enterprises and State Capitalism in China |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e41c6f5227c7b05e81bb87a/t/5ebc4f41cb51d10a41c54989/1589399365069/AZS-CK-China-SOE.pdf |website=U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission}}</ref> կամ [[Կուսակցական-պետական կապիտալիզմ|կուսակցական-պետական կապիտալիզմի]] օրինակ<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=Margaret M. |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2022-10-01 |title=China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity |journal=[[International Security]] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=135–176 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00447 |issn=0162-2889 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0222">{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=Margaret |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Party-State Capitalism in China |journal=[[Current History]] |language=en |volume=120 |issue=827 |pages=207–213 |doi=10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.207 |issn=0011-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref>:


== Activities ==
Տնտեսական այս մոդելի կողմնակիցները այն տարբերում են [[Շուկայական սոցիալիզմ|շուկայական սոցիալիզմից]], քանի որ շուկայական սոցիալիստները կարծում են, որ [[Տնտեսական պլանավորում|տնտեսական պլանավորումն]] անհասանելի է, անցանկալի կամ անարդյունավետ և, հետևաբար, շուկան դիտարկում է որպես սոցիալիզմի անբաժանելի մաս, մինչդեռ սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության կողմնակիցները շուկաները դիտարկում են լիովին պլանավորված տնտեսության զարգացման ժամանակավոր փուլ<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120710134716/http://www.nodo50.org/cubasigloXXI/congreso06/conf3_zhonquiao.pdf Market Economy and Socialist Road]'' Duan Zhongqiao</ref>:
===Investment funds, sanctions, and legal action===
Wohl founded investment funds Wohl Capital Investment Group (WCIG), NeX Capital Management, and Montgomery Assets, Inc. (MAI) as a teenager. Initially, he took investments from classmates and his high school teachers.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last1=Shamsian |first1=Jacob |last2=Gray |first2=Sarah |date=April 29, 2019 |title=21-year-old conservative activist Jacob Wohl allegedly tried to smear Pete Buttigieg with false sexual assault claims — here's everything you need to know about him |url=https://www.insider.com/jacob-wohl-trump-twitter-supporter-mueller-investigation-2018-10 |access-date=May 9, 2021 |website=[[Insider.com|Insider]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Wohl appeared on [[Fox Business]] in 2015, when he was 17 years old, to discuss his hedge fund.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Sales |first=Ben |date=August 6, 2018 |title=At 20, Jacob Wohl wants to be the face and voice of young Jewish Trump supporters |url=https://www.jta.org/2018/08/06/politics/20-jacob-wohl-wants-face-voice-young-jewish-trump-supporters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212001037/https://www.jta.org/2018/08/06/politics/20-jacob-wohl-wants-face-voice-young-jewish-trump-supporters |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |access-date=February 10, 2019 |agency=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> He posted [[Craigslist]] ads for "Wohl Girls," [[Model (person)|model]]s who were hired to help attract clients, and a number of risqué websites including "WohlGirls.com" were registered to his name. One model alleged that Wohl posted photographs of her online without her permission.<ref name="dailybeast_2018-06-14">{{Cite news |last=Weill |first=Kelly |date=June 14, 2018 |title=Jacob Wohl, Teen Hedge Funder Turned Pro-Trump Media Star, Was Accused of Cheating Clients |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-teen-hedge-funder-turned-pro-trump-media-star-was-accused-of-cheating-clients |url-status=live |access-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031000806/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-teen-hedge-funder-turned-pro-trump-media-star-was-accused-of-cheating-clients |archive-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":19" />


In 2016, the [[National Futures Association]] (NFA) investigated NeX Capital Management after receiving an investor complaint. The investor said that Wohl had told him his $75,000 investment had grown, but had paid the investor only $44,000 when the investor demanded the money be returned.<ref name="nbc_2018-11-01">{{Cite news |last=Zadrozny |first=Brandy |author-link=Brandy Zadrozny |date=November 1, 2018 |title=Jacob Wohl, 20, far-right conspiracy theorist, gets a moment in spotlight with Mueller plot: The Trump supporter, once billed as a teenage financial guru, has a history of schemes. |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jacob-wohl-20-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-gets-moment-spotlight-n9297266 |url-status=live |access-date=November 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102200351/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna929726 |archive-date=November 2, 2018 }}</ref> The man later died by suicide.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=Hauser |first=Christine |date=September 5, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl Is Charged With a Felony in California |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/05/us/jacob-wohl-charge.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929173853/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/05/us/jacob-wohl-charge.html |archive-date=September 29, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Wohl claimed that the difference was due to losses, but the NFA found that Wohl's trading accounts "appeared to have made, not lost, money overall".<ref name="nbc_2018-11-01" /> Some of the money, the NFA alleged, had been diverted into Wohl's mother's brokerage accounts.<ref name="nbc_2018-11-01" /><ref name="dailybeast_2018-06-14" /><ref name=":20" /> The NFA said Wohl made an unbalanced presentation of profit potential and risk of loss to clients, and had misled investors by claiming to have been trading for 10 years, which would have been since he was eight or nine years old.<ref name="nbc_2018-11-01" /><ref name=":18" /> Wohl hid from NFA investigators when they came to his house, and his father, an attorney, threatened to sue the NFA for harassment. In March 2017, the NFA banned Wohl for life.<ref name="nfa_2017-02-03">{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2017 |title=News Releases |url=https://www.nfa.futures.org/news/newsRel.asp?ArticleID=4800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101235301/https://www.nfa.futures.org/news/newsRel.asp?ArticleID=4800 |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |access-date=November 2, 2018 |website=[[National Futures Association]]}}</ref><ref name="nbc_2018-11-01" /><ref name="dailybeast_2018-06-14" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Melin |first=Mark |title=Jacob Wohl Heading To Las Vegas With Instagram Models, Won't Meet With Regulators |date=October 13, 2016 |url=https://valuewalkpremium.com/2016/10/jacob-wohl-nfa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107021851/https://valuewalkpremium.com/2016/10/jacob-wohl-nfa/ |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=ValueWalk Premium |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Կույ Ժիյուան|Կույ Չժիուանը]] սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության տեսական հիմքերը բերում է [[Ջեյմս Միդ|Ջեյմս Միդի]] [[Լիբերալ սոցիալիզմ|լիբերալ սոցիալիզմի]] մոդելին, որտեղ պետությունը հանդես է գալիս որպես պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող ձեռնարկությունների շահույթի մնացորդային պահանջատեր, որոնք շահագործվում են անկախ պետական կառավարումից<ref name="Cui20123">{{Cite journal |last=Cui |first=Zhiyuan |date=2012 |title=Making Sense of the Chinese 'Socialist Market Economy': A Note |journal=Modern China |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=665–676 |doi=10.1177/0097700412459700 |jstor=41702477 |s2cid=156702979}}</ref>:


A 2016 complaint by the same man resulted in the Riverside Superior Court in [[Riverside County, California]] issuing felony arrest warrants on August 9, 2019, for Wohl and his former business partner, Matthew Johnson, on charges of unlawful sale of [[securities]]. The Riverside County District Attorney's Office alleged that Wohl and Johnson violated California law by selling unqualified securities through Montgomery Assets between July 27 and August 27, 2016.<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news |last1=Zhao |first1=Christina |title=Who is Jacob Wohl? Far-right conspiracy theorist, internet troll wanted on felony arrest warrant |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-jacob-wohl-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-internet-troll-wanted-felony-arrest-warrant-1457729 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=September 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905053346/https://www.newsweek.com/who-jacob-wohl-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-internet-troll-wanted-felony-arrest-warrant-1457729 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gage |first=John |date=September 4, 2019 |title=Felony arrest warrant issued for Jacob Wohl |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/felony-arrest-warrant-issued-for-jacob-wohl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904201508/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/felony-arrest-warrant-issued-for-jacob-wohl |archive-date=September 4, 2019 |access-date=September 4, 2019 |website=[[Washington Examiner]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=September 4, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl Wanted on Felony Arrest Warrant |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-wanted-on-felony-arrest-warrant |url-status=live |access-date=September 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904191938/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-wanted-on-felony-arrest-warrant |archive-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> In July 2016, an investigator from the district attorney's office contacted Wohl and Johnson, who at the time were running the Montgomery Assets firm, and claimed to represent a client who was interested in investing with them. According to the 2019 arrest warrant, the investigation resulted in an apparent attempt by Wohl and his partner to sell an unregistered security.<ref name=":17" /> Wohl was taken into custody on August 19, 2019. After a brief appearance in court, he was released until [[arraignment]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jacob Wohl's Arraignment On Fraud Charges Postponed In RivCo |date=January 29, 2020 |agency=[[City News Service]] |url=https://patch.com/california/lakeelsinore-wildomar/jacob-wohls-arraignment-fraud-charges-postponed-rivco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511162805/https://patch.com/california/lakeelsinore-wildomar/jacob-wohls-arraignment-fraud-charges-postponed-rivco |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=[[Patch (website)|Patch]] Lake Elsinore-Wildomar, CA |language=en}}</ref> On February 24, Wohl pleaded not guilty to two felony charges of selling unregistered securities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sollenberger |first=Roger |date=May 11, 2020 |title=Right-wing smear artist Jacob Wohl has a long career of sleaze. Will he finally go to prison? |url=https://www.salon.com/2020/05/11/right-wing-smear-artist-jacob-wohl-has-a-long-dubious-history-will-he-finally-go-to-prison/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919130104/https://www.salon.com/2020/05/11/right-wing-smear-artist-jacob-wohl-has-a-long-dubious-history-will-he-finally-go-to-prison/ |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |access-date=September 20, 2020 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |language=en}}</ref>
Անգլախոս ընթերցողների համար իրենց հոդվածում գիտնականներ Քրիստոֆեր Մարկիզը և Կունյուան Քյաոն պնդում են, որ խուսափելու համար սխալ ենթադրությունից, որ ավելի լավ է «շուկայական տնտեսությունը» հիմնական գաղափարը հասկանալու համար, ավելի համապատասխան թարգմանությունը կլինի «շուկայական տնտեսությունը Չինական Սոցիալիստական համակարգի շրջանակներում»: Ըստ Մարկիզի և Քյաոյի՝ այս այլընտրանքային թարգմանությունն ավելի լավ է արտացոլում «շուկայի» ենթակայությունը «սոցիալիստական համակարգին»<ref name=":2232">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Marquis |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |pages= |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>:


In 2017, the [[Arizona Corporation Commission]] (ACC) issued a [[cease-and-desist order]] to Wohl and his three investment funds after it found they were in violation of securities laws. The ACC charged Wohl and his companies with 14 counts of [[securities fraud]], including falsely representing investment risks, misrepresenting the amounts of assets managed, and falsely claiming in online advertisements on Craigslist that he, then 18, and his business partner, then 27, had more than 35 years of experience [[flipping]] homes. Wohl at one point claimed that he was managing 178 client accounts and combined total [[assets under management]] (AUM) of as much as $10,000,000, although the ACC said that he only had thirteen clients and an AUM of around $500,000. Wohl was ordered by the ACC to pay $32,919 in restitution and $5,000 in penalties.<ref name="yahoo_2017-03-06">{{Cite web |last=Duggan |first=Wayne |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Jacob Wohl, The Teenage-Hedge Fund Manager, Has Been Ordered To Cease And Desist |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/jacob-wohl-teenage-hedge-fund-202540921.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031032039/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/jacob-wohl-teenage-hedge-fund-202540921.html |archive-date=October 31, 2018 |access-date=November 2, 2018 |website=[[Yahoo! Finance]]}}</ref><ref name="azcentral_2018-11-02">{{Cite web |last=Longhi |first=Lorraine |date=November 2, 2018 |title=Pro-Trump Twitter figure Jacob Wohl was accused of defrauding Arizona investors |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/money/business/consumers/2018/11/02/hipster-coffee-shop-guy-jacob-wohl-said-defraud-arizona-investors/1838652002/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dailybeast_2018-06-14" /> In May 2020, the ACC announced that they were working with the [[Arizona Attorney General|Arizona Attorney General's office]] in collection efforts against Wohl, who had not made any payments towards the fines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sollenberger |first=Roger |date=May 15, 2020 |title=Jacob Wohl tried to smear Tony Fauci and Elizabeth Warren – now he faces legal trouble in Arizona |url=https://www.salon.com/2020/05/15/arizona-attorney-general-actively-pursuing-right-wing-troll-jacob-wohl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515212119/https://www.salon.com/2020/05/15/arizona-attorney-general-actively-pursuing-right-wing-troll-jacob-wohl/ |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |access-date=May 16, 2020 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |language=en}}</ref>
== Պատմություն ==
{{quote box|width=25em|align=right|bgcolor=ivory|quote=Մարքսիզմը պնդում է, որ արտադրողական ուժերի և արտադրական հարաբերությունների, պրակտիկայի և տեսության, ինչպես նաև տնտեսական բազայի և գերկառուցվածքի միջև հակասությունների մեջ արտադրական ուժերը… և տնտեսական բազան ընդհանրապես սկզբունքային և որոշիչ դեր են խաղում: Ով դա հերքում է, նա նյութապաշտ չէ։|source=— [[Դեն Սյաոպինգ]], "Ամբողջ կուսակցության և ամբողջ ժողովրդի աշխատանքի ընդհանուր ծրագրի մասին" (1975)}}
[[Մեծ թռիչք|Մեծ թռիչքից]] առաջ (1958-1961) և 1976 թվականին [[Չորսի բանդա|Չորս բանդայի]] իշխանությունից հեռացնելուց հետո Դեն Սյաոպինը (1978-1989 թվականներին առաջնային առաջնորդ) Չինաստանի ջանքերը կենտրոնացրել է [[Տնտեսական աճ|տնտեսական աճի]] և Չինաստանի հատուկ պայմանների հետ համատեղելի տնտեսական համակարգ գտնելու վրա։ Այնուամենայնիվ, դրանով նա հավատարիմ մնաց կենտրոնացված քաղաքական վերահսկողության և [[Միակուսակցական պետություն|միակուսակցական պետության]] [[Լենինիզմ|լենինյան]] մոդելին:


===Surefire Intelligence===
[[Ցզյան Զեմին|Ցզյան Զեմինը]] սկզբնապես ներկայացրել է «սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսություն» տերմինը 1992 թվականին։ Նա հորինել էր այդ գաղափարը, որպեսզի Չինաստանը կարողանա դասեր քաղել կապիտալիստական երկրներից՝ առանց քննարկելու, թե արդյոք բարեփոխումները «սոցիալիստական» են, թե «կապիտալիստական»<ref name="Belknap Press3">{{Cite book |last=Vogel |first=Ezra |title=Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China |date=2011 |publisher=Belknap Press |isbn=978-0-674-72586-7 |page=682}}</ref>: [[Վիետնամ|Վիետնամի Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետության]] Դոյ մոյ-ը հետագայում ընդունել է հայեցակարգը<ref name="vn2">Vuong, Quan Hoang (2010) Financial Markets in Vietnam's Transition Economy: Facts, Insights, Implications. {{ISBN|978-3-639-23383-4}}, [[VDM Verlag]], 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.</ref>: Իր ներդրումից հետո այս տնտեսական համակարգը լրացրել է Չինաստանի Ժողովրդական Հանրապետության [[Պլանային տնտեսություն|ղեկավար տնտեսությունը]], որին վերջին տասնամյակների ընթացքում վերագրվել են ՀՆԱ-ի բարձր աճի տեմպերը: Այս մոդելի շրջանակներում մասնավոր ձեռնարկությունները դարձել են տնտեսական համակարգի հիմնական բաղադրիչը կենտրոնական պետական ձեռնարկությունների և կոլեկտիվ/քաղաքային գյուղական ձեռնարկությունների հետ մեկտեղ:
In 2018, Wohl created and registered the company Surefire Intelligence, LLC. Reporters who investigated Surefire Intelligence in October 2018, prompted by an alleged [[#Robert Mueller|plot to frame Robert Mueller for sexual assault]] that same month, found that the company had been created by Wohl just a few weeks earlier and that its official phone number redirected to a voicemail inbox for a phone number belonging to Wohl's mother.<ref name="nbc_2018_10_30">{{Cite web |last1=Zadrozny |first1=Brandy |author-link=Brandy Zadrozny |last2=Collins |first2=Ben |last3=Winter |first3=Tom |date=October 30, 2018 |title=Mueller refers sex misconduct scheme targeting him to FBI for investigation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/mueller-refers-sex-assault-scheme-targeting-him-fbi-investigation-n926301 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102200410/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/mueller-refers-sex-assault-scheme-targeting-him-fbi-investigation-n926301 |archive-date=November 2, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Charter |first=David |date=October 31, 2018 |title=FBI investigates 'false sex allegations' against Robert Mueller |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fbi-investigates-false-sex-claims-against-robert-mueller-x5vm5x505 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031232536/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fbi-investigates-false-sex-claims-against-robert-mueller-x5vm5x505 |archive-date=October 31, 2018 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> They also reported that employee photographs on the website were actually photographs of people unrelated to Surefire, including actor [[Christoph Waltz]]. News agencies found profiles of supposed Surefire Intelligence employees on the [[LinkedIn]] professional networking site which used photographs of unrelated celebrities as profile images; a photograph of Israeli supermodel [[Bar Refaeli]] was used on a profile claiming to be the company's Tel Aviv station chief, and a profile for a person named Matthew Cohen used an altered photo of Wohl. A journalist visited the address listed on Surefire Intelligence's website and found it to be the location of an unrelated company.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Panetta |first1=Grace |last2=Sheth |first2=Sonam |date=October 31, 2018 |title=What we know about the shady 'intel agency' behind an alleged GOP scheme to pay women to falsely accuse Mueller of sexual misconduct |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jacob-wohl-made-fake-surefire-intelligence-spreading-lies-on-mueller-2018-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210109/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacob-wohl-made-fake-surefire-intelligence-spreading-lies-on-mueller-2018-10 |archive-date=November 3, 2018 |access-date=November 3, 2018 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref name=ReadMay7/>


Soon after creating the company, Wohl advertised it as a team of [[private investigator]]s on [[Classified advertising|classified ad]] site Craigslist. In the ad, Wohl falsely claimed that Surefire consisted of former [[Mossad|Israeli intelligence]] agents and various other investigative experts. At least once, Wohl posed as investigator Matthew Cohen to a potential client who responded to the ad. One paid him a $1,200 [[Advance-fee scam|advance fee]] for help in recovering her stolen truck, but Wohl never performed any investigative services for the fee, nor did he return the money or contact her again.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Markay |first1=Lachlan |last2=Rawnsley |first2=Adam |date=November 2, 2018 |title=Jacob Wohl's Fake P.I. Firm Ghosted on Ex-Homeless Woman Looking For Her Stolen Truck |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohls-fake-pi-firm-ghosted-on-a-destitute-woman-looking-for-her-stolen-truck |url-status=live |access-date=November 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102203702/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohls-fake-pi-firm-ghosted-on-a-destitute-woman-looking-for-her-stolen-truck |archive-date=November 2, 2018}}</ref>
Անցումը դեպի սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսություն սկսվել է 1978 թվականին, երբ Դեն Սյաոպինը ներկայացրել է իր սոցիալիզմի ծրագիրը չինական բնութագրերով: 1970-ականների վերջին և 1980-ականների սկզբին գյուղատնտեսության ապակոլեկտիվացման և տնտեսությունը օտարերկրյա ներդրումների համար բացելու սկզբնական բարեփոխումները հանգեցրել են լայնածավալ արմատական բարեփոխումների, ներառյալ պետական հատվածի կորպորատիվացումը, որոշ ձեռնարկությունների մասնակի սեփականաշնորհումը, առևտրի և գների ազատականացումը և 1990-ականների վերջին «<nowiki/>[[Երկաթե բրինձ աման]]<nowiki/>» աշխատատեղերի անվտանգության համակարգ ապամոնտաժումը:


Minutes after [[Michael Avenatti]] was reported being arrested on suspicion of [[domestic violence]] on November 14, 2018, the Surefire [[Twitter]] account posted a news story about the arrest, adding, "Surefire Intelligence strikes again".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naham |first=Matt |date=November 15, 2018 |title=If Surefire Intelligence Really Was Behind False Avenatti Police Report, Jacob Wohl Could Be in Deep Trouble |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/if-surefire-intelligence-really-was-behind-false-avenatti-police-report-jacob-wohl-could-be-in-deep-trouble/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116010027/https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/if-surefire-intelligence-really-was-behind-false-avenatti-police-report-jacob-wohl-could-be-in-deep-trouble/ |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |access-date=November 15, 2018 |website=[[Law & Crime]]}}</ref> The following day, Avenatti suggested that Wohl was behind the arrest, and tweeted, "First Mueller and now me. When we are fully exonerated I am coming for you Jacob Wohl aka Surefire."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Zadrozny |first1=Brandy |author-link=Brandy Zadrozny |last2=Li |first2=David K. |date=November 15, 2018 |title=Michael Avenatti appears to blame Jacob Wohl for domestic violence arrest |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/michael-avenatti-appears-blame-jacob-wohl-domestic-violence-arrest-n936571 |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2021 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509145700/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/michael-avenatti-appears-blame-jacob-wohl-domestic-violence-arrest-n936571 }}</ref> Avenatti was ultimately not charged in relation to the reported incident.<ref name="Lee_11/21/2018">{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Michelle Ye Hee |author-link=Michelle Ye Hee Lee |date=November 21, 2018 |title=Los Angeles prosecutors decline to file felony domestic abuse charges against Michael Avenatti |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/los-angeles-prosecutors-decline-to-file-felony-domestic-abuse-charges-against-michael-avenatti/2018/11/21/c8ac3024-edd6-11e8-96d4-0d23f2aaad09_story.html |access-date=November 22, 2018 |archive-date=November 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122024257/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/los-angeles-prosecutors-decline-to-file-felony-domestic-abuse-charges-against-michael-avenatti/2018/11/21/c8ac3024-edd6-11e8-96d4-0d23f2aaad09_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stack |first=Liam |date=February 1, 2019 |title=Michael Avenatti Will Not Be Charged With Domestic Violence, Officials Say |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/us/michael-avenatti-domestic-violence.html |access-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209142646/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/us/michael-avenatti-domestic-violence.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
1992 թվականին Դենգի հարավային շրջագայության ժամանակ Դենգը առաջ է քաշել սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության գաղափարական հիմքերը՝ հայտարարելով, որ «պլանավորված տնտեսությունը հավասար չէ սոցիալիզմին, իսկ շուկայական տնտեսությունը՝ կապիտալիզմին։ Սոցիալիզմը կարող է ունենալ նաև շուկայական մեխանիզմներ, իսկ կառավարության պլանավորումը և շուկան տնտեսական միջոցներ են<ref name=":2233">{{Cite book |last=Marquis |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Marquis |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |pages= |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k}}</ref>: 


=== Kidnapping allegations ===
1993 թվականին ՉԿԿ-ն հրապարակել է իր որոշումը «Սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության համակարգի ստեղծման հետ կապված հարցերի վերաբերյալ»<ref name=":0232">{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Stephen S. |author-link=Stephen S. Roach |url= |title=Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26901-7 |location=New Haven |doi=10.12987/9780300269017 |jstor=j.ctv2z0vv2v |oclc=1347023475}}</ref>:   Դրան հաջորդած բարեփոխումների ալիքի ընթացքում նպատակներից մեկը պետական ձեռնարկությունների ղեկավարության տարանջատումն էր կառավարությունից և պետական ձեռնարկությունների ընտրված խմբին սեփականությանհատուկ իրավունքներով և ինքնավարությամբ օժտելը<ref name=":0232" />:
[[File:Jacob Wohl and Jack Burkman press conference.jpg|thumb|Jacob Wohl and [[Jack Burkman]] address kidnapping allegations at a press conference on August 6, 2020.<ref name=":5" />]]
Merritt Corrigan, deputy White House liaison for the [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development]] (USAID), was fired from her position on August 3, 2020, shortly after unlocking her previously private Twitter account and sending several [[Anti-LGBT rhetoric|anti-LGBT]] tweets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Matthew |date=August 3, 2020 |title=USAID official fired after anti-LGBTQ social media posts |url=https://apnews.com/e6ed28f5face14cdd3fcdc161f21fe09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807064708/https://apnews.com/e6ed28f5face14cdd3fcdc161f21fe09 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> The same day, she announced she would be holding a press conference on August 6 with Wohl and Burkman to expose what she described as "rampant anti-Christian sentiment" at USAID.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kaczynski |first1=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Kaczynski |last2=Steck |first2=Em |date=August 4, 2020 |title=USAID appointee with history of inflammatory rhetoric toward refugees and LGBTQ community exits agency |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/03/politics/merritt-corrigan-usaid/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065130/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/03/politics/merritt-corrigan-usaid/index.html |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangan |first=Dan |date=August 3, 2020 |title=Trump appointee Merritt Corrigan fired from USAID amid anti-LGBTQ tweets |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/03/trump-appointee-merritt-corrigan-fired-from-usaid-amid-anti-lgbtq-tweets.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211507/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/03/trump-appointee-merritt-corrigan-fired-from-usaid-amid-anti-lgbtq-tweets.html |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> A press release from Wohl and Burkman claimed that Wohl had "been working behind the scenes with Corrigan for months".<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=August 5, 2020 |title=This May Be the Most Absurd, Trumpian Drama Ever |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-most-absurd-trumpian-drama-ever-is-taking-place-at-of-all-places-usaid |url-status=live |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807003928/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-most-absurd-trumpian-drama-ever-is-taking-place-at-of-all-places-usaid |archive-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref>


On the afternoon of August 4, Corrigan deleted her tweets from the previous day. Wohl claimed that Corrigan was being convinced by associates of President [[Donald Trump]] to go back on her claims against the USAID, and Burkman said that Corrigan had "buyer's remorse" for sending the tweets.<ref name=":4" /> Later that day, Corrigan issued a statement apologizing for her tweets, and alleged: "I did NOT send these messages, and while I vehemently protested about them being sent in my name, my devices were not in my control. I see now that I was part of an abusive scheme and I was used to attack people that have nothing to do with me".<ref name=":4" /> She said that she would not be participating in any press conferences, and claimed that "individuals{{Nbsp}}... forced me to hand over my devices so they could control me and the output in my name".<ref name=":4" />
== Վերլուծություն ==
Որոշ գիտնականներ Չինաստանի տնտեսական համակարգը նկարագրել են որպես պետական կապիտալիզմի ձև, հատկապես 1980-ականների և 1990-ականների արդյունաբերական բարեփոխումներից հետո, նշելով, որ չնայած Չինաստանի տնտեսությունը պահպանում է մեծ պետական հատվածը, պետական ձեռնարկությունները գործում են մասնավոր հատվածի ընկերությունների պես և պահպանում են. բոլոր շահույթները՝ չփոխանցելով դրանք կառավարությանը՝ օգուտ բերելու ողջ բնակչությանը: Այս մոդելը կասկածի տակ է դնում համատարած հանրային սեփականության հիմնավորումը, ինչպես նաև «սոցիալիստ» բնութագրիչի կիրառելիությունը, և հանգեցրել է պետական շահերի բաշխման վերաբերյալ մտահոգությունների և բանավեճերի<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheng & Zhao |first=Hong & Nong |title=China's State-Owned Enterprises: Nature, Performance and Reform |date=22 October 2012 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company |isbn=978-9814383844 |page=116 |quote=The World Bank report (2005) generated public concerns and debates. Those supportive of the distribution of SOEs dividends hold the following three views: (1) Since the state is the investor of SOEs; it has the right to participate in dividend distribution as a shareholder. By name and under law, the shares of SOEs should belong to all citizens. The governmental departments are only exercising administrative power on their behalf. Therefore, all citizens, as opposed to certain grounds, should become direct beneficiaries. (2) The high wages and welfare benefits of monopolistic SOEs come from their high profitability as they enjoy institutional monopolies. These profits should be turned over to the State and then, through secondary distribution of the government, be used to safeguard public undertakings such as education, medical care and old-age pensions. If a monopoly industry determines the distribution of its profits without the consent of its shareholders (i.e. the people), it has abandoned the people's trust and infringed upon the wealth which ought to be the property of the entire people.}}</ref><ref name="Milhaupt & Zheng 20152">{{Cite journal |last=Milhaupt |first=Curtis |last2=Zheng |first2=Wentong |date=1 March 2015 |title=Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm |url=https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/696/ |journal=UF Law Faculty Publications}}</ref>: Մյուսներն այն անվանել են « [[կուսակցական-պետական կապիտալիզմ]]<nowiki/>»<ref name=":0223">{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=Margaret |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Party-State Capitalism in China |journal=[[Current History]] |language=en |volume=120 |issue=827 |pages=207–213 |doi=10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.207 |issn=0011-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":022">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Party-State Capitalism in China |journal=[[Current History]] |language=en |volume=120 |issue=827 |pages=207–213 |doi=10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.207 |issn=0011-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret M. |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2022-10-01 |title=China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity |journal=[[International Security]] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=135–176 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00447 |issn=0162-2889 |doi-access=free}}</ref>:


Wohl released his own statement saying that he was being falsely accused of kidnapping, and that he and Burkman would still be holding the August 6 press conference. He also stated that he and Corrigan had been involved in a romantic and sexual relationship. At the press conference, Wohl and Burkman denied the kidnapping allegations, which they claimed had been fabricated by far-right activist [[Raheem Kassam]], a long-time friend of Corrigan's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Kaz |date=August 1, 2019 |title=Who is Raheem Kassam? Calls to ban the far-right speaker blur line between free speech and hate speech |url=http://theconversation.com/who-is-raheem-kassam-calls-to-ban-the-far-right-speaker-blur-line-between-free-speech-and-hate-speech-121309 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809061706/https://theconversation.com/who-is-raheem-kassam-calls-to-ban-the-far-right-speaker-blur-line-between-free-speech-and-hate-speech-121309 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Following the press conference, Wohl published a 90-second recording of a conversation between him and Corrigan which he said exonerated him of wrongdoing, though according to journalist [[Ford Fischer]], it "shows Corrigan accusing Wohl of preventing her from having contact with her friends, and Wohl accusing Kassam of creating the situation. Corrigan doesn't appear to say anything corroborating Wohl's account of events".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Ford |author-link=Ford Fischer |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Political fraudster Jacob Wohl denies 'kidnapping' former White House staffer Merritt Corrigan |url=http://news2share.com/start/2020/08/06/jacob-wohl-denies-kidnapping-former-white-house-staffer-merritt-corrigan/ |access-date=August 7, 2020 |website=[[News2Share]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
2017 թվականից սկսած՝ պետական ձեռնարկությունների բարեփոխումների իր ծրագրի շրջանակներում կենտրոնական կառավարությունը սկսեց խրախուսել պետական ձեռնարկություններին շահաբաժիններ վճարել կառավարությանը: Այլ բարեփոխումները հանգեցրին պետական ակտիվների փոխանցմանը սոցիալական ապահովության ֆոնդերին՝ կենսաթոշակները ֆինանսավորելու համար, և Շենժենի քաղաքային կառավարությունն առաջարկեց օգտագործել իր պետական ձեռնարկությունները՝ իր բնակիչների համար սոցիալական շահաբաժինների համակարգը ֆինանսավորելու համար<ref>{{cite web |url= http://basicincome.org/news/2017/07/china-city-social-dividend-proposal-captures-national-attention/ |title= China: A city social dividend proposal captures national attention |date= 30 July 2017 | website= Basic Income Earth Network |access-date= 11 December 2017}}</ref>:


=== Voter suppression robocall ===
Չինացի տնտեսագետ Կույ Ժիյուանը պնդում է, որ Ջեյմս Միդի լիբերալ սոցիալիզմի մոդելը նման է Չինաստանի սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսությանը և կարող է օգտագործվել մոդելը հասկանալու համար: Շուկայական սոցիալիզմի Միդի մոդելը ներառում էր անկախ կառավարում ունեցող ընկերությունների հանրային սեփականություն. պետությունը հանդես էր գալիս որպես իր ձեռնարկությունների կողմից ստացված շահույթի մնացորդային պահանջատեր, բայց առանց իր ֆիրմաների կառավարման և գործունեության նկատմամբ վերահսկողության իրավունքի կիրառման: Այս մոդելն ունի այն առավելությունը, որ պետությունը կունենա եկամտի աղբյուր՝ անկախ հարկերից և պարտքերից՝ հնարավորություն տալով նվազեցնել անհատների եկամուտների և մասնավոր հատվածի հարկային բեռը՝ միաժամանակ նպաստելով ավելի մեծ հավասարության: Կուին մատնանշում է Չունցինի փորձը մունիցիպալ պետական ձեռնարկությունների հետ, որոնք թույլ են տալիս բարձր սոցիալական ծախսեր ցածր հարկերի և աճի չափազանց բարձր տեմպերի հետ մեկտեղ՝ որպես սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության մոդելի վավերացում: Չունցինի մոդելն օգտագործում էր պետական ձեռնարկությունների շահույթը հանրային ծառայությունների (ներառյալ բնակարանային) ֆինանսավորման համար՝ ապահովելով հանրային ֆինանսների հիմնական աղբյուրը և հնարավորություն տալով Չունցինին իջեցնել կորպորատիվ հարկի դրույքաչափը (15%՝ 33% ազգային կորպորատիվ հարկի դրույքաչափի համեմատ) օտարերկրյա ներդրումներ ներգրավելու համար<ref name="Cui20124">{{Cite journal |last=Cui |first=Zhiyuan |date=2012 |title=Making Sense of the Chinese 'Socialist Market Economy': A Note |journal=Modern China |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=665–676 |doi=10.1177/0097700412459700 |jstor=41702477 |s2cid=156702979}}</ref><ref name="Cui2012">{{cite journal |last1=Cui |first1=Zhiyuan |date=2012 |title=Making Sense of the Chinese 'Socialist Market Economy': A Note |journal=Modern China |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=665–676 |doi=10.1177/0097700412459700 |jstor=41702477 |s2cid=156702979}}</ref>:
In August 2020, Wohl and Burkman made tens of thousands of [[robocall]]s to residents of [[battleground states]], including Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and others, including New York and Illinois.<ref name=":132">{{Cite news |last=Foley |first=Ryan J. |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Conservative hoaxers face charges over false voter robocalls |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-technology-arrests-michigan-voting-rights-e0d49155dc8f347b1347cf779fd43812 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001213728/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-technology-arrests-michigan-voting-rights-e0d49155dc8f347b1347cf779fd43812 |archive-date=October 1, 2020 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Jacob Wohl Accused of Starting a Voter Suppression Scheme |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-accused-of-starting-a-voter-suppression-scheme |url-status=live |access-date=August 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827203353/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-accused-of-starting-a-voter-suppression-scheme |archive-date=August 27, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> The robocall campaign appeared to originate from Burkman's personal cell phone number, and the caller identified themself as part of Wohl and Burkman's organization, Project 1599.<ref name=":142" /><ref name=":132" /> The messages disseminated the false claims that information provided by those who use [[Postal voting in the United States|mail-in ballots]] would be used by police to find criminals, by credit card companies for debt collection purposes, and by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] to "track people for mandatory vaccines".<ref name=":132" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Schnell |first=Mychael |date=May 6, 2021 |title=New York AG James sues Jacob Wohl, Jack Burkman over robocalls |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/552243-new-york-ag-james-sues-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-over-robocalls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506224907/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/552243-new-york-ag-james-sues-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-over-robocalls |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |access-date=May 7, 2021 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en}}</ref> Several lawsuits against Wohl and Burkman alleged that the robocalls were an attempt to [[Voter suppression in the United States|suppress votes]] in the 2020 presidential election, and New York District Judge [[Victor Marrero]] wrote in his judgment against them that the men had intentionally targeted Black communities with the calls.<ref name=":132" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":29" />


In late 2022, Wohl and Burkman both pleaded guilty to a single felony charge of telecommunications fraud in Ohio, and were sentenced to a fine, probation, and community service.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last=Shaffer |first=Cory |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Jacob Wohl, Jack Burkman must spend 500 hours registering voters as penance for phony robocalls targeting Black voters in Cleveland |url=https://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/2022/11/jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-must-spend-500-hours-registering-voters-as-penance-for-phony-robocalls-targeting-black-voters-in-cleveland.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129235227/https://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/2022/11/jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-must-spend-500-hours-registering-voters-as-penance-for-phony-robocalls-targeting-black-voters-in-cleveland.html |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=[[Cleveland.com]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2023, Judge Marrero ruled in the New York civil case that Wohl and Burkman had violated federal and state civil rights laws.<ref name=":29" /> A decision by a judge not to dismiss a lawsuit against the two men in Michigan has been appealed to the [[Michigan Supreme Court]], which agreed to hear the appeal in November 2022.<ref name=":30" />
Ջուլան Դուն և Չենգանգ Սյուն վերլուծել են չինական մոդելը 2005 թվականի աշխատության մեջ՝ գնահատելու՝ արդյոք այն ներկայացնում է շուկայական սոցիալիզմի կամ կապիտալիզմի տեսակ: Նրանք եզրակացրել են, որ Չինաստանի ժամանակակից տնտեսական համակարգը ներկայացնում է կապիտալիզմի ձև, այլ ոչ թե շուկայական սոցիալիզմ, քանի որ՝ (1) գոյություն ունեն ֆինանսական շուկաներ, որոնք թույլ են տալիս մասնավոր բաժնետոմսերի սեփականությունը. և (2) պետական շահույթը պահպանվում է ձեռնարկությունների կողմից, այլ ոչ թե բաշխվում է բնակչության միջև [[Սոցիալական դիվիդենտ|սոցիալական դիվիդենտով]] կամ նմանատիպ սխեմայով, որոնք շուկայական սոցիալիզմի մոդելների մեծ մասի հիմնական հատկանիշներն են: Դուն և Սյուն եզրակացրել են, որ Չինաստանը շուկայական սոցիալիստական տնտեսություն չէ, այլ կապիտալիզմի անկայուն ձև<ref name="Market Socialism or Capitalism? Evidence from Chinese Financial Market Development, 20052">''Market Socialism or Capitalism? Evidence from Chinese Financial Market Development'', by Julan Du and Chenggang Xu. 2005. IEA 2005 Round Table on Market and Socialism.</ref>:


On June 6, 2023, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) imposed a $5,134,500{{Nbsp}}fine against Wohl and Burkman for the robocalls.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Charlene |date=June 8, 2023 |title=Robocalls to voters before 2020 election result in $5 million fine |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/robocalls-voters-2020-election-result-5-million-fine-rcna88391 |access-date=August 27, 2023 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> At the time it was proposed in August 2021, this was the largest fine ever sought by the commission under the [[Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991|Telephone Consumer Protection Act]].<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Timm |first=Jane C. |date=August 24, 2021 |title=FCC looks to fine conservative activists $5 million for false mail voting robocalls |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/fcc-looks-fine-conservative-activists-5-million-false-mail-voting-n1277569 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendel |first=John |date=August 24, 2021 |title=FCC proposes fining conspiracists $5.1M for voter suppression robocalls |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/24/fcc-jacob-wohl-voter-robocalls-506813 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref>
2006 թվականին Դեպոլի համալսարանի գլոբալ հետազոտությունների ասոցիացիայի կողմից կատարված մեկ այլ վերլուծություն ցույց է տալիս, որ Չինաստանի տնտեսական համակարգը սոցիալիզմի ձև չէ, երբ սոցիալիզմը սահմանվում է որպես պլանավորված տնտեսություն, որպես տնտեսական գործունեության շարժիչ ուժ, կամ երբ սոցիալիզմը սահմանվում է որպես համակարգ, որտեղ աշխատավոր դասը գերիշխող դասն է, որը վերահսկում է տնտեսության. Չինաստանի տնտեսությունը նույնպես չի հանդիսանում սոցիալիզմ՝ համատարած [[Աշխատողների ինքնակառավարում|ինքնակառավարման]] կամ [[Աշխատավայրում ժողովրդավարություն|աշխատավայրում ժողովրդավարության]] իմաստով: Ուսումնասիրությունը եզրակացրեց, որ 2006 թվականի դրությամբ կապիտալիզմը նույնպես կազմակերպման գերիշխող ձև չէ, և փոխարենը Չինաստանն ունի մասամբ նախակապիտալիստական ագրարային համակարգ, որի բնակչության գրեթե 50%-ը զբաղված է գյուղատնտեսական աշխատանքներով<ref>[http://www.luc.edu/faculty/dschwei/ChinaCap.GSA.pdf China: Market socialism or capitalism?]</ref>:


==== Michigan ====
2015 թվականին Կուրտիս Ջ. Միլհաուպտը և Վենտոն Չժենը Չինաստանի տնտեսական համակարգը դասակարգեցին որպես պետական կապիտալիզմ, քանի որ պետությունը ղեկավարում և առաջնորդում է չինական տնտեսության բոլոր հիմնական ասպեկտները՝ ներառյալ պետական և մասնավոր հատվածները '','' մինչդեռ իր ձեռնարկությունների սեփականությունից շահաբաժիններ չհավաքելով: Նրանք նշել են, որ չինական պետական ձեռնարկությունները և մասնավոր ձեռնարկությունները շատ նմանություններ ունեն՝ կապված պետական սուբսիդիաների, պետական իշխանության հետ հարևանության և կառավարության քաղաքականության նպատակների իրականացման հետ: Պետական հատվածում շեշտը դրվել է ավելի շատ պետական վերահսկողության, քան ակտիվների սեփականության վրա<ref name="Milhaupt & Zheng 20153">{{Cite journal |last=Milhaupt |first=Curtis |last2=Zheng |first2=Wentong |date=1 March 2015 |title=Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm |url=https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/696/ |journal=UF Law Faculty Publications}}</ref>:
On October 1, 2020, Michigan Attorney General [[Dana Nessel]] filed four felony charges each against Wohl and Burkman, including conspiring to intimidate voters in violation of [[election law]]. Nessel's investigation into the robocalls found that Wohl and Burkman had attempted to suppress people of color from voting in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] via a robocall campaign that made 85,000 calls across the country, including 12,000 in [[Detroit]]. The week before the charges were filed, investigators searched Wohl's Los Angeles home.<ref name=":132" /> In a press release, Michigan Secretary of State [[Jocelyn Benson]] and Attorney General Nessel condemned the robocall campaign as "racist" and as "an unconscionable, indefensible, blatant attempt to lie to citizens about their right to vote".<ref name=":142" />


Wohl told the [[Associated Press]] that same month that he and Burkman believed "leftist pranksters" had [[Caller ID spoofing|spoofed]] Burkman's phone number to make the phone calls, and Wohl threatened to sue Benson for defamation;<ref name=":132" /> Wohl and Burkman later admitted in court that they were responsible for the calls, but argued that the call was not intended to suppress voting and was rather an exercise of their rights to free speech.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Gregorian |first=Dareh |date=May 6, 2021 |title=New York A.G. wants right wing operatives to pay millions for Black voter-targeted robocalls |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/new-york-g-wants-right-wing-operatives-pay-millions-black-n1266573 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507000635/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/new-york-g-wants-right-wing-operatives-pay-millions-black-n1266573 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=May 7, 2021 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>
Սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության ջատագովները այն համեմատում են 1920-ականների Խորհրդային Ռուսաստանի [[Նոր տնտեսական քաղաքականություն|Նոր տնտեսական քաղաքականության]] հետ, որը շուկայական ուղղվածության բարեփոխումներ է իրականացրել՝ պահպանելով տնտեսության գերակա բարձունքների պետական սեփականությունը: Բարեփոխումները արդարացված են  այն համոզմունքի միջոցով, որ փոփոխվող պայմանները պահանջում են սոցիալիստական զարգացման նոր ռազմավարություններ<ref>{{Cite web |last=C.J. Atkins |title=The Leninist Heritage of the Socialist Market Economy |url=http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/5798/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122062701/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/5798/ |archive-date=22 November 2008 |access-date=7 September 2010 |website=Political Affairs}}</ref>:


Wohl and Burkman turned themselves in to Detroit police on October 8, 2020, and both pleaded not guilty at a later court appearance.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Rowland |first=Darrel |date=October 13, 2020 |title=Ohio may pursue men already charged in Michigan over voter intimidation in minority areas |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/10/13/ohio-may-pursue-charges-voter-intimidation-minority-areas-against-conservative-trump-supporters/3643566001/ |access-date=October 14, 2020 |website=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |language=en-US |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014094617/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/10/13/ohio-may-pursue-charges-voter-intimidation-minority-areas-against-conservative-trump-supporters/3643566001/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lemos |first1=Gregory |last2=Duster |first2=Chandelis |date=October 8, 2020 |title=Right-wing political operatives arraigned on felony voter intimidation charges for robocalls |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/politics/jack-burkman-jacob-wohl-robocall-voter-intimidation-charges/index.html |access-date=October 12, 2020 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115811/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/politics/jack-burkman-jacob-wohl-robocall-voter-intimidation-charges/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On February 23, 2021, a Michigan circuit court judge denied Wohl and Burkman's motion to dismiss the charges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oliver |first=Joey |date=February 24, 2021 |title=Judge Tosses Motion To Toss Charges Against Political Operatives |url=https://patch.com/michigan/detroit/judge-tosses-motion-toss-charges-against-political-operatives |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2021 |website=Detroit, MI [[Patch.com|Patch]] |language=en |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303091736/http://patch.com/michigan/detroit/judge-tosses-motion-toss-charges-against-political-operatives }}</ref> Wohl and Burkman appealed the decision on March 16, but the appeal was denied by the [[Michigan Court of Appeals]] on May 7.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hicks |first=Mark |date=May 8, 2021 |title=Conservative activists accused of 2020 voter intimidation robocalls lose appeal |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/05/08/conservative-activists-accused-2020-voter-intimidation-lose-appeal/5000533001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508045137/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/05/08/conservative-activists-accused-2020-voter-intimidation-lose-appeal/5000533001/ |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |access-date=May 8, 2021 |website=[[The Detroit News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On November 2, 2022, the [[Michigan Supreme Court]] agreed to hear an appeal, saying they intended to examine the constitutionality of a state law Wohl and Burkman have been charged with violating.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Michigan's top court to look at 2020 election robocall case |url=https://apnews.com/article/crime-michigan-detroit-supreme-court-government-and-politics-f39d2cf8e4af96ed79a04dab9e79b6f6 |access-date=August 27, 2023 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref>
Չինաստանի սոցիալիստական տնտեսական համակարգը հիմնվում է պետական ձեռնարկությունների հիմնարար դերի վրա, ասել է Լի Ռոնժոնգը, որը 2003 թվականին գլխավորել է Պետական խորհրդի պետական ակտիվների վերահսկողության և կառավարման հանձնաժողովը: {{blockquote|Հասարակական սեփականությունը, որպես սոցիալիստական տնտեսական համակարգի հիմք, պետության հիմնական ուժն է, որն ուղղորդում և խթանում է տնտեսական և սոցիալական զարգացումը, ինչպես նաև մարդկանց մեծամասնության հիմնարար շահերի իրականացման և ընդհանուր բարգավաճման հիմնական երաշխիքը... պետական տնտեսությունը գերիշխող դիրք է գրավել հիմնական արդյունաբերություններում, որոնք անմիջականորեն առնչվում են երկրի տնտեսական կյանքին և հիմնական ոլորտներին, և աջակցում, ուղղորդում և Պետական ձեռնարկությունների ազդեցությունն ու վերահսկողության հնարավորություններն էլ ավելի են աճել։ Պետական տնտեսությունն անփոխարինելի դեր է խաղացել Չինաստանի սոցիալիստական արդիականացման գործում։}}


==== New York ====
Other Marxist analyses point out that because the Chinese economic system is based on [[commodity]] production, has a role for private capital and disempowers the working class, it represents a capitalist economy.<ref>{{Cite web | url= http://www.marxist.com/china-socialist-market-economy200106.htm | title= China – "Socialist market economy" or just plain capitalism?|
The National Coalition on Black Civic Participation filed a federal [[Lawsuit|civil suit]] against Wohl and Burkman in New York on October 16, 2020, alleging that the two men violated the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|Voting Rights Act]] and the [[Third Enforcement Act|Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871]] by making the robocalls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrizzo |first=Zachary |date=October 21, 2020 |title=Jacob Wohl's robocall may be in violation of the Ku Klux Klan Act |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-robocalls-civil-suit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022120802/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-robocalls-civil-suit/ |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |access-date=October 21, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On October 28, New York District Court Judge [[Victor Marrero]] ordered the men call back the targets of the robocall to tell them the information in their message was false and that the campaign was illegal. The judge also prohibited them from engaging in more robocalls or text message campaigns to attempt to disenfranchise voters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neavling |first=Steve |date=October 28, 2020 |title=Right-wing fraudsters Jacob Wohl and Jack Burkman ordered to call back robocall victims, admit messages were false and illegal |url=https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2020/10/28/right-wing-fraudsters-ordered-to-call-back-robocall-victims-admit-messages-were-false-and-illegal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029123518/https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2020/10/28/right-wing-fraudsters-ordered-to-call-back-robocall-victims-admit-messages-were-false-and-illegal |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=[[Metro Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Wohl and Burkman tried multiple times to pause the civil suit while there were active criminal proceedings against them, but Judge Marrero denied the request on February 22, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klasfeld |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Klasfeld |date=February 22, 2021 |title=Judge Refuses to Let Jacob Wohl Delay His Civil Case Until His Criminal Prosecutions Are Over |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/judge-refuses-to-let-jacob-wohl-delay-his-civil-case-until-his-criminal-prosecutions-are-over/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310195324/https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/judge-refuses-to-let-jacob-wohl-delay-his-civil-case-until-his-criminal-prosecutions-are-over/ |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 5, 2021 |website=[[Law & Crime]] |language=en}}</ref> On May 19, 2021, the judge granted [[Attorney General of New York|New York Attorney General]] [[Letitia James]]'s motion to intervene in the lawsuit.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Moghe |first1=Sonia |last2=LeBlanc |first2=Paul |date=May 19, 2021 |title=New York attorney general can join lawsuit against right-wing political operatives over alleged robocall scheme, judge rules |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/new-york-attorney-general-wohl-burkman-robocalls-/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On March 8, 2023, Judge Marrero found that Wohl and Burkman had violated several federal and state civil rights laws, including the Voting Rights Act, the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]], and the Ku Klux Klan Act. In his opinion, he wrote that "the neighborhoods that Defendants targeted were not accidental or random," and that a reasonable jury would determine they had intended to "deny the right to vote specifically to Black voters."<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Cheyanne M. |date=March 9, 2023 |title=Judge says Jacob Wohl, Jack Burkman violated Voting Rights Act, KKK Act with 2020 voter suppression |url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/3891869-judge-says-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-violated-voting-rights-act-kkk-act-with-2020-voter-suppression/ |access-date=August 27, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On April 9, 2024, Letitia James announced that Wohl and Burkman have agreed to pay $1,000,000 to settle the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Devan|date=April 9, 2024 |title=Conservative activists reach $1 million settlement deal with New York AG for running 2020 voter suppression campaign |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/09/politics/conservative-activists-new-york-deal-voter-suppression/index.html |access-date=April 14, 2024 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
first=Michele|last=Fabbri|date=7 January 2006|work=In Defense of Marxism}}</ref> [[Classical Marxism|Classical Marxists]] believe a socialist commodity economy (or a socialist market economy) is contradictory. Other socialists believe the Chinese have embraced many elements of market capitalism, specifically commodity production and privatization, resulting in a full-blown capitalist economic system.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Satya J.|last=Gabriel|date=June 2003|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/18.htm|title=The Transition from State Capitalism to Private Capitalism: Is Capitalism Here to Stay?|publisher=Mount Holyoke College|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019203345/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/18.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the past, although many enterprises were nominally publicly owned, the profits were retained by the enterprises and used to pay managers excessively high salaries rather than being distributed amongst the population. This old status quo is no longer the case{{Original research inline|date=February 2023}}, as part of [[Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign]], SOE executives have faced 50% pay cuts,<ref>{{cite news|title=China State-Owned Enterprises Chiefs Face 50% Salary Cuts As Xi Jinping Launches Reform|first=Mark|last=Hanrahan|date=21 August 2014|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/china-state-owned-enterprises-chiefs-face-50-salary-cuts-xi-jinping-launches-reform-1664810|work=International Business Times}}</ref> the "commanding role" of the CCP over SOEs has been cemented in law<ref>{{cite news|first1=Orange|last1=Wang|author2=Zhou Xin|date=8 January 2020|title=China cements Communist Party's role at top of its SOEs, should 'execute the will of the party'|work=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3045053/china-cements-communist-partys-role-top-its-soes-should}}</ref> and SOEs have been required to have Staff and Worker Representative Congresses (SWRCs), a form of workplace democracy,{{r|zhuchan}}<ref>{{cite act|script-title=zh:中华人民共和国全民所有制工业企业法|title=Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Quánmín Suǒyǒuzhì Gōngyè Qǐyè Fǎ|trans-title=Law on Industrial Enterprises Owned by the Whole People|year=1988|url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/lawsdata/chineselaw/200303/20030300072563.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jeanette|last=Yu|title=New rules on democratic organization in Chinese enterprises|date=20 July 2012|url=https://cms.law/en/chn/publication/new-rules-on-democratic-organization-in-chinese-enterprises|publisher=CMS}}</ref> with 80% of registered companies in China having them,{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} including some private sector companies.<ref name="zhuchan">{{cite journal |last1=Xiaoyang |first1=Zhu |last2=Chan |first2=Anita |title=Staff and Workers' Representative Congress: An Institutionalized Channel for Expression of Employees' Interests? |journal=Chinese Sociology & Anthropology |date=1 August 2005 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=6–33 |doi=10.1080/21620555.2005.11038349 |s2cid=145168693 }}</ref>


As a part of the litigation against Wohl and Burkman, in August 2022, the New York Attorney General announced a settlement with Message Communications, Inc., the robocall company that the pair had used, in which the company will pay $50,000 restitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2023 |title=Attorney General James Stops Robocall Company Hired in Scheme to Suppress Black Voters Ahead of 2020 Election |url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2022/attorney-general-james-stops-robocall-company-hired-scheme-suppress-black-voters |access-date=August 27, 2023 |website=[[Attorney General of New York|Office of the New York State Attorney General]] |language=en}}</ref>
== Բնութագրեր ==


==== Ohio ====
=== Ձեռնարկությունների և սեփականության տեսակներ ===
In October 2020, prosecutors in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio]] indicted Wohl and Burkman on eight counts of telecommunications fraud and seven counts of [[bribery]].{{Efn|Bribery in this case is, as according to the Ohio Revised Code, "Attempt by intimidation, coercion, or other unlawful means to induce such delegate or elector to register or refrain from registering or to vote or refrain from voting at a primary, convention, or election for a particular person, question, or issue."<ref name=":14"/>}}<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Grzegorek |first=Vince |title=Right-Wing Fraudsters Jacob Wohl and Jack Burkman Have Now Been Indicted in Cuyahoga County for Robocall Scheme |date=October 27, 2020 |url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2020/10/27/right-wing-fraudsters-jacob-wohl-and-jack-burkman-have-now-been-indicted-in-cuyahoga-county-for-robocall-scheme |access-date=October 27, 2020 |website=[[Cleveland Scene]] |language=en |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025449/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2020/10/27/right-wing-fraudsters-jacob-wohl-and-jack-burkman-have-now-been-indicted-in-cuyahoga-county-for-robocall-scheme |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":13" /> On October 24, 2022, Wohl and Burkman each pleaded guilty to one felony charge of telecommunications fraud. As a part of the plea deal, the 14 other counts of telecommunications fraud and bribery were dropped.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaffer |first=Cory |date=October 24, 2022 |title=Jacob Wohl, Jack Burkman plead guilty to felony for 2020 election robocalls targeting Cleveland voters |url=https://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/2022/10/jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-plead-guilty-to-felony-for-2020-election-robocalls-targeting-cleveland-voters.html |access-date=October 24, 2022 |website=[[The_Plain_Dealer#Cleveland.com|Cleveland.com]] |language=en}}</ref> On November 29, both Wohl and Berkman were each fined $2,500, sentenced to two years of probation, and ordered to perform 500 hours of community service registering voters in Washington, DC.<ref name=":28" />
Սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության մեջ հանրային սեփականությունը բաղկացած է պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող ակտիվներից, կոլեկտիվ սեփականություն հանդիսացող ձեռնարկություններից և խառը ձեռնարկությունների հանրային սեփականություն հանդիսացող բաժնետոմսերից։ Հանրային սեփականության այս տարբեր ձևերը գերիշխող դեր են խաղում սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության մեջ զգալի մասնավոր և օտարերկրյա ձեռնարկությունների հետ մեկտեղ<ref name="Ding20095">{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Xiaoqin |date=1 April 2009 |title=The Socialist Market Economy: China and the World |journal=Science & Society |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=235–241 |doi=10.1521/siso.2009.73.2.235 |jstor=40404550}}</ref>:


=== Writing and podcasting ===
Այսօր Չինաստանում կան պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող ձեռնարկությունների մի քանի հիմնական ձևերը՝
In February 2018, Wohl created a news blog called ''The Washington Reporter'', which served as a home for his political podcast ''Offended America''. [[NBC News]] reported in November 2018 that Wohl had "adopted and amplified nearly every prominent [[conspiracy theory]] to arise in the last year," and had used his blog to publish unfounded claims about [[Hillary Clinton]], [[George Soros]], and Robert Mueller.<ref name="nbc_2018-11-01" /> In June 2018, ''The Washington Reporter'' was found to have completely plagiarized its Code of Ethics from the journalism non-profit [[ProPublica]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uberti |first=David |date=June 5, 2018 |title=TFW Your Pro-Trump News Site's Ethics Policy Is Plagiarized |url=https://splinternews.com/tfw-your-pro-trump-news-sites-ethics-policy-is-plagiari-1826574396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112235152/https://splinternews.com/tfw-your-pro-trump-news-sites-ethics-policy-is-plagiari-1826574396 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=[[Splinter News|Splinter]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dailybeast_2018-06-14" /> By August 2018, the website was offline and Wohl had stopped releasing podcast episodes.<ref name="nbc_2018-11-01" />


Wohl was hired as a writer for the far-right website ''[[The Gateway Pundit]]'' in June 2018, before being fired later that year as a result of his failed plot against Mueller.<ref name="nbc_2018-11-01" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Levine |first=John |date=November 2, 2018 |title=Far-Right Gateway Pundit Writer Suspended for Role in Unfounded #MeToo Accusation Against Robert Mueller |url=https://www.thewrap.com/far-right-gateway-pundit-writer-suspended-for-role-in-unfounded-metoo-accusation-against-robert-mueller/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005745/https://www.thewrap.com/far-right-gateway-pundit-writer-suspended-for-role-in-unfounded-metoo-accusation-against-robert-mueller/ |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>
* Պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող ձեռնարկություններ: Առևտրային ձեռնարկություններ, որոնք հիմնադրվել են կամ կենտրոնական կառավարության կամ տեղական ինքնակառավարման մարմինների կողմից, որտեղ կառավարիչները նշանակվում են կառավարության կամ պետական մարմինների կողմից: Այս կատեգորիան ներառում է միայն ամբողջությամբ պետական ֆինանսավորմամբ և կառավարվող ընկերությունները: Պետական ձեռնարկությունների մեծ մասը կենտրոնական իշխանության սուբյեկտներ չեն: Կենտրոնական կառավարության պետական ձեռնարկությունները Պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող ակտիվների վերահսկման և կառավարման հանձնաժողովի ստորաբաժանումներն են:
* Պետական ձեռնարկություններ: Պետական հոլդինգ կամ պետության կողմից վերահսկվող ձեռնարկություններ, հրապարակային ցուցակված ընկերություններ են, որտեղ պետությունն ունի խոշոր բաժնեմաս կամ վերահսկիչ բաժնեմաս ընկերությունների ներսում՝ դրանով իսկ ազդեցություն ունենալով ընկերության կառավարման վրա: Դրանք ներառում են [[օտարերկրյա ուղղակի ներդրումներ]] ստացող ընկերությունները<ref>[http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2012hearings/written_testimonies/12_02_15/12_2_15_szamosszegi_testimony.pdf Hearing on Chinese State-Owned and State-Controlled Enterprises]</ref>:
* Պետական համատեղ սեփականության ձեռնարկություններ:


===Other activities===
=== Պետական հատված ===
Wohl became increasingly politically active as [[Donald Trump]] launched his [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|2016 campaign for the presidency]]. Wohl established a reputation for his vociferous support for Trump on Twitter, and his speed in replying to nearly all of Trump's tweets.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":9" />
Սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսությունը բաղկացած է պետական ձեռնարկությունների լայն շրջանակից, որոնք ներկայացնում են հանրային սեփականության մեկ ձև: 2019 թվականի վերջի դրությամբ Չինաստանի պետական ձեռնարկությունները կազմել են համաշխարհային տնտեսության 4,5%-ը։ Պետական ձեռնարկությունները 2019 թվականին կազմել են Չինաստանի շուկայական կապիտալիզացիայի ավելի քան 60%-ը<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hissey |first=Ian |date=17 December 2019 |title=Investing in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises |url=https://insight.factset.com/investing-in-chinese-state-owned-enterprises |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=insight.factset.com}}</ref> և 2020 թվականին ստեղծել են Չինաստանի ՀՆԱ-ի 40%-ը՝ 15,97 ԱՄՆ տրիլիոն դոլար (101,36 տրլն յուան), իսկ ներքին և օտարերկրյա մասնավոր բիզնեսները և ներդրումները կազմում են մնացած 60%-ը<ref>{{Cite news |last=CBNEditor |date=18 January 2021 |title=China's GDP Breaches 100 Trillion Yuan Threshold after Posting 2.3% Growth in 2020, Disposable Income up 4.7% |url=https://www.chinabankingnews.com/2021/01/18/chinas-gdp-breaches-100-trillion-yuan-threshold-after-posting-2-3-growth-in-2020-disposable-income-up-4-7/ |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=China Banking News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=21 May 2020 |title=How reform has made China's state-owned enterprises stronger |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-reform-has-made-chinas-state-owned-enterprises-stronger/ |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref>: Այս պետական ձեռնարկություններից 91-ը պատկանում են 2020 թվականի Fortune Global 500 ընկերություններին<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie tek |date=18 August 2020 |title=The Biggest but not the Strongest: China's place in the Fortune Global 500 |url=https://www.csis.org/blogs/trustee-china-hand/biggest-not-strongest-chinas-place-fortune-global-500 |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.csis.org}}</ref>:


In 2019, Wohl and Burkman announced they would investigate any rumors about candidates in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2020|2020 presidential election]]. Any candidates they fully vet, they said, would receive the "Burkman-Wohl Seal of Approval".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sommer|first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=August 12, 2019|title=Serial Hoaxers Swear They'll Solve Epstein Death|language=en|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/serial-hoaxers-jacob-wohl-and-jack-burkman-swear-theyll-solve-epstein-death|access-date=September 11, 2021}}</ref>
1978 թվականի բարեփոխումներից ի վեր, 1980-ականներին արդյունաբերական բարեփոխումների ընթացքում պետական ձեռնարկությունները աստիճանաբար բաժնետիրացվել են և վերածվել բաժնետիրական կորպորացիաների, մինչդեռ պետությունը պահպանել է իր բաժնետոմսերի կամ ամբողջական, կամ մեծամասնության սեփականությունը: 2000-ականների սկզբին ոչ ռազմավարական հատվածների խոշոր պետական ձեռնարկությունների մեծ մասը գրանցվել է Շանհայի և Հոնկոնգի ֆոնդային բորսաներում, իսկ որոշ պետական ձեռնարկություններ ընդունել են խառը սեփականության կառույցներ, որոնցում կենտրոնական կառավարությունը և տարբեր այլ պետական կառույցներ, ներառյալ պետական բանկերը, այլ պետական ձեռնարկություններ, գավառական և տեղական ինքնակառավարման մարմինները, տիրապետում էին ընկերության ցուցակված բաժնետոմսերի տարբեր բաժնեմասերը օտարերկրյա և մասնավոր բաժնետերերի հետ հավասար: Արդյունքը եղել է հանրային սեփականության խիստ տարածված ձև, որտեղ պետական ձեռնարկությունները պատկանում են տարբեր պետական կառույցների, գործակալությունների և պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող այլ ձեռնարկությունների: Սա դժվարացնում է պետական հատվածի իրական չափն ու շրջանակը գնահատելը, հատկապես, երբ հաշվի են առնվում խառը սեփականության կառուցվածք ունեցող ՊՁ-ները: 2013 թվականին պետական հատվածին բաժին է ընկել Չինաստանի ընկերությունների թվի 30%-ը, սակայն ակտիվների 55%-ը, եկամտի 45%-ը և շահույթի 40%-ը<ref name="Scissors12">{{Cite journal |last=Scissors |first=Derek |date=16 May 2016 |title=China's SOE sector is bigger than some would have us think |url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/17/chinas-soe-sector-is-bigger-than-some-would-have-us-think/ |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>:


During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, Wohl began selling a physical fitness program on his website. In April 2020, Wohl announced he had begun operating an account on [[OnlyFans]], a subscription-based social media platform.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2020 |author=Cockburn |title=I regret to inform you that Jacob Wohl has joined OnlyFans |url=https://spectator.us/regret-inform-jacob-wohl-joined-onlyfans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424083451/https://spectator.us/regret-inform-jacob-wohl-joined-onlyfans/ |archive-date=April 24, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2020 |website=[[Spectator USA]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
1996 թվականին Չինաստանը իրականացրեց արդյունաբերական բարեփոխումների մի շարք, որը կոչվում էր «Բռնել մեծը, բաց թողնել փոքրը»: Այս բարեփոխումները ներառում էին ոչ եկամտաբեր պետական ձեռնարկությունների փակում, փոքր ձեռնարկությունների միավորում և այլ փոքր և միջին ձեռնարկությունների սեփականաշնորհում։ Կենտրոնական սեփականություն հանդիսացող ՊՁ-ները վերափոխվել են բաժնետիրական ընկերությունների՝ նպատակ ունենալով ավելի շատ լիազորություններ փոխանցել պետական ձեռնարկությունների ղեկավարներին: Բոլոր մակարդակների պետական ձեռնարկություններն իրենց հիմնական ուշադրությունը տեղափոխել են շահութաբերության վրա և հրաժարվել են իրենց սոցիալական ապահովության գործառույթից՝ իրենց աշխատողներին սոցիալական ծառայություններ և նպաստներ տրամադրելով, որը հայտնի էր որպես « Երկաթե բրնձի աման» համակարգ: Պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող ակտիվների վերահսկման և կառավարման հանձնաժողովը ձևավորվել է 2003 թվականին՝ վերահսկելու կենտրոնական սեփականություն հանդիսացող խոշոր պետական ձեռնարկությունների կառավարումը<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fan |first=He |date=15 February 2015 |title=The Long march to the mixed economy in China |url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/02/09/the-long-march-to-the-mixed-economy-in-china/ |journal=East Asia Forum Quarterly: Volume 6, Number 4, 2014 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=3–5 |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>:


''The Washington Post'' reported that agents from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) had executed a raid on Jack Burkman's home on the morning of September 14, 2020. Wohl claimed that the agents had taken "all of Jack's files, computers and phones" from the home, which is also the headquarters of Wohl and Burkman's organization, Project 1599.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beaujon|first=Andrew|date=September 14, 2020|title=The FBI Says It Didn't Raid Jack Burkman's House|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/09/14/jack-burkman-says-the-fbi-raided-his-house/|access-date=October 4, 2021|website=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> By the afternoon of the same day, ''The Washington Post'' had updated their story to reflect that the raid had been staged,<ref name="WaPoRaid_archived_9-14"/> and they retracted the story shortly after.<ref name="WaPoRaid_archived_9-15">{{Cite news|last=Weiner|first=Rachel|date=September 14, 2020|title=FBI says no raid was conducted at home of conservative conspiracy theorist Jack Burkman|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/fbi-raids-home-of-conservative-conspiracy-theorist-jack-burkman/2020/09/14/cced27cc-f6a0-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915104409/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/fbi-raids-home-of-conservative-conspiracy-theorist-jack-burkman/2020/09/14/cced27cc-f6a0-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html|archive-date=September 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Farhi|first=Paul|date=September 14, 2020|title=A fake FBI raid orchestrated by right-wing activists dupes The Washington Post|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/a-fake-fbi-raid-orchestrated-by-right-wing-activists-dupes-the-washington-post/2020/09/14/c07ccc7e-f6c1-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html|access-date=October 4, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ''The Daily Beast'' discovered that Wohl and Burkman had again recruited actors on Craigslist to stage the raid, under the guise of recording a television show. ''The Daily Beast'' also reported that the Twitter account which published the photos of the raid was likely operated by Wohl.<ref name="WaPoRaid_archived_9-14">{{Cite news|last=Weiner|first=Rachel|date=September 14, 2020|title=FBI says no raid was conducted at home of conservative conspiracy theorist Jack Burkman|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/fbi-raids-home-of-conservative-conspiracy-theorist-jack-burkman/2020/09/14/cced27cc-f6a0-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914231440/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/fbi-raids-home-of-conservative-conspiracy-theorist-jack-burkman/2020/09/14/cced27cc-f6a0-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html|archive-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Markay |first1=Lachlan |last2=Sommer |author-link2=Will Sommer |first2=Will |last3=Rawnsley |first3=Adam |date=September 14, 2020 |title=Jacob Wohl Staged Fake FBI Raid on Business Partner, Actor Hired for Production Says |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-staged-fake-fbi-raid-on-business-partner-actor-hired-for-production-says |url-status=live |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914193450/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-staged-fake-fbi-raid-on-business-partner-actor-hired-for-production-says |archive-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref>
Ժամանակակից ՊՁ-ները գործառնական առումով շատ տարբեր են 1990-ականների ընկերություններից: ՊՁ-ները չափերով շատ ավելի մեծ են և ավելի քիչ թվով, ընդ որում կենտրոնական կառավարությանը պատկանող ՊՁ-ները խմբավորված են «ռազմավարական ոլորտներում», այդ թվում՝ բանկային, ֆինանսների, հանքարդյունաբերության, էներգետիկայի, տրանսպորտի, հեռահաղորդակցության և կոմունալ ծառայությունների ոլորտներում: Համեմատության համար նշենք, որ մարզային և մունիցիպալ մակարդակի պետական ձեռնարկությունների թիվը հասնում է հազարների և ներգրավված են գրեթե բոլոր ոլորտներում, ներառյալ տեղեկատվական տեխնոլոգիաները և ավտոմեքենաների նախագծումն ու արտադրությունը: Պետական հատվածի բարեփոխումը Չինաստանում շարունակական գործընթաց է։ 2017 թվականից ՉԿԿ-ն հրաժարվել է Չինաստանի պետական ձեռնարկությունների համար պետական ներդրումային ընկերությունների Սինգապուրյան Temasek մոդելից, որտեղ պետական ձեռնարկությունները գործում են բացառապես առևտրային հիմունքներով շահույթն առավելագույնի հասցնելու համար: Մասնավորապես, Չինաստանը պնդում է, որ կենտրոնացված սեփականություն հանդիսացող պետական ձեռնարկությունները նույնպես հետապնդում են ազգային և արդյունաբերական քաղաքականության նպատակներ<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=Reform pays dividends for state firms |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-11/22/content_34838675.htm |access-date=9 March 2018 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=China Daily}}</ref>: Շահութաբերության բարձրացման և պարտքի բեռնաթափման վերջին բարեփոխումների արդյունքում կառավարությունը հայտնել է, որ կենտրոնական կառավարությանը պատկանող պետական ձեռնարկությունների շահույթը 2017 թվականին աճել է 15,2%-ով<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=Reform pays dividends for state firms |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-11/22/content_34838675.htm |access-date=9 March 2018 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=China Daily}}</ref>:


==Attempts to frame public figures==
Չնայած գնալով ավելի շահութաբեր դառնալուն, Չինաստանում պետական ​​ձեռնարկությունները շահաբաժիններ չեն վճարել պետությանը, ինչի պատճառով որոշ վերլուծաբաններ կասկածի տակ են դնում առաջին հերթին հանրային սեփականության հիմնավորումը<ref name="Milhaupt & Zheng 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Milhaupt |first1=Curtis |last2=Zheng |first2=Wentong |date=1 March 2015 |title=Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm |url=https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/696/ |journal=UF Law Faculty Publications}}</ref><ref>''SOE Dividends: How Much and to Whom?'', World Bank (17 October 2005): "Since the taxation reform in 1994, most SOEs have not paid any significant dividend to the government of China."</ref>։ Պետական գույքի կառավարման վարչության շարունակական բարեփոխումների շրջանակներում պետական ձեռնարկություններն խրախուսվել են և պարտավոր են եղել պետությանը վճարել իրենց շահույթի մեծ մասը որպես շահաբաժին, իսկ որոշ պետական ակտիվներ փոխանցվել են սոցիալական ապահովության հիմնադրամներին՝ օգնելու ֆինանսավորել կենսաթոշակները Չինաստանի ծերացող բնակչության համար<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-11/19/content_34715815.htm |title=China to transfer state assets to social security funds |date=19 November 2017 |website= ChinaDaily.com.cn |access-date=9 March 2018 }}</ref>: Սա պետական հատվածի վերակառուցման ավելի լայն բարեփոխումների մի մասն է՝ հանրային ծառայությունների ֆինանսավորման աղբյուր դառնալու նպատակով<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mattlin |first=Mikael |date=April 2011 |title=Whose Money? The Tug-of-war over Chinese state enterprise profits |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/128535/UPI_Briefing_Paper_79.pdf |publisher=The Finnish Institute of International Affairs}}</ref>: Որպես 2015 թվականին Պետական գույքի կառավարման վարչությանի կողմից ուրվագծված ՀԳՂ-ի բարեփոխումների նպատակների մաս, ՊՁ-ները պետք է դասակարգվեն որպես առևտրային կամ հանրային ծառայություններ մատուցող կազմակերպություններ, որոնցից առաջիններից պահանջվում է բաշխել իրենց շահույթի ավելի մեծ մասը՝ որպես շահաբաժիններ: Մինչև 2020 թվականը շահութաբաժինների վճարումները 5-15%-ից հասնել են 30%-ի:
===Robert Mueller===
On October 22, 2018, [[Vermont Law School]] professor Jennifer Taub received an email from Wohl's firm, Surefire Intelligence, asking her to tell them about her "past encounters" with [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)|U.S. Special Counsel]] [[Robert Mueller]] and offering her money to discuss Mueller by phone.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24" /> Taub stated she had never met Mueller and referred the matter to Mueller's office, which then referred the matter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Willis |first=Jay |date=October 30, 2018 |title=MAGA Trolls' Efforts to Take Down Robert Mueller Flame Out in Hilarious and Spectacular Fashion |language=en |work=[[GQ]] |url=https://www.gq.com/story/the-lasts-tweets-of-jacob-wohl |url-status=live |access-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030234606/https://www.gq.com/story/the-lasts-tweets-of-jacob-wohl |archive-date=October 30, 2018}}</ref>


On October 30, NBC News and ''[[The Atlantic]]'' published articles detailing a scheme to falsely accuse Mueller of sexual misconduct. The articles reported that on October 17, 2018, several journalists received emails from a person claiming to be named Lorraine Parsons that asserted conservative lobbyist Jack Burkman had hired a man with Wohl's Surefire Intelligence firm, to offer her more than $20,000 to sign an affidavit falsely accusing Mueller of sexual misconduct and workplace harassment. Parsons told the reporters she had worked with Mueller at the law firm [[Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman|Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro]] in 1974, and that the man from Surefire had asked her to falsely accuse Mueller of engaging in misconduct during that time. Mueller worked at Pillsbury in 1974, but the firm told reporters they had no record of any Lorraine Parsons ever working there. Parsons declined reporters' requests to speak on the phone, and none of the reporters published the story until the scheme became evident.<ref name="nbc_2018_10_30" /><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |author-link=Natasha Bertrand |date=October 30, 2018 |title=Mueller Wants the FBI to Look at a Scheme to Discredit Him |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/special-counsel-refers-scheme-targeting-mueller-to-fbi/574411/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102214037/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/special-counsel-refers-scheme-targeting-mueller-to-fbi/574411/ |archive-date=November 2, 2018 |access-date=November 3, 2018 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref>
=== Մասնավոր հատված ===
Մասնավոր սեփականություն հանդիսացող ձեռնարկությունները ճանաչվում են որպես սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության բաղադրիչներից մեկը՝ պետական, կոլեկտիվ և անհատ ձեռնարկությունների կողքին: Մասնավոր հատվածն ավելի ու ավելի մեծ դեր է խաղացել 1994 թվականի ընկերությունների մասին օրենքի ընդունումից հետո: Բացի այդ, Չինաստանում պետական և մասնավոր ձեռնարկությունների միջև սահմանը լղոզվել է, քանի որ հրապարակային ցուցակված շատ ընկերություններ գտնվում են տարբեր պետական և ոչ պետական կազմակերպությունների խառը սեփականության ներքո: Բացի այդ, մասնավոր հատվածի ընկերությունները, որոնք գործում են աճի համար նպատակաուղղված արդյունաբերություններում, հաճախ ստանում են բարենպաստ վարկեր և արտոնյալ պետական վերաբերմունք, մինչդեռ ոչ ռազմավարական հատվածներում գտնվող պետական ձեռնարկությունները կարող են ազատվել սուբսիդիաներից: Որպես օրինակ, [[ZTE|ZTE Corporation-ը]] մեծամասնություն ունեցող պետական ձեռնարկություն է, որը ստիպված է եղել ապավինել բաժնետոմսերի շուկաներին, մինչդեռ աշխատակիցներին պատկանող մասնավոր հատվածի մրցակից [[Հուավեյ|Huawei-ը]] դիտվում է որպես «ազգային չեմպիոն» և, հետևաբար, ստացել է պետական խոշոր ֆինանսավորում պետական բանկերից: Ինչպես իրենց պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող գործընկերները, ակնկալվում է, որ ՄՍՁ-ները կհետևեն պետական քաղաքականությանը և ենթակա են Մասնավոր սեփականության վերահսկողության, ինչը ենթադրում է, որ հանրային և մասնավոր սեփականության միջև տարբերությունը Չինաստանի տնտեսական մոդելը հասկանալու համար իմաստալից տարբերակում չէ: 2015 թվականի դրությամբ պետական վերահսկողությունը և պետության կողմից ուղղորդված զարգացումը (ինչպես պետական, այնպես էլ մասնավոր հատվածներում) Չինաստանի տնտեսական համակարգի հիմնական հատկանիշն է, որն ավելի էական դեր է խաղում, քան ակտիվների հանրային սեփականությունը<ref name="Milhaupt & Zheng 20154">{{Cite journal |last=Milhaupt |first=Curtis |last2=Zheng |first2=Wentong |date=1 March 2015 |title=Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm |url=https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/696/ |journal=UF Law Faculty Publications}}</ref>:


On October 30, Wohl tweeted, "Several media sources tell me that a scandalous story about Mueller is breaking tomorrow. Should be interesting. Stay tuned!"<ref name="Prokop 2018">{{Cite news |last=Prokop |first=Andrew |date=October 30, 2018 |title=The incredibly shoddy plot to smear Robert Mueller, explained |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/30/18044110/robert-mueller-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-surefire |url-status=live |access-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031011928/https://www.vox.com/2018/10/30/18044110/robert-mueller-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-surefire |archive-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Josh |date=October 30, 2018 |title=Law Professor Jennifer Taub Talks 'Really Creepy' Email She Got as Part of Alleged Scheme to Smear Mueller |url=https://www.mediaite.com/tv/law-professor-jennifer-taub-talks-really-creepy-email-she-got-as-part-of-alleged-scheme-to-smear-mueller/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031220416/https://www.mediaite.com/tv/law-professor-jennifer-taub-talks-really-creepy-email-she-got-as-part-of-alleged-scheme-to-smear-mueller/ |archive-date=October 31, 2018 |access-date=October 31, 2018 |website=[[Mediaite]] |language=en}}</ref> Burkman tweeted that he and Wohl would hold a press conference two days later to "reveal the first of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's sex assault victims".<ref name="AtlanticMueller2">{{Cite magazine |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |author-link=Natasha Bertrand |date=October 30, 2018 |title=Special Counsel Refers Scheme Targeting Mueller to FBI |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/special-counsel-refers-scheme-targeting-mueller-to-fbi/574411/ |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-date=November 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102214037/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/special-counsel-refers-scheme-targeting-mueller-to-fbi/574411/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Man Behind Alleged Robert Mueller Sex Assault Hoax: But What About Michael Avenatti? |last=Naham |first=Matt |date=October 30, 2018 |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/man-behind-alleged-robert-mueller-sex-assault-hoax-but-what-about-michael-avenatti/ |website=[[Law & Crime]] |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030212436/https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/man-behind-alleged-robert-mueller-sex-assault-hoax-but-what-about-michael-avenatti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Gateway Pundit'', which employed Wohl, published the Lorraine Parsons allegations on October 30, including claims that there were "exclusive documents" about a "very credible witness" to support the accusations against Mueller.<ref name="nbc_2018_10_30" /> Each document had in its header the phrase "International Private Intelligence," the business slogan of Surefire Intelligence. The article was removed later that day, with owner Jim Hoft stating that the matter and "serious allegations against Jacob Wohl" would be investigated.<ref name="nbc_2018_10_30" /><ref name="Prokop 2018" /> The following day, Hoft posted a tweet by Wohl that suggested Mueller's office was actually behind the scheme.<ref name="tweet 1057643335387615233">{{Cite tweet |number=1057643335387615233 |user=JacobAWohl |title=Someone inside Mueller's office likely sent out the hoax email claiming to be a woman offered payment to make an accusation against Mueller! They know that Mueller's real victims are coming forward! Tick tock... |author=Wohl, Jacob |date=October 31, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181101201611/https://twitter.com/JacobAWohl/status/1057643335387615233 |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Also that day, Burkman and Wohl posted a tweet claiming that Parsons did not exist, denying involvement in the matter, and calling it "a hoax designed to distract the nation from [Burkman's] press conference" to be held the next day.<ref name="VanityFairDeranged">{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Tina |date=October 31, 2018 |title=How the Jacob Wohl Saga Explains What's Deranged About MAGA |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/10/jacob-wohl-robert-mueller-sexual-assault-allegations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117061154/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/10/jacob-wohl-robert-mueller-sexual-assault-allegations |archive-date=January 17, 2019 |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)#The Hive|The Hive]] |publisher=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref>
Թեև մասնավոր հատվածին հատկացվել է դեր սոցիալիստական շուկայական տնտեսության մեջ և 1990-ականներից ի վեր մեծապես աճել է չափերով և ծավալներով, մասնավոր հատվածը չի գերակայում [[Չինաստանի տնտեսություն|Չինաստանի տնտեսության վրա]]: Մասնավոր հատվածի ճշգրիտ չափը դժվար է որոշել մասամբ, քանի որ մասնավոր ձեռնարկությունները կարող են իրենց բաժնետոմսերի փոքրամասնությունը պատկանել պետական կազմակերպություններին և ձեռնարկությունների դասակարգման համար կիրառվող տարբեր դասակարգման ստանդարտների պատճառով: Օրինակ՝ 2016 թվականի առաջին եռամսյակում [[Չինաստանի վիճակագրության ազգային բյուրո|Չինաստանի վիճակագրության ազգային բյուրոն]] հայտնել է մասնավոր ընկերությունների կողմից ֆիքսված ներդրումների 35%-ի չափով, իսկ ամբողջությամբ պետական սեփականություն հանդիսացող պետական ձեռնարկությունների կողմից՝ 27%-ի չափով, իսկ մնացածի մեծ մասը պատկանում է ոչ ամբողջությամբ պետական ֆինանսավորմանը սահմանափակ պատասխանատվությամբ ընկերություններ<ref name="Scissors13">{{Cite journal |last=Scissors |first=Derek |date=16 May 2016 |title=China's SOE sector is bigger than some would have us think |url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/17/chinas-soe-sector-is-bigger-than-some-would-have-us-think/ |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>:


Wohl and Burkman convened a press conference outside Washington, D.C. on November 1, ostensibly to present a woman who they said signed the affidavit previously published by ''The Gateway Pundit'', accusing Mueller of raping her in a New York hotel room in 2010{{snd}}on a date he was contemporaneously reported by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' to be serving jury duty in Washington.<ref name="Roberts_Argetsinger_4/13/20102">{{Cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Roxanne |author-link=Roxanne Roberts |last2=Argetsinger |first2=Amy |author-link2=Amy Argetsinger |date=April 13, 2010 |title=Reliable Source – Hey, isn't that...?: Robert Mueller summoned to jury duty; Rose McGowan visits the W |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/reliable-source/2010/08/hey_isnt_that_robert_mueller_r.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207115124/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/reliable-source/2010/08/hey_isnt_that_robert_mueller_r.html |archive-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> The men accused Mueller's office of "leaking" the eight-year-old ''Post'' story to discredit their allegations.<ref name=nbc_2018-11-01_2/>
=== Տնտեսական պլանավորում ===
1993 թվականի ՔԿԿ որոշմամբ վերանայվել է Չինաստանի պլանավորման ապարատի կազմակերպումը<ref name=":4232">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2n7q6b |jstor=j.ctv2n7q6b}}</ref>: Պլանավորումը չեղարկվել, փոխարենը վերակառուցվել է որպես մակրոտնտեսական վերահսկողության երեք հիմնական մեխանիզմներից մեկը՝ հարկաբյուջետային քաղաքականության և դրամավարկային քաղաքականության հետ մեկտեղ<ref name=":4232" />:  Չինացի ադմինիստրատորներին հանձնարարվել է պլանավորել շուկաները և կլանել շուկայի հիմնական միտումները (ինչպես ներքին, այնպես էլ միջազգային) բազմամյա պետական ծրագրերում<ref name=":4232" />:


The purported accuser, Carolyne Cass, did not appear at the press conference as they had initially stated she would, and the men asserted she had panicked and taken a flight to another location.<ref name=":22" /> Towards the end of the press conference, one reporter heckled, "Are you both prepared for federal prison?", to which Burkman replied "No we are not".<ref name=nbc_2018-11-01_2/> Soon after the press conference, Hoft announced that ''The Gateway Pundit'' had "suspended [their] relationship" with Wohl.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=November 1, 2018 |title=Mueller Smear Pushed by Pro-Trump Activists Falls Apart at Press Conference |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/mueller-smear-pushed-by-pro-trump-activists-falls-apart-at-press-conference |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102011830/https://www.thedailybeast.com/mueller-smear-pushed-by-pro-trump-activists-falls-apart-at-press-conference |archive-date=November 2, 2018 |access-date=November 2, 2018 |website=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref><ref name="nbc_2018-11-01_2">{{Cite web |last=Zadrozny |first=Brandy |author-link=Brandy Zadrozny |date=November 1, 2018 |title=No proof, no victim at news conference alleging Mueller sex assaults |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/alleged-victim-no-show-press-conference-claiming-mueller-sex-assaults-n929951 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101235258/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/alleged-victim-no-show-press-conference-claiming-mueller-sex-assaults-n929951 |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |access-date=November 2, 2018 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>
2003 թվականին պետական պլանավորման հանձնաժողովը վերակազմավորվել է զարգացման և բարեփոխումների ազգային հանձնաժողովի: Ինդիկատիվ պլանավորումը և արդյունաբերական քաղաքականությունը փոխարինել են նյութական հաշվեկշռի պլանավորմանը և էական դեր են խաղում շուկայական տնտեսության կառավարման գործում ինչպես պետական, այնպես էլ մասնավոր հատվածների համար: Պլանավորման համակարգը բաղկացած է երեք մակարդակից, որոնցից յուրաքանչյուրն օգտագործում է պլանավորման տարբեր մեխանիզմ:


On February 26, 2019, ''[[USA Today]]'' published an article about Wohl in which they interviewed Cass. She had initially contacted Wohl, who was then posing as an investigator named Matthew Cohen on [[Craigslist]], in hopes that he would help her recover some stolen money. Wohl did no work to recover the money, and instead offered Cass a position at his "intelligence" firm. Speaking of the document accusing Mueller produced by Wohl and his associates, she said that "they had made it up" with a fabricated signature of hers and that they "needed a credible female to put on the line".<ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26">{{Cite news |last=Garcia-Roberts |first=Gus |date=February 26, 2019 |title=This 21-year-old tweeted lies about Robert Mueller and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Now, he's eyeing the 2020 election |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/02/26/jacob-wohl-spread-twitter-lies-mueller-rbg-2020-election/2917226002/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226124554/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/02/26/jacob-wohl-spread-twitter-lies-mueller-rbg-2020-election/2917226002/ |archive-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref>
Պարտադիր պլանավորումը սահմանափակվում է ռազմավարական ոլորտներում գործող պետական ձեռնարկություններով, ներառյալ հետազոտությունների, կրթության և ենթակառուցվածքների զարգացման ծրագրերը: Պարտադիր պլանավորումը նախանշում է նպատակային արդյունքները և անհրաժեշտ հումքի և ֆինանսական ռեսուրսների մատակարարումը: Պայմանագրային պլանավորումը սահմանում է նպատակները և այդ նպատակներին հասնելու ընդհանուր միջոցները, այնուհետև բանակցություններ է վարում ձեռնարկությունների և տեղական ինքնակառավարման մարմինների հետ՝ սահմանելու մանրամասն նպատակներ և ինչպես պետք է ռեսուրսները հատկացվեն թիրախային ոլորտներին: Ինդիկատիվ պլանավորումը գործում է պլանավորման համակարգի ամենացածր մակարդակում, որտեղ կառավարությունը ուրվագծում է արդյունաբերական թիրախները և այնուհետև օգտագործում շուկայական գործիքներ (հարկային արտոնություններ, սուբսիդիաներ և բարենպաստ բանկային վարկեր)՝ նպատակային ոլորտի ընկերություններին դրդելու հասնելու այդ նպատակներին<ref name="Rambures12">{{Cite book |last=Rambures |first=Dominique |title=The China Development Model: Between the State and the Market |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=9781137465498 |quote=the planning system is a three-layer system: compulsory, contractual and indicative. At the upper level, the planning system is compulsory: documents outlining detailed sets of targets, including the human resources needed and the supply of raw materials and the financing needs, such as infrastructure programmes; development plans of the western provinces; education plans; health expenditures; research objectives, and so on. Generally speaking, included within compulsory planning are state-owned companies and banks and the monopolistic sectors under tight government control such as the Ministry of Railways. At the second level, the planning system is contractual: planning sets the objectives; the ways and means of a given industrial sector; and then negotiates with the corporations and the offices concerned to establish detailed objectives, as well as the allocation of resources to the targeted sectors. At the third and lowest level, the planning system is only an indicative: government schedule; industrial sector targets; the companies involved and inducement measures (government subsidies, tax exemption, bank lending and financial markets).}}</ref>:


In April 2019, the FBI declined a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] (FOIA) request for documents relating to Surefire Intelligence, explaining that "Acknowledging the existence or non-existence of records could reasonably be expected to interfere with law enforcement proceedings", citing FOIA exemption (b)(7)(A). Reporter Colin Kalmbacher commented in ''[[Law & Crime]]'' that this is a common denial by law enforcement agencies, which suggested that an active FBI criminal probe against Wohl was underway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalmbacher |first=Colin |date=April 2, 2019 |title=The FBI Appears to Have an Active Criminal Investigation Into Jacob Wohl's Surefire Intelligence |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/the-fbi-appears-to-have-an-active-criminal-investigation-into-jacob-wohls-surefire-intelligence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402220039/https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/the-fbi-appears-to-have-an-active-criminal-investigation-into-jacob-wohls-surefire-intelligence/ |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |access-date=April 2, 2019 |website=[[Law & Crime]] |language=en}}</ref>


===Pete Buttigieg===
== Ծանոթագրություններ ==
On April 22, 2019, Jack Burkman tweeted, "2020 is shaping up to be more exciting than 2016. Looking like it will be Trump vs. Mayor Pete! Get the popcorn ready!"<ref name=dailybeast_2019-04-29/> A [[Medium (website)|Medium]] post emerged on April 28, published under the name of a gay Republican college student, alleging that [[Pete Buttigieg]] had sexually assaulted him in February. At the time, Buttigieg was the mayor of [[South Bend, Indiana]] and a Democratic presidential candidate for 2020. David Wohl, Jacob's father, shared an article on Twitter about the post, published by far-right website ''[[Big League Politics]]''. A Twitter account created just a month prior under the student's name also emerged.<ref name="dailybeast_2019-04-29" /> The next day, ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' reported that Wohl and Jack Burkman had tried to convince several young Republican men to make false accusations of sexual assault against Buttigieg. One man attested that Wohl and Burkman had tried to convince him to falsely accuse Buttigieg of assaulting him when he was too drunk to consent.<ref name="dailybeast_2019-04-29" /> According to the anonymous source, Wohl and Burkman contacted him under the false identities "Bill" and "Matt Teller", but when they met in person the man recognized Wohl due to Wohl's Internet notoriety and decided to secretly record their conversation.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last1=Markay |first1=Lachlan |last2=Sommer |first2=Will |author-link2=Will Sommer |date=August 17, 2020 |title=How We Busted Smear Artist Jacob Wohl |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-we-busted-smear-artist-jacob-wohl |url-status=live |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827222248/https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-we-busted-smear-artist-jacob-wohl |archive-date=August 27, 2020}}</ref> He then provided the recording to ''The Daily Beast'', which wrote that it corroborated the man's claims with the aid of an [[audio forensics]] analyst who determined that one man in the recording was "highly likely" to be Wohl.<ref name="dailybeast_2019-04-29" /> The source said that he did not agree at the time to participate in the scheme, and that Wohl phoned him shortly thereafter to suggest he recommend his friends who would.<ref name="dailybeast_2019-04-29" /> The phone number allegedly used by Wohl was discovered to have been listed on the website of "Potomac Intelligence Group", where the company described itself as a private intelligence firm and listed Matt Teller as an employee, along with a link to Teller's LinkedIn profile. Minutes after Wohl was contacted by ''The Daily Beast'', the website and the LinkedIn page were taken down, and the phone number was disconnected.<ref name="dailybeast_2019-04-29">{{Cite news |last1=Markay |first1=Lachlan |last2=Poulsen |first2=Kevin |author-link2=Kevin Poulsen |last3=Schachtman |first3=Noah |author-link3=Noah Shachtman |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Far-Right Smear Merchants Gin Up Bogus Sex Assault Claims Against Buttigieg |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/far-right-smear-merchants-jacob-wohl-and-jack-burkman-try-to-slime-pete-buttigieg-with-bogus-sex-assault-claim |url-status=live |access-date=April 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430000854/https://www.thedailybeast.com/far-right-smear-merchants-jacob-wohl-and-jack-burkman-try-to-slime-pete-buttigieg-with-bogus-sex-assault-claim |archive-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref><ref name="advocate_2019-04-29">{{Cite web |last=Stafford |first=Zach |author-link=Zach Stafford |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Pete Buttigieg Falsely Accused of Sexual Assault by Far-Right Catfish |url=https://www.advocate.com/news/2019/4/29/far-right-activist-created-fake-sexual-assault-story-involving-pete |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430014350/https://www.advocate.com/news/2019/4/29/far-right-activist-created-fake-sexual-assault-story-involving-pete |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2019 |website=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilmour |first=David |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Questions raised over Pete Buttigieg sexual assault allegation |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/pete-buttigieg-allegations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032542/https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/pete-buttigieg-allegations/ |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirkinson |first=Jack |date=April 29, 2019 |title=World's Biggest Moron Appears to Have Done It Again |url=https://splinternews.com/worlds-biggest-moron-appears-to-have-done-it-again-1834400616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032800/https://splinternews.com/worlds-biggest-moron-appears-to-have-done-it-again-1834400616 |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=[[Splinter News|Splinter]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to Potomac Intelligence, Wohl was later linked to at least four other fake intelligence firms.<ref name="DailyDot_2019-05-01">{{Cite web |last=Goforth |first=Claire |date=May 1, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl is running at least 5 fake intelligence firms |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/jacob-wohl-bolt-intelligence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508155230/https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/jacob-wohl-bolt-intelligence/ |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |access-date=May 7, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |language=en}}</ref> The student who was being impersonated on Medium and Twitter told ''The Daily Beast'' that Wohl and Burkman flew him to Washington, D.C. under the guise of speaking about politics from the perspective of a gay Republican, and that he was unaware they were trying to involve him in their scheme. He said they had created the Medium profile and a Twitter profile, claiming to be him without his permission.<ref name="dailybeast_2019-04-29" />
{{ծանտուփ}}


Wohl and Burkman announced that they would be holding a press conference at Burkman's house on May 8 to continue their accusations against Buttigieg. On May 7, Burkman tweeted a link to an event called "Protest Against Homophobic Bigots" and wrote, "Hundreds of leftist protestors are set to descend on our Wednesday Press conference. We WILL NOT surrender to the mob. We've called in extra security to guard our safety and that of our partners in the media".<ref name=":6" /> The protest was discovered to be fake, organized by Wohl himself, when attendees received confirmation emails containing the email address [email protected], which Wohl had used in the past.<ref name="dailybeast_2019-05-07" /> ''[[Mediaite]]'' noted that events can be registered with false contact information on [[Eventbrite]], but that Eventbrite would have emailed the address used by the organizer, allowing them to delete or edit the event.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Duckham |first=Jacob |date=May 7, 2019 |title=Anti-Jacob Wohl Protest Tied to Jacob Wohl's Email Address |url=https://www.mediaite.com/weird/anti-jacob-wohl-protest-tied-to-jacob-wohls-email-address/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508004216/https://www.mediaite.com/weird/anti-jacob-wohl-protest-tied-to-jacob-wohls-email-address/ |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |access-date=May 8, 2019 |website=[[Mediaite]] |language=en}}</ref> Wohl denied involvement in creating the event page, and Eventbrite later took down the event page, citing their rules against "inauthentic content".<ref name="dailybeast_2019-05-07">{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=May 7, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl Caught Staging Fake Protest Against Himself |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-tried-to-create-a-fake-counter-protest-to-his-own-press-conference |url-status=live |access-date=May 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508014552/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-tried-to-create-a-fake-counter-protest-to-his-own-press-conference |archive-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>
== Գրականություն ==
* {{cite book |last1 = Brodsgaard |first1 = Kjeld Erik |last2 = Rutten |first2 = Koen |title = From Accelerated Accumulation to Socialist Market Economy in China: Economic Discourse and Development from 1953 to the Present |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O1POAQAACAAJ |year = 2017 |publisher = Brill |isbn = 978-90-04-33008-5 }}
* {{cite book |last = Lou |first = Jiwei |author-link = Lou Jiwei |title = Chinese Economists on Economic Reform – Collected Works of Lou Jiwei |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k-FJAgAAQBAJ |date = 4 December 2013 |publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn = 978-1-135-08246-8 }}
* {{cite book |last = Postiglione |first = Gerard A. |title = Education and Social Change in China: Inequality in a Market Economy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MHFsBgAAQBAJ |date = 28 January 2015 |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-1-317-47234-6 }}
* {{cite book |first = Mohamed Osman |last=Suliman |title = China's Transition to a Socialist Market Economy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zGS-0bNWDGAC |year = 1998 |publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn = 978-1-56720-142-0 }}
* {{cite book |last = Wang |first = Mengkui |title = Chinese Economists on Economic Reform – Collected Works of Wang Mengkui |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=it5JAgAAQBAJ |date = 4 December 2013 |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-1-135-09247-4 }}
* {{cite book |last = Zhang |first = Xianzhi |title = Enterprise Management Control Systems in China |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TK3BBAAAQBAJ |date = 30 April 2014 |publisher = Springer Science & Business |isbn = 978-3-642-54715-7 }}


At the May 8 press conference, Wohl and Burkman displayed footage of the student they had flown to Washington, D.C. drinking a coffee, which they said was proof that the student was not being coerced. Wohl stated, "Most forced coercion events{{nbsp}}... do not involve caramel [[frappuccino]]".<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> While the press conference was underway, the student released his own statement describing Wohl and Burkman as "chronic liars" and stating that he would not be at the press conference as they had claimed. No protesters attended the fake protest that Wohl had attempted to organize.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=May 8, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl Defends Tricking College Kid to Accuse Mayor Pete of Sexual Assault: He 'Got a Caramel Frappuccino' |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-defends-tricking-kid-to-accuse-pete-buttigieg-of-sexual-assault-he-got-a-caramel-frappuccino |url-status=live |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509082915/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-defends-tricking-kid-to-accuse-pete-buttigieg-of-sexual-assault-he-got-a-caramel-frappuccino |archive-date=May 9, 2019}}</ref>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Socialist Market Economy}}

Wohl and Burkman later threatened to sue ''The Daily Beast'', which had broken the news that the claims were false, for $500 million. {{As of|2020|08|df=US}}, no lawsuit had been filed.<ref name=":9" />

=== Elizabeth Warren===
On October 3, 2019, Wohl and Burkman held a press conference alleging that [[Elizabeth Warren]], Massachusetts senator and then-2020 presidential candidate, had engaged in an extramarital affair with a 24-year-old former U.S. Marine. They alleged that Warren hired the man from a website called "Cowboys4Angels", described as "a site for attractive young men who provide companionship escort services to well-heeled women", in August 2018 in Massachusetts.<ref name="ReadMay7" /> Wohl and Burkman claimed that Warren had hired the man to engage in [[BDSM]] with her and told him that she was in an [[open relationship]] with her husband. The accuser also showed a supposed "sex scar", which was later debunked when it was discovered the accuser had previously posted on his social media account a picture of the same scar and stated that he had "hit [his] back with a chain trying to take down a swing".<ref name="ReadMay7" /> The conference was met with mockery and disbelief in the media, and the claim was widely assumed to be another of Wohl and Burkman's false allegations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=James |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl mocked after claiming Elizabeth Warren had affair with 24-year-old marine |url=https://www.newsweek.com/jacob-wohl-mocked-after-claiming-elizabeth-warren-sex-scandal-says-2020-candidate-had-affair-1462895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003205120/https://www.newsweek.com/jacob-wohl-mocked-after-claiming-elizabeth-warren-sex-scandal-says-2020-candidate-had-affair-1462895 |archive-date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=October 3, 2019 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=ReadMay7/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Warren trolls right-wing conspiracy theorist |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/464292-warren-trolls-right-wing-conspiracy-theorist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004012501/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/464292-warren-trolls-right-wing-conspiracy-theorist |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2019 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en}}</ref> Posting on Twitter, NBC News reporter [[Ben Collins (reporter)|Ben Collins]] joked: "Congrats to Elizabeth Warren on rising so quickly in the polls she forced Jacob Wohl to write erotica about her".<ref name=":25" /> Warren herself joked about the baseless allegations indirectly, including "go Cougars" in a tweet about college debt—a reference both to the mascot of her alma mater, the [[University of Houston]], and to the slang term for [[Cougar (slang)|women who pursue younger men]] which Wohl and Burkman had used for her.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=James |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl Mocked After Claiming Elizabeth Warren Sex Scandal, Says 2020 Candidate Had Affair with 24-Year-Old Marine |url=https://www.newsweek.com/jacob-wohl-mocked-after-claiming-elizabeth-warren-sex-scandal-says-2020-candidate-had-affair-1462895 |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=[[Newsweek]] |archive-date=October 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003205120/https://www.newsweek.com/jacob-wohl-mocked-after-claiming-elizabeth-warren-sex-scandal-says-2020-candidate-had-affair-1462895 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Read |first=Bridget |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Smear Attempt Just Makes Elizabeth Warren Seem Cool |url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/10/jacob-wohl-smear-attempt-just-makes-elizabeth-warren-seem-cool.html |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]] |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130194926/https://www.thecut.com/2019/10/jacob-wohl-smear-attempt-just-makes-elizabeth-warren-seem-cool.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahdawi |first=Arwa |date=October 5, 2019 |title='Go Cougars!': Elizabeth Warren gave the classiest response to a rightwing troll's lie |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/05/go-cougars-elizabeth-warren-gave-the-classiest-response-to-a-rightwing-trolls-lie |url-status=live |access-date=January 26, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/05/go-cougars-elizabeth-warren-gave-the-classiest-response-to-a-rightwing-trolls-lie }}</ref>

=== Kamala Harris ===
On October 9, 2019, Wohl and Burkman held a press conference in which they alleged the California senator and then-2020 presidential candidate [[Kamala Harris]] had engaged in an [[extramarital affair]]. They were joined by a man who alleged that he had been Harris's [[personal trainer]] and that she had paid him thousands of dollars for sex. During the press conference, a man approached Wohl and Burkman and handed them papers, which the two claimed were a [[cease and desist]] letter from Harris's campaign. They refused to allow journalists to see the document, first claiming they had disposed of it and later claiming they would release it after their lawyers reviewed it.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Touchberry |first=Ramsey |date=October 9, 2019 |title=Allegations of "sexcapades" levied against Kamala Harris by Jacob Wohl and Jack Burkman fall flat |url=https://www.newsweek.com/allegations-sexcapades-levied-against-kamala-harris-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-fall-flat-1464268 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314002803/https://www.newsweek.com/allegations-sexcapades-levied-against-kamala-harris-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-fall-flat-1464268 |archive-date=March 14, 2020 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en}}</ref> ''The Daily Beast'' wrote that the cease and desist was "apparently fake".<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Kamala's Fake Lover: Jacob Wohl Told Me It Was for a Spike TV Show |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/kamalas-fake-lover-jacob-wohl-told-me-it-was-for-a-spike-tv-show |url-status=live |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828045602/https://www.thedailybeast.com/kamalas-fake-lover-jacob-wohl-told-me-it-was-for-a-spike-tv-show |archive-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref> Wohl and Burkman also claimed they had [[text message]]s between the accuser and Harris, but declined to allow reporters to see them. ''[[Newsweek]]'' later wrote that they were unable to find any record that the accuser was a personal trainer, and also found discrepancies in the spelling of the accuser's name.<ref name=":7" /> It was later discovered that the accuser was an actor who had responded to a Craigslist ad, which requested a male actor for "[[performance art]]".<ref name=":8" /> The man was unaware that Harris was a real person, and said that he was led to believe everyone at the press conference, including journalists and [[heckler]]s, were also paid actors. He said that Wohl had told him that he was a [[Director (film)|director]], and that they were filming a show for [[Paramount Network#Spike (2003–2018)|Spike TV]] (a channel which, as of October 2019, had been shut down for a year). The man, whose real name was attached to the allegations, said that after the conference he started to receive accusations that he was a liar via social media, and that he became scared to go outside.<ref name=":8" />

=== Anthony Fauci ===
In late April 2020, a press release was published in which a woman claimed to have been sexually assaulted in 2014 by Dr. [[Anthony Fauci]], a prominent member of the [[White House Coronavirus Task Force]]. Only ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' reported on the allegation, to debunk it as a likely smear attempt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goforth |first=Claire |date=April 17, 2020 |title=Someone is spreading a sketchy sexual assault claim against Dr. Fauci |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/dr-fauci-smear-campaign-sexual-assualt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508022423/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/dr-fauci-smear-campaign-sexual-assualt/ |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="reason">{{Cite web |first=Nancy |last=Rommelmann |author-link=Nancy Rommelmann |date=May 7, 2020 |title=She Said Anthony Fauci Sexually Assaulted Her. Now She Says Jacob Wohl and Jack Burkman Paid Her to Lie. |url=https://reason.com/2020/05/07/she-said-anthony-fauci-sexually-assaulted-her-now-she-says-jacob-wohl-and-jack-burkman-paid-her-to-lie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507175910/https://reason.com/2020/05/07/she-said-anthony-fauci-sexually-assaulted-her-now-she-says-jacob-wohl-and-jack-burkman-paid-her-to-lie/?amp&__twitter_impression=true |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On May 2, 2020, the woman told [[Reason (magazine)|''Reason'']] magazine that she and another woman had been paid by Wohl and Burkman to fabricate allegations against Fauci. She said that she knew Wohl from several years ago when they were romantically involved, and that he had encouraged her to frame Fauci, using the details of a real sexual assault which she had experienced, which she had divulged to Wohl when they were dating. She claimed that Wohl had previously paid her to use the story of her assault to frame an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning actor, but the story gained no traction, and so he had her reuse it to attempt to frame Fauci. According to ''Reason,'' the woman taped a phone call with Wohl and Burkman when she decided to expose the scheme. In the recording, Wohl responds to the woman's concerns over the ramifications of the accusation by saying, "Look, can you just do this for me? Can you just keep your mouth shut and just{{nbsp}}... just do it for me".<ref name="reason" /> The two men also ask her "[who cares if you] made up a story. Grow up, for Christ's sake" and claim that she "readily volunteered" to make the false accusation.<ref name="reason" /> The recording reportedly captures Wohl telling the woman: "You did a good job, you got paid. What's the problem? What seems to be the issue?"<ref name="ReadMay7">{{Cite news |last=Read |first=Bridget |date=May 7, 2020 |title=All of Jacob Wohl's Spectacularly Failed Smear Attempts |work=[[New York (magazine)#The Cut|The Cut]] |url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/05/who-is-jacob-wohl-failed-smears.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508040208/https://www.thecut.com/2020/05/who-is-jacob-wohl-failed-smears.html |archive-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref>

==Other false and unfounded claims==
=== "Hipster coffee shop" ===
{{Tweet|name=Jacob Wohl|username=JacobAWohl|date=October 24, 2018|text=I just left a hipster coffee shop in downtown LA. There was a group of young Democrats murmuring to each other that they know the "[[October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts|Suspicious Packages]]" were an inside job to make Republicans look bad|ID=1055210882949509120|reference=<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1055210882949509120 |user=JacobAWohl |title=I just left a hipster coffee shop in downtown LA. There was a group of young Democrats murmuring to each other that they know the "Suspicious Packages" were an inside job to make Republicans look bad |author=Wohl, Jacob |date=October 24, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181025030255/https://twitter.com/JacobAWohl/status/1055210882949509120 |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
After Wohl made a popular tweet that he had "just left a [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]] coffee shop" where he overheard "[[Liberalism in the United States|libs]]" praising President Donald Trump's interactions with [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit]] in Helsinki, other tweets by Wohl were uncovered that repeated the same phrase, alongside claims that he had overheard groups of customers including liberals, Democrats, and Jewish people voicing support for Donald Trump or opposition to his political opponents.<ref name=azcentral_2018-11-02/> These repeated events in similar locations were viewed to be improbable, and the tweets were mocked in an [[Internet meme|online meme]] in which people followed the phrase "just left a hipster coffee shop" with unlikely fictional scenarios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Covucci |first=David |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Are hipster coffee shops the new secret hotbed of Trump fans? |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/jacob-wohl-hipster-coffee-shops-trump-meme/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115233624/https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/jacob-wohl-hipster-coffee-shops-trump-meme/ |archive-date=November 15, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |language=en}}</ref> Wohl later admitted that he had fabricated the conversations which he claimed to have overheard.<ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26" />

===Kamala Harris===
On January 22, 2019, Wohl falsely claimed on Twitter that Democratic Senator and then-presidential candidate Kamala Harris was not an American citizen on account of her parents not being [[naturalized]] citizens at the time of her birth, and as such, was ineligible to be president. Harris was born in [[Oakland, California]], and is therefore a U.S. citizen regardless of her parents' citizenship status at the time.<ref name="ReadMay7" /> ''[[PolitiFact]]'' rated Wohl's claim "Pants on Fire".{{Efn|''[[PolitiFact]]'' ranks the truthfulness of statements in six categories ranging from "true" to "pants on fire". A "pants on fire" statement is one that "is not accurate and makes a ridiculous claim".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Principles of the Truth-O-Meter: PolitiFact's methodology for independent fact-checking |last=Holan |first=Angie Drobnic |author-link=Angie Drobnic Holan |date=February 12, 2018 |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2018/feb/12/principles-truth-o-meter-politifacts-methodology-i/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812061657/https://www.politifact.com/article/2018/feb/12/principles-truth-o-meter-politifacts-methodology-i/ |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |access-date=August 13, 2020 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|name=politifact-rankings}}<ref name="politifact_2019_01_22">{{Cite web |title=Yes, Kamala Harris is eligible to run for president |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 22, 2019 |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/jan/22/jacob-wohl/yes-kamala-harris-eligible-run-president/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041538/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/jan/22/jacob-wohl/yes-kamala-harris-eligible-run-president/ |archive-date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=[[PolitiFact]]}}</ref> In February 2019, Wohl used a fake Twitter account that claimed to represent a group of women who supported Starbucks CEO [[Howard Schultz]]'s possible 2020 presidential campaign, in order to write that Kamala Harris "does not represent American Women" and that she "traded sexual favors for public office".<ref name="nbc_2019-02-26">{{Cite web |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |last2=Zadrozny |first2=Brandy |author-link2=Brandy Zadrozny|title=Twitter suspends conservative activist Jacob Wohl after he admitted to making fake accounts |date=February 26, 2019 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/twitter-suspends-conservative-activist-jacob-wohl-after-he-admits-making-n976451 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227013741/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/twitter-suspends-conservative-activist-jacob-wohl-after-he-admits-making-n976451 |archive-date=February 27, 2019 |access-date=February 27, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Representative Ilhan Omar and Minneapolis===
In February 2019, Wohl traveled to Minnesota with far-right conspiracy theorist [[Laura Loomer]], claiming to investigate rumors that [[Ilhan Omar]], [[U.S. Representative]] for [[Minnesota's 5th congressional district]] and a [[Somali-American]], had married her brother to grant him U.S. citizenship. Their trip was organized and attended by [[Ali Alexander]], also a far-right activist and conspiracy theorist.<ref name="Edmondson-NYT">{{Cite news |last1=Edmondson |first1=Catie |last2=Broadwater |first2=Luke |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Before Capitol Riot, Republican Lawmakers Fanned the Flames |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/politics/republicans-capitol-riot.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113005821/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/politics/republicans-capitol-riot.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Wohl created an online fundraising campaign to try to raise $25,000 to fund the trip. In a subsequent series of tweets and [[live streaming|livestream]]s, Wohl claimed that [[Minneapolis]] had "[[no-go area|no-go zone]]s" infested by "Somali [[jihadism|jihadist]]s", that a local Somali man had threatened to kill him, that "Islamicist forces have taken over sections of [Minnesota's] police departments", and that he had to wear [[body armor]] and travel with hired security in [[Armored car (military)|armored cars]] to avoid [[Contract killing|hitmen]].<ref name="hitmen-etc" /> The security team, however, did not appear in any of their livestreams, and Wohl declined livestream watchers' requests to film the armored cars and security team which he claimed to have hired.<ref name="vox_2019-03-02" /> ''[[Star Tribune]]'' columnist Jennifer Brooks wrote that the group "cast lie after lie after lie into the wind" and that "for every minute they spent lying about conditions in Minnesota, they spent at least four begging for donations for their cause".<ref name="startribune_2019-02-26">{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Jennifer |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Oh no-go zones: Minnesota survives an unwelcome weekend invasion |url=http://www.startribune.com/oh-no-go-zones-minnesota-survives-an-unwelcome-weekend-invasion/506355212/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234805/http://www.startribune.com/oh-no-go-zones-minnesota-survives-an-unwelcome-weekend-invasion/506355212/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2019 |website=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref> [[Pat Garofalo]], a Republican state representative from Minnesota, refuted Wohl's claim about "no-go zones" in a tweet, calling it "a lie" and "a farce".<ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26" /><ref name="citypages_2019-02-25">{{Cite web |last=Mullen |first=Mike |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Laura Loomer and Jacob Wohl came to Minneapolis for God knows what reason |url=http://www.citypages.com/news/laura-loomer-and-jacob-wohl-came-to-minneapolis-for-god-knows-what-reason/506316281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060500/http://www.citypages.com/news/laura-loomer-and-jacob-wohl-came-to-minneapolis-for-god-knows-what-reason/506316281 |archive-date=February 27, 2019 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |website=[[City Pages]]}}</ref>

Wohl appeared on the grounds of the [[2019 Conservative Political Action Conference]] (CPAC) with Jack Burkman, ostensibly to present evidence from their trip, but was ejected.<ref name="vox_2019-03-02" /><ref name="motherjones_2019-03-02" /> ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'' debunked Wohl's conspiracy theory as "largely nonsensical", citing that there is no evidence that Ahmed Elmi, Omar's ex-husband whom Wohl claimed to be her brother, was related to Omar in any way; that U.S. law permits a citizen to petition citizenship for their siblings, which would have voided the need for a marriage had they been siblings; and that Elmi, a British citizen, has never received U.S. citizenship.<ref name="vox_2019-03-02">{{Cite web |last=Coaston |first=Jane |date=March 2, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl, the Trump internet activist cashing in on conspiracy theories, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/2/18245176/jacob-wohl-trump-cpac-conservatism-ilhan-omar-grift |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111504/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/2/18245176/jacob-wohl-trump-cpac-conservatism-ilhan-omar-grift |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2019 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' wrote that Wohl's claims are "far into [[tinfoil hat|tinfoil-hat]] territory".<ref name="motherjones_2019-03-02">{{Cite web |last=Mencimer |first=Stephanie |title=Is the White House communications director a fan of a notorious conspiracy theorist? |date=March 5, 2019 |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/03/is-the-white-house-communications-director-a-fan-of-a-notorious-conspiracy-theorist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306112952/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/03/is-the-white-house-communications-director-a-fan-of-a-notorious-conspiracy-theorist/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2019 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In mid-March 2019, Wohl, Loomer, and Alexander released a documentary about their investigation into Omar in which they claimed that they have secured proof that she had married her brother. In the video, Wohl is shown filing a police report in a Minneapolis police station about death threats he claimed to have received while they were in the city. However, the Twitter account shown sending threats via direct message in the video, supposedly a "diversity coordinator" in Minneapolis, was one of the fake Twitter accounts Wohl had been operating himself. After news reports about Wohl's faked death threats, Alexander attempted to distance himself from Wohl.<ref name="dailybeast_2019-03-13">{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=March 13, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl Faked Death Threats Against Himself |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-faked-death-threats-against-himself |url-status=live |access-date=March 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313185458/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-faked-death-threats-against-himself |archive-date=March 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosbie |first=Jack |date=March 13, 2019 |title=A Short Update From the Stupidest Person Alive |url=https://splinternews.com/worlds-stupidest-person-tells-on-himself-1833260024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330060554/https://splinternews.com/worlds-stupidest-person-tells-on-himself-1833260024 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2019 |website=[[Splinter News|Splinter]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Daily Dot'' noted that Wohl might have filmed himself committing the crime of filing a false police report.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl filmed himself possibly committing a crime in Ilhan Omar documentary |last=Covucci |first=David |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/jacob-wohl-ilhan-omar-police-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313213734/https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/jacob-wohl-ilhan-omar-police-report/ |archive-date=March 13, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |language=en}}</ref> On March 15, 2019, a Minnesota man sued Wohl for stealing his Instagram photo and using it as the profile picture for the fake account. The man hired Michael Avenatti for the case, who announced that he would "pursue all available criminal and civil claims against Jacob Wohl. It is time that he face the consequences for his outrageous conduct. And I intend on ensuring that he does".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Hannah |date=March 19, 2019 |title=Minneapolis man suing Jacob Wohl for allegedly using his photo in fake Twitter threat |url=http://www.citypages.com/news/minneapolis-man-suing-jacob-wohl-for-allegedly-using-his-photo-in-fake-twitter-threat/507300961 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817015244/http://www.citypages.com/news/minneapolis-man-suing-jacob-wohl-for-allegedly-using-his-photo-in-fake-twitter-threat/507300961 |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[City Pages]]}}</ref>

=== Roger Stone jury ===
In late February 2020, Wohl and Burkman alleged that the jury that convicted [[Roger Stone]] on seven felonies related to Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation had been biased against him. In a press conference held on February 27, 2020, Wohl and Burkman distributed copies of confidential juror questionnaires, and they later published some of the questionnaires on Twitter. In September 2020, ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' reported that the FBI was investigating Wohl and Burkman for potentially attempting to influence the jurors or tamper with witnesses, and was investigating how the two obtained the questionnaires.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=September 26, 2020 |title=Sealed Docs: FBI Investigating Jacob Wohl Over Roger Stone Trial Leaks |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/sealed-docs-reveal-fbi-investigation-into-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-over-roger-stone-trial-leaks |url-status=live |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926200441/https://www.thedailybeast.com/sealed-docs-reveal-fbi-investigation-into-jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-over-roger-stone-trial-leaks |archive-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref>

===Other false claims===
On February 6, 2019, Colin Campbell, an editor of ''[[The News & Observer]]'', tweeted photos that showed two white students in [[Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan robes]] holding a noose around the neck of another white student wearing [[blackface]]. The photos were from the 1979 yearbook page for the [[Chi Phi]] fraternity of the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]. [[Roy Cooper]], the incumbent Governor of [[North Carolina]], graduated that year from that university with membership to a different fraternity, [[Chi Psi]]. Later that day, ''[[The Daily Mail]]'' published a story with the misleading headline "Blackface lynch pics from Roy Cooper North Carolina yearbook", although the article clarified that there was no evidence that Cooper was in any of the photos.<ref name=":26" /> The next day, Wohl tweeted "BREAKING: Racist picture of Democrat North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper emerges just days after he called on [[Ralph Northam]] to resign - Daily Mail", but did not include any link to ''Daily Mail'' articles.<ref name=":26" /> Wohl did not respond to an inquiry from ''PolitiFact''. ''PolitiFact'' rated Wohl's tweet "Pants on Fire".<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last1=Ayesh |first1=Rashaan |last2=Specht |first2=Paul |date=February 8, 2019 |title=No, NC governor isn't in UNC yearbook photo |url=https://www.politifact.com/north-carolina/statements/2019/feb/08/jacob-wohl/trump-supporter-spreads-fake-news-about-nc-governo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227120831/https://www.politifact.com/north-carolina/statements/2019/feb/08/jacob-wohl/trump-supporter-spreads-fake-news-about-nc-governo/ |archive-date=February 27, 2019 |access-date=February 27, 2019 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |language=en}}</ref>

On October 1, 2019, Wohl and Jack Burkman held a press conference on the front steps of Burkman's home in which they claimed to know the identity of the [[whistleblower]] who revealed [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|possible impropriety by President Trump involving Ukraine]], though they said they could not release the whistleblower's name. The press conference was sparsely attended and described by ''The Washington Post'' as another in a series of events in which Wohl and Burkman "routinely announce they have discovered smoking-gun revelations against Trump's rivals, then humiliate themselves when they fail to produce any evidence".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=October 2, 2019 |title=A Trump booster promised to reveal the whistleblower's name from his front yard. The neighbors just laughed. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-decline-of-the-jack-burkman-jacob-wohl-news-conference/2019/10/02/57f6539a-e52a-11e9-a6e8-8759c5c7f608_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002224656/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-decline-of-the-jack-burkman-jacob-wohl-news-conference/2019/10/02/57f6539a-e52a-11e9-a6e8-8759c5c7f608_story.html |archive-date=October 2, 2019 |access-date=October 3, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

During the May 2019 press conference in which Wohl and Burkman falsely accused Buttigieg of sexual assault, the pair also shared an unsubstantiated rumor that Joe Biden might have [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunleavy |first=Jerry |date=May 8, 2019 |title=Right-wing smear merchants push theory that Joe Biden 'may have Parkinson's' |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/right-wing-smear-merchants-push-theory-that-joe-biden-may-have-parkinsons |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225204147/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/right-wing-smear-merchants-push-theory-that-joe-biden-may-have-parkinsons |archive-date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |website=[[Washington Examiner]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2020, Wohl published fake [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] test results, claiming that Democratic presidential candidate [[Joe Biden]] had COVID-19 and would die in 30 days.<ref name=ReadMay7/>

== Bans from social media ==
Wohl has been described as an [[Internet troll]] for his activities on social media.<ref name="newsweek" /><ref name="thecut_2018-10-31">{{Cite web |last=Aggeler |first=Madeleine |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Every Way Jacob Wohl Messed Up His Attempt to Take Down Robert Mueller |url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/who-is-jacob-wohl-all-his-efforts-to-take-mueller-down.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115125957/https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/who-is-jacob-wohl-all-his-efforts-to-take-mueller-down.html |archive-date=November 15, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=[[New York (magazine)#The Cut|The Cut]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nytimes_2018-10-25">{{Cite news |last=Roose |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Roose |date=October 25, 2018 |title='False Flag' Theory on Pipe Bombs Zooms From Right-Wing Fringe to Mainstream |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/business/false-flag-theory-bombs-conservative-media.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025225232/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/business/false-flag-theory-bombs-conservative-media.html |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He was active on Twitter, which he used to spread lies and misleading information<ref name="Hayes">{{Cite news |last1=Hayes |first1=Christal |last2=Garcia-Roberts |first2=Gus |date=February 26, 2019 |title=This is how Jacob Wohl created a sexual harassment accusation against Robert Mueller |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/26/robert-mueller-hoax-how-jacob-wohl-created-sexual-harassment-plot/2993799002/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825200438/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/26/robert-mueller-hoax-how-jacob-wohl-created-sexual-harassment-plot/2993799002/ |archive-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26" /> about Democratic politicians and post in support of Trump. In a February 26, 2019, interview with ''[[USA Today]]'', Wohl said that he planned to create fake left-wing accounts to try to direct votes towards Democrats who would make weaker opponents for Trump in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2020|2020 presidential election]]. Wohl also stated that he sought to solicit "damaging information" against left-leaning nonprofits such as the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], [[Media Matters for America]], and [[Right Wing Watch]] by providing insiders money or "moral reconciliation".<ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26" />

On the same day as the ''USA Today'' article was published, Twitter permanently banned Wohl after an investigation found that he had already broken the site's rules against creating fake accounts.<ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26" /> One account found to be operated by Wohl was that of the supposed Minneapolis "diversity coordinator" that Wohl had reported to police for making death threats against him. Another was @Women_4_Schultz, which purported to be a group of women supporting billionaire and former [[Starbucks]] CEO Howard Schultz's possible 2020 presidential campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |author-link=Will Sommer |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl Permanently Banned by Twitter for Fake Accounts |language=en |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-permanently-banned-by-twitter-for-fake-accounts |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=February 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227010343/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jacob-wohl-permanently-banned-by-twitter-for-fake-accounts |archive-date=February 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name="nbc_2019-02-26" /> When contacted by ''USA Today'' after the ban was placed, Wohl stated that he had created the accounts for his businesses and "future [[think tank]]", but maintained that he had "not created fake accounts or bot armies or anything like that".<ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26_1">{{Cite news |last=Garcia-Roberts |first=Gus |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Twitter bans Trump-supporting hoaxster after USA TODAY exposé |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2019/02/26/jacob-wohl-spread-lies-mueller-rbg-twitter-just-banned-him/2995037002/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226215204/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2019/02/26/jacob-wohl-spread-lies-mueller-rbg-twitter-just-banned-him/2995037002/ |archive-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref> In a February 26 interview with NBC News, he said, "In my entire adult life, I've had three Twitter accounts," indicating his @JacobAWohl account, his intelligence company's Twitter account, and his think tank account.<ref name="nbc_2019-02-26" /> In the same interview, he first denied but later admitted to operating the @Women_4_Schultz account.<ref name="nbc_2019-02-26" /> Wohl said that the veracity of the information he disseminates is not important, and that the spread of the claims and the number of people believing them was what was what mattered. He further said that he believed truth to be an outdated concept, stating that "It's something that can't be thought about in a linear, binary true-false, facts-non-facts – you can't do that anymore{{nbsp}}... It's just not the way it works".<ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26" /> He defended his attempt to manipulate elections, stating, "It is not illegal, unethical, or untoward for Americans to steer an American election".<ref name="nbc_2019-02-26" /> Without providing any evidence, he claimed [[antisemitism]] was behind his Twitter suspension, and that it was retribution for his purported "investigation" of Representative Ilhan Omar.<ref name="nbc_2019-02-26" />

Wohl was banned from both [[Instagram]] and [[Facebook]] on August 31, 2020. According to the latter platform, the ban was to enforce their rules that disallow "coordinated inauthentic behavior", which they alleged Wohl had violated by creating fake accounts in advance of the November 2020 election.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Sandler |first=Rachel |date=September 1, 2020 |title=Facebook, Instagram Ban Pro-Trump Operative Jacob Wohl |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2020/09/01/facebook-instagram-ban-pro-trump-operative-jacob-wohl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902000217/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2020/09/01/facebook-instagram-ban-pro-trump-operative-jacob-wohl/ |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Petrizzo |first=Zachary |date=September 1, 2020 |title=Jacob Wohl booted off Instagram |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/jacob-wohl-banned-instagram-facebook/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901195315/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/jacob-wohl-banned-instagram-facebook/ |archive-date=September 1, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Writing on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] about the ban, Wohl said, "Now that I've been banned by Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Instagram, I no longer have any reservations about using their platforms to 'manipulate the conversation,' as they put it. Project 1599 will make [[Cambridge Analytica]] look like a middle school science fair project".<ref name=":11" />

==Personal life==
Wohl was raised in [[Corona, California|Corona]], California, where he attended [[Santiago High School (Corona, California)|Santiago High School]].<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montoya |first=Kacey |date=March 17, 2015 |title=Still in High School, IE Hedge Fund Manager Earns Nickname the 'Wohl of Wall Street' |url=https://ktla.com/news/local-news/still-in-high-school-ie-hedge-fund-manager-earns-nickname-the-wohl-of-wall-street/ |access-date=August 25, 2021 |website=[[KTLA]] |language=en-US}}</ref> His father, David Wohl, is a defense attorney and conservative commentator who has been a guest on [[Fox News]] programs and who has also promoted conspiracy theories.<ref name="nbc_2018-11-01" /><ref name="usatoday_2019-02-26" /> {{as of|2022|11}}, Wohl lived in [[Irvine, California|Irvine]], California.<ref name=":30" />

Wohl is Jewish,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Alyssa |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Is Jewish Conspiracy Peddler Jacob Wohl Trying to Frame Mueller on Sex Charges? |url=https://forward.com/news/breaking-news/413264/is-jewish-conspiracy-peddler-jacob-wohl-trying-to-frame-mueller-on-sex/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225210/https://forward.com/news/breaking-news/413264/is-jewish-conspiracy-peddler-jacob-wohl-trying-to-frame-mueller-on-sex/ |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |access-date=February 10, 2019 |website=[[The Forward]]}}</ref> and describes himself as a [[Zionist]]. He has co-hosted a podcast for Jewish Trump supporters with Laura Loomer.<ref name=":19" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

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{{refn|name=birthdate-birthplace|1=<br />
* {{cite news |last1=Zhao |first1=Christina |title=Who is Jacob Wohl? Far-right conspiracy theorist, internet troll wanted on felony arrest warrant |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-jacob-wohl-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-internet-troll-wanted-felony-arrest-warrant-1457729 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=September 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905053346/https://www.newsweek.com/who-jacob-wohl-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-internet-troll-wanted-felony-arrest-warrant-1457729 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Weindling |first=Jacob |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Dumb Internet Person Jacob Wohl Unsuccessfully Framing Robert Mueller Is the Comic Relief We Need Right Now |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/10/dumb-internet-person-jacob-wohl-unsuccessfully-fra.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184534/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/10/dumb-internet-person-jacob-wohl-unsuccessfully-fra.html |archive-date=November 8, 2018 |access-date=November 15, 2018 |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]}}
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{{refn|name=far-right|1=Sources describing Wohl as far-right include:
* {{Cite news |last=Viebeck |first=Elise |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Eli |last3=Paul |first3=Deanna |date=November 15, 2018 |title=Michael Avenatti arrested on suspicion of domestic violence, calls allegations 'completely bogus' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/11/15/michael-avenatti-arrested-suspicion-domestic-violence/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217083813/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/11/15/michael-avenatti-arrested-suspicion-domestic-violence/ |archive-date=December 17, 2018}}
* {{Cite news |last=Zadrozny |first=Brandy |author-link=Brandy Zadrozny |date=November 1, 2018 |title=Jacob Wohl, 20, far-right conspiracy theorist, gets a moment in spotlight with Mueller plot: The Trump supporter, once billed as a teenage financial guru, has a history of schemes. |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jacob-wohl-20-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-gets-moment-spotlight-n929726 |url-status=live |access-date=November 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102200351/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna929726 |archive-date=November 2, 2018 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Yes, Kamala Harris is eligible to run for president |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 22, 2019 |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/jan/22/jacob-wohl/yes-kamala-harris-eligible-run-president/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041538/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/jan/22/jacob-wohl/yes-kamala-harris-eligible-run-president/ |archive-date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=[[PolitiFact]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Markay |first=Lachlan |last2=Sommer |first2=Will |author-link2=Will Sommer |date=August 17, 2020 |title=How We Busted Smear Artist Jacob Wohl |language=en |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-we-busted-smear-artist-jacob-wohl |url-status=live |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827222248/https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-we-busted-smear-artist-jacob-wohl |archive-date=August 27, 2020}}
* {{cite news |last1=Zhao |first1=Christina |title=Who is Jacob Wohl? Far-right conspiracy theorist, internet troll wanted on felony arrest warrant |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-jacob-wohl-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-internet-troll-wanted-felony-arrest-warrant-1457729 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=September 4, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905053346/https://www.newsweek.com/who-jacob-wohl-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-internet-troll-wanted-felony-arrest-warrant-1457729 |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |language=en}}
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{{refn|name=conspiracy-theorist|1=Sources describing Wohl as a conspiracy theorist include:
* {{Cite web |last=Palma |first=Bethania |date=November 16, 2018 |title=Michael Avenatti Was Arrested on Domestic Violence Charges, And Then Things Got Weird |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2018/11/16/michael-avenatti-was-arrested-on-domestic-violence-charges-and-then-things-got-weird/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=[[Snopes]] |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Zadrozny |first=Brandy |author-link=Brandy Zadrozny |last2=Collins |first2=Ben |last3=Winter |first3=Tom |date=October 30, 2018 |title=Mueller refers sex misconduct scheme targeting him to FBI for investigation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/mueller-refers-sex-assault-scheme-targeting-him-fbi-investigation-n926301 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102200410/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/mueller-refers-sex-assault-scheme-targeting-him-fbi-investigation-n926301 |archive-date=November 2, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Sommerfeldt |first=Chris |date=November 1, 2018 |title=A conspiracy theorist claims no women were offered cash to smear Mueller |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2018/11/01/special-counsel-Robert-Mueller-sexual-misconduct-smear-Jacob-Wohl/stories/201811010182 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212001037/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2018/11/01/special-counsel-Robert-Mueller-sexual-misconduct-smear-Jacob-Wohl/stories/201811010182 |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |access-date=February 10, 2019 |website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Mahdawi |first=Arwa |date=October 5, 2019 |title='Go Cougars!': Elizabeth Warren gave the classiest response to a rightwing troll's lie |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/05/go-cougars-elizabeth-warren-gave-the-classiest-response-to-a-rightwing-trolls-lie |url-status=live |access-date=August 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602173559/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/05/go-cougars-elizabeth-warren-gave-the-classiest-response-to-a-rightwing-trolls-lie |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}
* {{cite news |last1=Zhao |first1=Christina |title=Who is Jacob Wohl? Far-right conspiracy theorist, internet troll wanted on felony arrest warrant |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-jacob-wohl-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-internet-troll-wanted-felony-arrest-warrant-1457729 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=September 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905053346/https://www.newsweek.com/who-jacob-wohl-far-right-conspiracy-theorist-internet-troll-wanted-felony-arrest-warrant-1457729 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |language=en}}
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{{refn|name=fraudster|1=Sources describing Wohl as a fraudster include:
* {{Cite web |last=Palma |first=Bethania |date=November 16, 2018 |title=Michael Avenatti Was Arrested on Domestic Violence Charges, And Then Things Got Weird |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2018/11/16/michael-avenatti-was-arrested-on-domestic-violence-charges-and-then-things-got-weird/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=[[Snopes]] |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=August 30, 2018 |title=The Comically Flawed Attempt to Smear Robert Mueller, Explained |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2018/10/30/comically-flawed-attempt-smear-robert-mueller-explained/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=[[Snopes]] |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Willis |first=Jay |date=March 13, 2019 |title=It Sure Seems Like Jacob Wohl Got Caught Making Despicable Death Threats Against...Jacob Wohl |url=https://www.gq.com/story/jacob-wohl-goofus-redux |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120109/https://www.gq.com/story/jacob-wohl-goofus-redux |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=April 2, 2019 |website=[[GQ]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Mahdawi |first=Arwa |date=October 5, 2019 |title='Go Cougars!': Elizabeth Warren gave the classiest response to a rightwing troll's lie |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/05/go-cougars-elizabeth-warren-gave-the-classiest-response-to-a-rightwing-trolls-lie |url-status=live |access-date=August 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602173559/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/05/go-cougars-elizabeth-warren-gave-the-classiest-response-to-a-rightwing-trolls-lie |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}
* {{Cite web |last=Shannon |first=Joel |date=September 4, 2019 |title=Conservative hoaxer Jacob Wohl charged with felony in California |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/09/04/jacob-wohl-felony-charge-conservative-activist-charged-california/2215418001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629101609/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/09/04/jacob-wohl-felony-charge-conservative-activist-charged-california/2215418001/ |archive-date=June 29, 2020 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Finnegan |first=Conor |date=August 3, 2020 |title=Trump appointee at USAID departs, decrying LGBT rights as 'sexual deviancy,' charging 'anti-Christian sentiment' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-appointee-usaid-departs-decrying-lgbt-rights-sexual/story?id=72151397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828194813/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-appointee-usaid-departs-decrying-lgbt-rights-sexual/story?id=72151397 |archive-date=August 28, 2020 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=[[ABC News]] |language=en}}
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{{refn|name=hitmen-etc|1=<br />
*{{Cite web |last=Coaston |first=Jane |date=March 2, 2019 |title=Jacob Wohl, the Trump internet activist cashing in on conspiracy theories, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/2/18245176/jacob-wohl-trump-cpac-conservatism-ilhan-omar-grift |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111504/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/2/18245176/jacob-wohl-trump-cpac-conservatism-ilhan-omar-grift |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2019 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}
*{{Cite news |last=Garcia-Roberts |first=Gus |date=February 26, 2019 |title=This 21-year-old tweeted lies about Robert Mueller and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Now, he's eyeing the 2020 election |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/02/26/jacob-wohl-spread-twitter-lies-mueller-rbg-2020-election/2917226002/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226124554/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/02/26/jacob-wohl-spread-twitter-lies-mueller-rbg-2020-election/2917226002/ |archive-date=February 26, 2019}}
*{{Cite web |last=Mullen |first=Mike |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Laura Loomer and Jacob Wohl came to Minneapolis for God knows what reason |url=http://www.citypages.com/news/laura-loomer-and-jacob-wohl-came-to-minneapolis-for-god-knows-what-reason/506316281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060500/http://www.citypages.com/news/laura-loomer-and-jacob-wohl-came-to-minneapolis-for-god-knows-what-reason/506316281 |archive-date=February 27, 2019 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |website=[[City Pages]]}}
*{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Jennifer |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Oh no-go zones: Minnesota survives an unwelcome weekend invasion |url=http://www.startribune.com/oh-no-go-zones-minnesota-survives-an-unwelcome-weekend-invasion/506355212/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234805/http://www.startribune.com/oh-no-go-zones-minnesota-survives-an-unwelcome-weekend-invasion/506355212/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2019 |website=[[Star Tribune]]}}
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16:55, 8 Մայիսի 2024-ի տարբերակ

Jacob Alexander Wohl (born December 12, 1997) is an American far-right conspiracy theorist, fraudster, and convicted felon. Wohl and lobbyist Jack Burkman have been responsible for multiple unsuccessful plots to frame public figures for fictitious sexual assaults. The pair were allegedly behind plots in October 2018 against U.S. Special Counsel Robert Mueller, in April 2019 against 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg, and in April 2020 against White House Coronavirus Task Force member Anthony Fauci.

Wohl has created and promulgated other false or unfounded claims and conspiracy theories, mainly against Democratic Party politicians such as Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, Kamala Harris, Ilhan Omar, and Elizabeth Warren. To aid his schemes, Wohl has created multiple fake private intelligence agencies, and has fabricated death threats and protests against himself. Formerly highly active on Twitter, and known for his online trolling on social media, Wohl has been banned from Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram for creating fake accounts in violation of site policies.

In August 2020, Wohl and Burkman made tens of thousands of robocalls to residents of battleground states, in a campaign that prosecutors have alleged intentionally targeted non-white communities to spread disinformation in an attempt to suppress voting in the 2020 presidential election. As a result of the campaign, Wohl and Burkman each pleaded guilty to one felony charge of telecommunications fraud in Ohio, were found to have violated federal and state civil rights laws in a civil case in New York, and are facing a criminal suit in Michigan. In June 2023, the Federal Communications Commission imposed a fine of more than $5 million against both Wohl and Burkman over the robocall scheme.

Wohl founded several investment funds as a teenager. The National Futures Association banned Wohl for life in 2017, after investigating multiple investor complaints against him and concluding that Wohl was guilty of refusing to cooperate with the NFA as required, misrepresenting investments, and misleading investors. The same year, the Arizona Corporation Commission charged Wohl with 14 counts of securities fraud and ordered him to pay approximately $35,000 in restitution and penalties. In August 2019, Wohl was arrested on felony charges for allegedly illicit securities sales that took place in July and August 2016. Wohl pleaded not guilty to two charges of selling unregistered securities in February 2020.

Activities

Wohl founded investment funds Wohl Capital Investment Group (WCIG), NeX Capital Management, and Montgomery Assets, Inc. (MAI) as a teenager. Initially, he took investments from classmates and his high school teachers.[1] Wohl appeared on Fox Business in 2015, when he was 17 years old, to discuss his hedge fund.[2] He posted Craigslist ads for "Wohl Girls," models who were hired to help attract clients, and a number of risqué websites including "WohlGirls.com" were registered to his name. One model alleged that Wohl posted photographs of her online without her permission.[3][2]

In 2016, the National Futures Association (NFA) investigated NeX Capital Management after receiving an investor complaint. The investor said that Wohl had told him his $75,000 investment had grown, but had paid the investor only $44,000 when the investor demanded the money be returned.[4] The man later died by suicide.[5] Wohl claimed that the difference was due to losses, but the NFA found that Wohl's trading accounts "appeared to have made, not lost, money overall".[4] Some of the money, the NFA alleged, had been diverted into Wohl's mother's brokerage accounts.[4][3][6] The NFA said Wohl made an unbalanced presentation of profit potential and risk of loss to clients, and had misled investors by claiming to have been trading for 10 years, which would have been since he was eight or nine years old.[4][1] Wohl hid from NFA investigators when they came to his house, and his father, an attorney, threatened to sue the NFA for harassment. In March 2017, the NFA banned Wohl for life.[7][4][3][6]

A 2016 complaint by the same man resulted in the Riverside Superior Court in Riverside County, California issuing felony arrest warrants on August 9, 2019, for Wohl and his former business partner, Matthew Johnson, on charges of unlawful sale of securities. The Riverside County District Attorney's Office alleged that Wohl and Johnson violated California law by selling unqualified securities through Montgomery Assets between July 27 and August 27, 2016.[8][9][10] In July 2016, an investigator from the district attorney's office contacted Wohl and Johnson, who at the time were running the Montgomery Assets firm, and claimed to represent a client who was interested in investing with them. According to the 2019 arrest warrant, the investigation resulted in an apparent attempt by Wohl and his partner to sell an unregistered security.[5] Wohl was taken into custody on August 19, 2019. After a brief appearance in court, he was released until arraignment.[10][11] On February 24, Wohl pleaded not guilty to two felony charges of selling unregistered securities.[12]

In 2017, the Arizona Corporation Commission (ACC) issued a cease-and-desist order to Wohl and his three investment funds after it found they were in violation of securities laws. The ACC charged Wohl and his companies with 14 counts of securities fraud, including falsely representing investment risks, misrepresenting the amounts of assets managed, and falsely claiming in online advertisements on Craigslist that he, then 18, and his business partner, then 27, had more than 35 years of experience flipping homes. Wohl at one point claimed that he was managing 178 client accounts and combined total assets under management (AUM) of as much as $10,000,000, although the ACC said that he only had thirteen clients and an AUM of around $500,000. Wohl was ordered by the ACC to pay $32,919 in restitution and $5,000 in penalties.[13][14][3] In May 2020, the ACC announced that they were working with the Arizona Attorney General's office in collection efforts against Wohl, who had not made any payments towards the fines.[15]

Surefire Intelligence

In 2018, Wohl created and registered the company Surefire Intelligence, LLC. Reporters who investigated Surefire Intelligence in October 2018, prompted by an alleged plot to frame Robert Mueller for sexual assault that same month, found that the company had been created by Wohl just a few weeks earlier and that its official phone number redirected to a voicemail inbox for a phone number belonging to Wohl's mother.[16][17] They also reported that employee photographs on the website were actually photographs of people unrelated to Surefire, including actor Christoph Waltz. News agencies found profiles of supposed Surefire Intelligence employees on the LinkedIn professional networking site which used photographs of unrelated celebrities as profile images; a photograph of Israeli supermodel Bar Refaeli was used on a profile claiming to be the company's Tel Aviv station chief, and a profile for a person named Matthew Cohen used an altered photo of Wohl. A journalist visited the address listed on Surefire Intelligence's website and found it to be the location of an unrelated company.[18][19]

Soon after creating the company, Wohl advertised it as a team of private investigators on classified ad site Craigslist. In the ad, Wohl falsely claimed that Surefire consisted of former Israeli intelligence agents and various other investigative experts. At least once, Wohl posed as investigator Matthew Cohen to a potential client who responded to the ad. One paid him a $1,200 advance fee for help in recovering her stolen truck, but Wohl never performed any investigative services for the fee, nor did he return the money or contact her again.[20]

Minutes after Michael Avenatti was reported being arrested on suspicion of domestic violence on November 14, 2018, the Surefire Twitter account posted a news story about the arrest, adding, "Surefire Intelligence strikes again".[21] The following day, Avenatti suggested that Wohl was behind the arrest, and tweeted, "First Mueller and now me. When we are fully exonerated I am coming for you Jacob Wohl aka Surefire."[22] Avenatti was ultimately not charged in relation to the reported incident.[23][24]

Kidnapping allegations

Jacob Wohl and Jack Burkman address kidnapping allegations at a press conference on August 6, 2020.[25]

Merritt Corrigan, deputy White House liaison for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), was fired from her position on August 3, 2020, shortly after unlocking her previously private Twitter account and sending several anti-LGBT tweets.[26] The same day, she announced she would be holding a press conference on August 6 with Wohl and Burkman to expose what she described as "rampant anti-Christian sentiment" at USAID.[27][28] A press release from Wohl and Burkman claimed that Wohl had "been working behind the scenes with Corrigan for months".[29]

On the afternoon of August 4, Corrigan deleted her tweets from the previous day. Wohl claimed that Corrigan was being convinced by associates of President Donald Trump to go back on her claims against the USAID, and Burkman said that Corrigan had "buyer's remorse" for sending the tweets.[29] Later that day, Corrigan issued a statement apologizing for her tweets, and alleged: "I did NOT send these messages, and while I vehemently protested about them being sent in my name, my devices were not in my control. I see now that I was part of an abusive scheme and I was used to attack people that have nothing to do with me".[29] She said that she would not be participating in any press conferences, and claimed that "individuals ... forced me to hand over my devices so they could control me and the output in my name".[29]

Wohl released his own statement saying that he was being falsely accused of kidnapping, and that he and Burkman would still be holding the August 6 press conference. He also stated that he and Corrigan had been involved in a romantic and sexual relationship. At the press conference, Wohl and Burkman denied the kidnapping allegations, which they claimed had been fabricated by far-right activist Raheem Kassam, a long-time friend of Corrigan's.[30][25] Following the press conference, Wohl published a 90-second recording of a conversation between him and Corrigan which he said exonerated him of wrongdoing, though according to journalist Ford Fischer, it "shows Corrigan accusing Wohl of preventing her from having contact with her friends, and Wohl accusing Kassam of creating the situation. Corrigan doesn't appear to say anything corroborating Wohl's account of events".[25]

Voter suppression robocall

In August 2020, Wohl and Burkman made tens of thousands of robocalls to residents of battleground states, including Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and others, including New York and Illinois.[31][32][33] The robocall campaign appeared to originate from Burkman's personal cell phone number, and the caller identified themself as part of Wohl and Burkman's organization, Project 1599.[32][31] The messages disseminated the false claims that information provided by those who use mail-in ballots would be used by police to find criminals, by credit card companies for debt collection purposes, and by the CDC to "track people for mandatory vaccines".[31][34] Several lawsuits against Wohl and Burkman alleged that the robocalls were an attempt to suppress votes in the 2020 presidential election, and New York District Judge Victor Marrero wrote in his judgment against them that the men had intentionally targeted Black communities with the calls.[31][34][35]

In late 2022, Wohl and Burkman both pleaded guilty to a single felony charge of telecommunications fraud in Ohio, and were sentenced to a fine, probation, and community service.[36] In March 2023, Judge Marrero ruled in the New York civil case that Wohl and Burkman had violated federal and state civil rights laws.[35] A decision by a judge not to dismiss a lawsuit against the two men in Michigan has been appealed to the Michigan Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the appeal in November 2022.[37]

On June 6, 2023, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) imposed a $5,134,500 fine against Wohl and Burkman for the robocalls.[38] At the time it was proposed in August 2021, this was the largest fine ever sought by the commission under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act.[38][39][40]

Michigan

On October 1, 2020, Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel filed four felony charges each against Wohl and Burkman, including conspiring to intimidate voters in violation of election law. Nessel's investigation into the robocalls found that Wohl and Burkman had attempted to suppress people of color from voting in the 2020 presidential election via a robocall campaign that made 85,000 calls across the country, including 12,000 in Detroit. The week before the charges were filed, investigators searched Wohl's Los Angeles home.[31] In a press release, Michigan Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson and Attorney General Nessel condemned the robocall campaign as "racist" and as "an unconscionable, indefensible, blatant attempt to lie to citizens about their right to vote".[32]

Wohl told the Associated Press that same month that he and Burkman believed "leftist pranksters" had spoofed Burkman's phone number to make the phone calls, and Wohl threatened to sue Benson for defamation;[31] Wohl and Burkman later admitted in court that they were responsible for the calls, but argued that the call was not intended to suppress voting and was rather an exercise of their rights to free speech.[41]

Wohl and Burkman turned themselves in to Detroit police on October 8, 2020, and both pleaded not guilty at a later court appearance.[42][43] On February 23, 2021, a Michigan circuit court judge denied Wohl and Burkman's motion to dismiss the charges.[44] Wohl and Burkman appealed the decision on March 16, but the appeal was denied by the Michigan Court of Appeals on May 7.[45] On November 2, 2022, the Michigan Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal, saying they intended to examine the constitutionality of a state law Wohl and Burkman have been charged with violating.[37]

New York

The National Coalition on Black Civic Participation filed a federal civil suit against Wohl and Burkman in New York on October 16, 2020, alleging that the two men violated the Voting Rights Act and the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 by making the robocalls.[46] On October 28, New York District Court Judge Victor Marrero ordered the men call back the targets of the robocall to tell them the information in their message was false and that the campaign was illegal. The judge also prohibited them from engaging in more robocalls or text message campaigns to attempt to disenfranchise voters.[47] Wohl and Burkman tried multiple times to pause the civil suit while there were active criminal proceedings against them, but Judge Marrero denied the request on February 22, 2021.[48] On May 19, 2021, the judge granted New York Attorney General Letitia James's motion to intervene in the lawsuit.[49] On March 8, 2023, Judge Marrero found that Wohl and Burkman had violated several federal and state civil rights laws, including the Voting Rights Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1957, and the Ku Klux Klan Act. In his opinion, he wrote that "the neighborhoods that Defendants targeted were not accidental or random," and that a reasonable jury would determine they had intended to "deny the right to vote specifically to Black voters."[35] On April 9, 2024, Letitia James announced that Wohl and Burkman have agreed to pay $1,000,000 to settle the case.[50]

As a part of the litigation against Wohl and Burkman, in August 2022, the New York Attorney General announced a settlement with Message Communications, Inc., the robocall company that the pair had used, in which the company will pay $50,000 restitution.[51]

Ohio

In October 2020, prosecutors in Cuyahoga County, Ohio indicted Wohl and Burkman on eight counts of telecommunications fraud and seven counts of bribery.[Ն 1][33][42] On October 24, 2022, Wohl and Burkman each pleaded guilty to one felony charge of telecommunications fraud. As a part of the plea deal, the 14 other counts of telecommunications fraud and bribery were dropped.[52] On November 29, both Wohl and Berkman were each fined $2,500, sentenced to two years of probation, and ordered to perform 500 hours of community service registering voters in Washington, DC.[36]

Writing and podcasting

In February 2018, Wohl created a news blog called The Washington Reporter, which served as a home for his political podcast Offended America. NBC News reported in November 2018 that Wohl had "adopted and amplified nearly every prominent conspiracy theory to arise in the last year," and had used his blog to publish unfounded claims about Hillary Clinton, George Soros, and Robert Mueller.[4] In June 2018, The Washington Reporter was found to have completely plagiarized its Code of Ethics from the journalism non-profit ProPublica.[53][3] By August 2018, the website was offline and Wohl had stopped releasing podcast episodes.[4]

Wohl was hired as a writer for the far-right website The Gateway Pundit in June 2018, before being fired later that year as a result of his failed plot against Mueller.[4][54]

Other activities

Wohl became increasingly politically active as Donald Trump launched his 2016 campaign for the presidency. Wohl established a reputation for his vociferous support for Trump on Twitter, and his speed in replying to nearly all of Trump's tweets.[1][55]

In 2019, Wohl and Burkman announced they would investigate any rumors about candidates in the 2020 presidential election. Any candidates they fully vet, they said, would receive the "Burkman-Wohl Seal of Approval".[56]

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Wohl began selling a physical fitness program on his website. In April 2020, Wohl announced he had begun operating an account on OnlyFans, a subscription-based social media platform.[57]

The Washington Post reported that agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had executed a raid on Jack Burkman's home on the morning of September 14, 2020. Wohl claimed that the agents had taken "all of Jack's files, computers and phones" from the home, which is also the headquarters of Wohl and Burkman's organization, Project 1599.[58] By the afternoon of the same day, The Washington Post had updated their story to reflect that the raid had been staged,[59] and they retracted the story shortly after.[60][61] The Daily Beast discovered that Wohl and Burkman had again recruited actors on Craigslist to stage the raid, under the guise of recording a television show. The Daily Beast also reported that the Twitter account which published the photos of the raid was likely operated by Wohl.[59][62]

Attempts to frame public figures

Robert Mueller

On October 22, 2018, Vermont Law School professor Jennifer Taub received an email from Wohl's firm, Surefire Intelligence, asking her to tell them about her "past encounters" with U.S. Special Counsel Robert Mueller and offering her money to discuss Mueller by phone.[17][63] Taub stated she had never met Mueller and referred the matter to Mueller's office, which then referred the matter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[17][64]

On October 30, NBC News and The Atlantic published articles detailing a scheme to falsely accuse Mueller of sexual misconduct. The articles reported that on October 17, 2018, several journalists received emails from a person claiming to be named Lorraine Parsons that asserted conservative lobbyist Jack Burkman had hired a man with Wohl's Surefire Intelligence firm, to offer her more than $20,000 to sign an affidavit falsely accusing Mueller of sexual misconduct and workplace harassment. Parsons told the reporters she had worked with Mueller at the law firm Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro in 1974, and that the man from Surefire had asked her to falsely accuse Mueller of engaging in misconduct during that time. Mueller worked at Pillsbury in 1974, but the firm told reporters they had no record of any Lorraine Parsons ever working there. Parsons declined reporters' requests to speak on the phone, and none of the reporters published the story until the scheme became evident.[16][63]

On October 30, Wohl tweeted, "Several media sources tell me that a scandalous story about Mueller is breaking tomorrow. Should be interesting. Stay tuned!"[65][66] Burkman tweeted that he and Wohl would hold a press conference two days later to "reveal the first of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's sex assault victims".[67][68] The Gateway Pundit, which employed Wohl, published the Lorraine Parsons allegations on October 30, including claims that there were "exclusive documents" about a "very credible witness" to support the accusations against Mueller.[16] Each document had in its header the phrase "International Private Intelligence," the business slogan of Surefire Intelligence. The article was removed later that day, with owner Jim Hoft stating that the matter and "serious allegations against Jacob Wohl" would be investigated.[16][65] The following day, Hoft posted a tweet by Wohl that suggested Mueller's office was actually behind the scheme.[69] Also that day, Burkman and Wohl posted a tweet claiming that Parsons did not exist, denying involvement in the matter, and calling it "a hoax designed to distract the nation from [Burkman's] press conference" to be held the next day.[70]

Wohl and Burkman convened a press conference outside Washington, D.C. on November 1, ostensibly to present a woman who they said signed the affidavit previously published by The Gateway Pundit, accusing Mueller of raping her in a New York hotel room in 2010 – on a date he was contemporaneously reported by The Washington Post to be serving jury duty in Washington.[71] The men accused Mueller's office of "leaking" the eight-year-old Post story to discredit their allegations.[72]

The purported accuser, Carolyne Cass, did not appear at the press conference as they had initially stated she would, and the men asserted she had panicked and taken a flight to another location.[73] Towards the end of the press conference, one reporter heckled, "Are you both prepared for federal prison?", to which Burkman replied "No we are not".[72] Soon after the press conference, Hoft announced that The Gateway Pundit had "suspended [their] relationship" with Wohl.[73][72]

On February 26, 2019, USA Today published an article about Wohl in which they interviewed Cass. She had initially contacted Wohl, who was then posing as an investigator named Matthew Cohen on Craigslist, in hopes that he would help her recover some stolen money. Wohl did no work to recover the money, and instead offered Cass a position at his "intelligence" firm. Speaking of the document accusing Mueller produced by Wohl and his associates, she said that "they had made it up" with a fabricated signature of hers and that they "needed a credible female to put on the line".[74]

In April 2019, the FBI declined a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request for documents relating to Surefire Intelligence, explaining that "Acknowledging the existence or non-existence of records could reasonably be expected to interfere with law enforcement proceedings", citing FOIA exemption (b)(7)(A). Reporter Colin Kalmbacher commented in Law & Crime that this is a common denial by law enforcement agencies, which suggested that an active FBI criminal probe against Wohl was underway.[75]

Pete Buttigieg

On April 22, 2019, Jack Burkman tweeted, "2020 is shaping up to be more exciting than 2016. Looking like it will be Trump vs. Mayor Pete! Get the popcorn ready!"[76] A Medium post emerged on April 28, published under the name of a gay Republican college student, alleging that Pete Buttigieg had sexually assaulted him in February. At the time, Buttigieg was the mayor of South Bend, Indiana and a Democratic presidential candidate for 2020. David Wohl, Jacob's father, shared an article on Twitter about the post, published by far-right website Big League Politics. A Twitter account created just a month prior under the student's name also emerged.[76] The next day, The Daily Beast reported that Wohl and Jack Burkman had tried to convince several young Republican men to make false accusations of sexual assault against Buttigieg. One man attested that Wohl and Burkman had tried to convince him to falsely accuse Buttigieg of assaulting him when he was too drunk to consent.[76] According to the anonymous source, Wohl and Burkman contacted him under the false identities "Bill" and "Matt Teller", but when they met in person the man recognized Wohl due to Wohl's Internet notoriety and decided to secretly record their conversation.[55] He then provided the recording to The Daily Beast, which wrote that it corroborated the man's claims with the aid of an audio forensics analyst who determined that one man in the recording was "highly likely" to be Wohl.[76] The source said that he did not agree at the time to participate in the scheme, and that Wohl phoned him shortly thereafter to suggest he recommend his friends who would.[76] The phone number allegedly used by Wohl was discovered to have been listed on the website of "Potomac Intelligence Group", where the company described itself as a private intelligence firm and listed Matt Teller as an employee, along with a link to Teller's LinkedIn profile. Minutes after Wohl was contacted by The Daily Beast, the website and the LinkedIn page were taken down, and the phone number was disconnected.[76][77][78][79] In addition to Potomac Intelligence, Wohl was later linked to at least four other fake intelligence firms.[80] The student who was being impersonated on Medium and Twitter told The Daily Beast that Wohl and Burkman flew him to Washington, D.C. under the guise of speaking about politics from the perspective of a gay Republican, and that he was unaware they were trying to involve him in their scheme. He said they had created the Medium profile and a Twitter profile, claiming to be him without his permission.[76]

Wohl and Burkman announced that they would be holding a press conference at Burkman's house on May 8 to continue their accusations against Buttigieg. On May 7, Burkman tweeted a link to an event called "Protest Against Homophobic Bigots" and wrote, "Hundreds of leftist protestors are set to descend on our Wednesday Press conference. We WILL NOT surrender to the mob. We've called in extra security to guard our safety and that of our partners in the media".[81] The protest was discovered to be fake, organized by Wohl himself, when attendees received confirmation emails containing the email address [email protected], which Wohl had used in the past.[82] Mediaite noted that events can be registered with false contact information on Eventbrite, but that Eventbrite would have emailed the address used by the organizer, allowing them to delete or edit the event.[81] Wohl denied involvement in creating the event page, and Eventbrite later took down the event page, citing their rules against "inauthentic content".[82]

At the May 8 press conference, Wohl and Burkman displayed footage of the student they had flown to Washington, D.C. drinking a coffee, which they said was proof that the student was not being coerced. Wohl stated, "Most forced coercion events ... do not involve caramel frappuccino".[55][83] While the press conference was underway, the student released his own statement describing Wohl and Burkman as "chronic liars" and stating that he would not be at the press conference as they had claimed. No protesters attended the fake protest that Wohl had attempted to organize.[83]

Wohl and Burkman later threatened to sue The Daily Beast, which had broken the news that the claims were false, for $500 million. As of Օգոստոսի 2020, no lawsuit had been filed.[55]

Elizabeth Warren

On October 3, 2019, Wohl and Burkman held a press conference alleging that Elizabeth Warren, Massachusetts senator and then-2020 presidential candidate, had engaged in an extramarital affair with a 24-year-old former U.S. Marine. They alleged that Warren hired the man from a website called "Cowboys4Angels", described as "a site for attractive young men who provide companionship escort services to well-heeled women", in August 2018 in Massachusetts.[19] Wohl and Burkman claimed that Warren had hired the man to engage in BDSM with her and told him that she was in an open relationship with her husband. The accuser also showed a supposed "sex scar", which was later debunked when it was discovered the accuser had previously posted on his social media account a picture of the same scar and stated that he had "hit [his] back with a chain trying to take down a swing".[19] The conference was met with mockery and disbelief in the media, and the claim was widely assumed to be another of Wohl and Burkman's false allegations.[84][19][85] Posting on Twitter, NBC News reporter Ben Collins joked: "Congrats to Elizabeth Warren on rising so quickly in the polls she forced Jacob Wohl to write erotica about her".[86] Warren herself joked about the baseless allegations indirectly, including "go Cougars" in a tweet about college debt—a reference both to the mascot of her alma mater, the University of Houston, and to the slang term for women who pursue younger men which Wohl and Burkman had used for her.[86][87][88]

Kamala Harris

On October 9, 2019, Wohl and Burkman held a press conference in which they alleged the California senator and then-2020 presidential candidate Kamala Harris had engaged in an extramarital affair. They were joined by a man who alleged that he had been Harris's personal trainer and that she had paid him thousands of dollars for sex. During the press conference, a man approached Wohl and Burkman and handed them papers, which the two claimed were a cease and desist letter from Harris's campaign. They refused to allow journalists to see the document, first claiming they had disposed of it and later claiming they would release it after their lawyers reviewed it.[89] The Daily Beast wrote that the cease and desist was "apparently fake".[90] Wohl and Burkman also claimed they had text messages between the accuser and Harris, but declined to allow reporters to see them. Newsweek later wrote that they were unable to find any record that the accuser was a personal trainer, and also found discrepancies in the spelling of the accuser's name.[89] It was later discovered that the accuser was an actor who had responded to a Craigslist ad, which requested a male actor for "performance art".[90] The man was unaware that Harris was a real person, and said that he was led to believe everyone at the press conference, including journalists and hecklers, were also paid actors. He said that Wohl had told him that he was a director, and that they were filming a show for Spike TV (a channel which, as of October 2019, had been shut down for a year). The man, whose real name was attached to the allegations, said that after the conference he started to receive accusations that he was a liar via social media, and that he became scared to go outside.[90]

Anthony Fauci

In late April 2020, a press release was published in which a woman claimed to have been sexually assaulted in 2014 by Dr. Anthony Fauci, a prominent member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force. Only The Daily Dot reported on the allegation, to debunk it as a likely smear attempt.[91][92] On May 2, 2020, the woman told Reason magazine that she and another woman had been paid by Wohl and Burkman to fabricate allegations against Fauci. She said that she knew Wohl from several years ago when they were romantically involved, and that he had encouraged her to frame Fauci, using the details of a real sexual assault which she had experienced, which she had divulged to Wohl when they were dating. She claimed that Wohl had previously paid her to use the story of her assault to frame an Academy Award-winning actor, but the story gained no traction, and so he had her reuse it to attempt to frame Fauci. According to Reason, the woman taped a phone call with Wohl and Burkman when she decided to expose the scheme. In the recording, Wohl responds to the woman's concerns over the ramifications of the accusation by saying, "Look, can you just do this for me? Can you just keep your mouth shut and just ... just do it for me".[92] The two men also ask her "[who cares if you] made up a story. Grow up, for Christ's sake" and claim that she "readily volunteered" to make the false accusation.[92] The recording reportedly captures Wohl telling the woman: "You did a good job, you got paid. What's the problem? What seems to be the issue?"[19]

Other false and unfounded claims

"Hipster coffee shop"

Կաղապար:Tweet After Wohl made a popular tweet that he had "just left a hipster coffee shop" where he overheard "libs" praising President Donald Trump's interactions with Vladimir Putin at the 2018 Russia–United States summit in Helsinki, other tweets by Wohl were uncovered that repeated the same phrase, alongside claims that he had overheard groups of customers including liberals, Democrats, and Jewish people voicing support for Donald Trump or opposition to his political opponents.[14] These repeated events in similar locations were viewed to be improbable, and the tweets were mocked in an online meme in which people followed the phrase "just left a hipster coffee shop" with unlikely fictional scenarios.[93] Wohl later admitted that he had fabricated the conversations which he claimed to have overheard.[74]

Kamala Harris

On January 22, 2019, Wohl falsely claimed on Twitter that Democratic Senator and then-presidential candidate Kamala Harris was not an American citizen on account of her parents not being naturalized citizens at the time of her birth, and as such, was ineligible to be president. Harris was born in Oakland, California, and is therefore a U.S. citizen regardless of her parents' citizenship status at the time.[19] PolitiFact rated Wohl's claim "Pants on Fire".[Ն 2][95] In February 2019, Wohl used a fake Twitter account that claimed to represent a group of women who supported Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz's possible 2020 presidential campaign, in order to write that Kamala Harris "does not represent American Women" and that she "traded sexual favors for public office".[96]

Representative Ilhan Omar and Minneapolis

In February 2019, Wohl traveled to Minnesota with far-right conspiracy theorist Laura Loomer, claiming to investigate rumors that Ilhan Omar, U.S. Representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district and a Somali-American, had married her brother to grant him U.S. citizenship. Their trip was organized and attended by Ali Alexander, also a far-right activist and conspiracy theorist.[97] Wohl created an online fundraising campaign to try to raise $25,000 to fund the trip. In a subsequent series of tweets and livestreams, Wohl claimed that Minneapolis had "no-go zones" infested by "Somali jihadists", that a local Somali man had threatened to kill him, that "Islamicist forces have taken over sections of [Minnesota's] police departments", and that he had to wear body armor and travel with hired security in armored cars to avoid hitmen.[98] The security team, however, did not appear in any of their livestreams, and Wohl declined livestream watchers' requests to film the armored cars and security team which he claimed to have hired.[99] Star Tribune columnist Jennifer Brooks wrote that the group "cast lie after lie after lie into the wind" and that "for every minute they spent lying about conditions in Minnesota, they spent at least four begging for donations for their cause".[100] Pat Garofalo, a Republican state representative from Minnesota, refuted Wohl's claim about "no-go zones" in a tweet, calling it "a lie" and "a farce".[74][101]

Wohl appeared on the grounds of the 2019 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) with Jack Burkman, ostensibly to present evidence from their trip, but was ejected.[99][102] Vox debunked Wohl's conspiracy theory as "largely nonsensical", citing that there is no evidence that Ahmed Elmi, Omar's ex-husband whom Wohl claimed to be her brother, was related to Omar in any way; that U.S. law permits a citizen to petition citizenship for their siblings, which would have voided the need for a marriage had they been siblings; and that Elmi, a British citizen, has never received U.S. citizenship.[99] Mother Jones wrote that Wohl's claims are "far into tinfoil-hat territory".[102]

In mid-March 2019, Wohl, Loomer, and Alexander released a documentary about their investigation into Omar in which they claimed that they have secured proof that she had married her brother. In the video, Wohl is shown filing a police report in a Minneapolis police station about death threats he claimed to have received while they were in the city. However, the Twitter account shown sending threats via direct message in the video, supposedly a "diversity coordinator" in Minneapolis, was one of the fake Twitter accounts Wohl had been operating himself. After news reports about Wohl's faked death threats, Alexander attempted to distance himself from Wohl.[103][104] The Daily Dot noted that Wohl might have filmed himself committing the crime of filing a false police report.[105] On March 15, 2019, a Minnesota man sued Wohl for stealing his Instagram photo and using it as the profile picture for the fake account. The man hired Michael Avenatti for the case, who announced that he would "pursue all available criminal and civil claims against Jacob Wohl. It is time that he face the consequences for his outrageous conduct. And I intend on ensuring that he does".[106]

Roger Stone jury

In late February 2020, Wohl and Burkman alleged that the jury that convicted Roger Stone on seven felonies related to Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation had been biased against him. In a press conference held on February 27, 2020, Wohl and Burkman distributed copies of confidential juror questionnaires, and they later published some of the questionnaires on Twitter. In September 2020, The Daily Beast reported that the FBI was investigating Wohl and Burkman for potentially attempting to influence the jurors or tamper with witnesses, and was investigating how the two obtained the questionnaires.[107]

Other false claims

On February 6, 2019, Colin Campbell, an editor of The News & Observer, tweeted photos that showed two white students in Ku Klux Klan robes holding a noose around the neck of another white student wearing blackface. The photos were from the 1979 yearbook page for the Chi Phi fraternity of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Roy Cooper, the incumbent Governor of North Carolina, graduated that year from that university with membership to a different fraternity, Chi Psi. Later that day, The Daily Mail published a story with the misleading headline "Blackface lynch pics from Roy Cooper North Carolina yearbook", although the article clarified that there was no evidence that Cooper was in any of the photos.[108] The next day, Wohl tweeted "BREAKING: Racist picture of Democrat North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper emerges just days after he called on Ralph Northam to resign - Daily Mail", but did not include any link to Daily Mail articles.[108] Wohl did not respond to an inquiry from PolitiFact. PolitiFact rated Wohl's tweet "Pants on Fire".[108]

On October 1, 2019, Wohl and Jack Burkman held a press conference on the front steps of Burkman's home in which they claimed to know the identity of the whistleblower who revealed possible impropriety by President Trump involving Ukraine, though they said they could not release the whistleblower's name. The press conference was sparsely attended and described by The Washington Post as another in a series of events in which Wohl and Burkman "routinely announce they have discovered smoking-gun revelations against Trump's rivals, then humiliate themselves when they fail to produce any evidence".[109]

During the May 2019 press conference in which Wohl and Burkman falsely accused Buttigieg of sexual assault, the pair also shared an unsubstantiated rumor that Joe Biden might have Parkinson's disease.[55][110] In March 2020, Wohl published fake COVID-19 test results, claiming that Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden had COVID-19 and would die in 30 days.[19]

Bans from social media

Wohl has been described as an Internet troll for his activities on social media.[8][111][112] He was active on Twitter, which he used to spread lies and misleading information[113][74] about Democratic politicians and post in support of Trump. In a February 26, 2019, interview with USA Today, Wohl said that he planned to create fake left-wing accounts to try to direct votes towards Democrats who would make weaker opponents for Trump in the 2020 presidential election. Wohl also stated that he sought to solicit "damaging information" against left-leaning nonprofits such as the Southern Poverty Law Center, Media Matters for America, and Right Wing Watch by providing insiders money or "moral reconciliation".[74]

On the same day as the USA Today article was published, Twitter permanently banned Wohl after an investigation found that he had already broken the site's rules against creating fake accounts.[74] One account found to be operated by Wohl was that of the supposed Minneapolis "diversity coordinator" that Wohl had reported to police for making death threats against him. Another was @Women_4_Schultz, which purported to be a group of women supporting billionaire and former Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz's possible 2020 presidential campaign.[114][96] When contacted by USA Today after the ban was placed, Wohl stated that he had created the accounts for his businesses and "future think tank", but maintained that he had "not created fake accounts or bot armies or anything like that".[115] In a February 26 interview with NBC News, he said, "In my entire adult life, I've had three Twitter accounts," indicating his @JacobAWohl account, his intelligence company's Twitter account, and his think tank account.[96] In the same interview, he first denied but later admitted to operating the @Women_4_Schultz account.[96] Wohl said that the veracity of the information he disseminates is not important, and that the spread of the claims and the number of people believing them was what was what mattered. He further said that he believed truth to be an outdated concept, stating that "It's something that can't be thought about in a linear, binary true-false, facts-non-facts – you can't do that anymore ... It's just not the way it works".[74] He defended his attempt to manipulate elections, stating, "It is not illegal, unethical, or untoward for Americans to steer an American election".[96] Without providing any evidence, he claimed antisemitism was behind his Twitter suspension, and that it was retribution for his purported "investigation" of Representative Ilhan Omar.[96]

Wohl was banned from both Instagram and Facebook on August 31, 2020. According to the latter platform, the ban was to enforce their rules that disallow "coordinated inauthentic behavior", which they alleged Wohl had violated by creating fake accounts in advance of the November 2020 election.[116][117] Writing on Telegram about the ban, Wohl said, "Now that I've been banned by Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Instagram, I no longer have any reservations about using their platforms to 'manipulate the conversation,' as they put it. Project 1599 will make Cambridge Analytica look like a middle school science fair project".[116]

Personal life

Wohl was raised in Corona, California, where he attended Santiago High School.[2][118] His father, David Wohl, is a defense attorney and conservative commentator who has been a guest on Fox News programs and who has also promoted conspiracy theories.[4][74] As of Նոյեմբերի 2022, Wohl lived in Irvine, California.[37]

Wohl is Jewish,[119] and describes himself as a Zionist. He has co-hosted a podcast for Jewish Trump supporters with Laura Loomer.[2]

Notes

References

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