हिन्दू धर्मग्रन्थों का कालक्रम
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परम्परागत रूप से हिन्दू धर्मग्रन्थों को दो भागों में बांटा गया है - श्रुति तथा स्मृति। 'श्रुति का अर्थ 'सुना हुआ' है। 'स्मृति' का अर्थ 'याद किया हुआ' है। वेदों को श्रुति के अन्तर्गत रखा गया है।
अधिकांश हिन्दू ग्रन्थों के रचना की वास्तविक तिथि का सही-सही ज्ञान नहीं है क्योंकि अधिकांश ग्रन्थ पहले लिपिबद्ध नहीं थे बल्कि मौखिक ही एक पीढी से दूसरी पीढी को प्राप्त होते थे । अलग-अलग विद्वान प्रायः इनका रचना-काल अलग-अलग बतलाते हैं। नीचे कुछ हिन्दू धर्मग्रन्थों के रचनाकाल दिये गये हैं जिसे अधिकांश लोग मानते हैं। यहाँ दिये गये अधिकांश रचनाकाल बहुत त्रुटिपूर्ण भी हो सकते हैं।
- 1. ऋग्वेद, 1500 – 1100 BCE[1][2]
- 2. सामवेद, 1500 - 500 BCE[2]
- 3. यजुर्वेद, 1500 - 500 BCE[2]
- 4. अथर्ववेद, 1500 - 500 BCE[2]
- 5. उपनिषद्, 1200 - 500 BCE[3]
- 6. महाभारत, 400 BCE - 400 CE[4][5][6]
- 7. भगवद्गीता, 400 BCE - 300 CE[2]
- 8. रामायण, 400 BCE - 400 CE[4][7][8]
- 9. सांख्यसूत्र
- 10. मीमांसासूत्र, 300-200 BCE[9]
- 11. अर्थशास्त्र, 400 BCE - 200 CE[10]
- 12. न्यायसूत्र, 2nd century BCE[11]
- 13. वैशेषिकसूत्र, 2nd century BCE[12]
- 14. योगसूत्र (पतंजलि), 100 BCE - 500 CE[13]
- 15. ब्रह्मसूत्र
- 16. पुराण, 3rd - 16th century CE[उद्धरण चाहिए]
- 17. शिवसूत्र (वसुगुप्त), 8th century CE[उद्धरण चाहिए]
- 18. अभिनवभारती, 950 - 1020 CE[उद्धरण चाहिए]
- 19.योगवासिष्ठ, 10th - 14th century CE[14]
सन्दर्भ
[संपादित करें]- ↑ Oberlies, Thomas (Die Religion des Rgveda, Wien, 1998, p. 155) gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100
- ↑ अ आ इ ई उ Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. पृ॰ 37. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0521438780.
- ↑ Sharma, Shubhra (1985), Life in the Upanishads, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-202-4, pp. 17–19.
- ↑ अ आ Molloy, Michael (2008). Experiencing the World's Religions. पृ॰ 87. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 9780073535647.
- ↑ Brockington, J. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics Archived 2016-06-17 at the वेबैक मशीन, Leiden. p. 26
- ↑ Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata Archived 2015-05-11 at the वेबैक मशीन Vol. 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date).
- ↑ Narayan, R.K. The Ramayana. Penguin Group, 2006, page xxiii: "The Indian epic, the Ramayana, dates back to 1500 BCE according to certain early scholars. Recent studies have brought it down to about the fourth century BCE."
- ↑ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam. History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D. Archived 2014-09-22 at the वेबैक मशीन. p. 38:"the Kernel of the Ramayana was composed before 500 B.C. while the more recent portion were not probably added till the 2nd century B.C. and later."
- ↑ Hiriyanna, M. (1995). The Essentials of Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. पृ॰ 130. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 81-208-1330-8. मूल से 4 मार्च 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 जुलाई 2016.
- ↑ Trautmann 1971:185 "If the Kautilīya Arthaśāstra in its present form is not so old as it pretends, the śāstra itself is certainly old, predating the dharma smritis."
Mabbett 1964 "The content of the text is consistent with authorship in about the third century, C.E., and raises some questions which must be answered if it is to be assigned to the fourth B.C.E. Against this must be set the verses naming and characterising Kautilya, and the references in later literature. What emerges is that there is no necessary incompatibility between the essential claims that Chanakya was responsible for the doctrines of the Arthaśāstra, and that the text we know is a product of the later time. These do not conflict. The work could have been written late on the basis of earlier teachings and writings. Sanskrit literature being so full of derivative, traditional and stratified material, this possibility is a priori strong. Those who favour the early date usually admit the probability of interpolations....Those who favour a later date usually admit the probability that the work draws on traditional material. The controversy is therefore spurious. It is entirely possible that the लुआ त्रुटि मॉड्यूल:Lang में पंक्ति 1670 पर: attempt to index field 'engvar_sel_t' (a nil value)। wrote an arthaśāstra and that a later editor rewrote his work, or compressed it, or compiled a text from the teachings of his school." - ↑ B. K. Matilal "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge" (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. xiv.
- ↑ Oliver Leaman, Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy. Routledge, 1999 , page 269.
- ↑ Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. पृ॰ 96. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-521-43878-0.
- ↑ Hanneder, Jürgen; Slaje, Walter. Moksopaya Project: Introduction Archived 2005-12-28 at the वेबैक मशीन.