Suharto
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Suharto (/suːˈhɑːrtoʊ/; Lafazin Indonesiya; 8 Yunin shekarar 1921-27 Janairu 2008) wani hafsan sojan Indonesiya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Indonesia na biyu kuma mafi dadewa a kan mulki. Suharto wanda masu sa ido na kasa da kasa ke kallonsa a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya, Suharto ya jagoranci Indonesiya a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na tsawon shekaru 31, tun daga faduwar magabacinsa Sukarno a shekara ta 1967 har zuwa nasa yayi murabus a shekara ta 1998 bayan wani tashin hankali a fadin kasar. [1] Har yanzu ana muhawara a kan gadon mulkinsa na shekaru 31, da dukiyarsa ta dalar Amurka biliyan 38 a gida da waje.
An haifi Suharto a ƙaramin ƙauyen Kemusuk, a yankin Godean kusa da birnin Yogyakarta, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Holland. Ya girma cikin tawali’u. Iyayensa Musulmi 'yan Javan sun sake aure ba da dadewa da haihuwarsa ba, kuma ya zauna tare da iyayen da suka yi renonsa tsawon lokacin kuruciyarsa. A lokacin mulkin Jafananci, Suharto ya yi aiki a cikin jami'an tsaron Indonesiya da Japan ta tsara. A lokacin fafutukar samun yancin kai na Indonesiya ya shiga cikin sabuwar rundunar sojojin Indonesiya. A can, Suharto ya kai matsayin Major-General bayan samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Indonesiya.
An yi yunkurin juyin mulki a ranakun 30 ga watan Satumba da 1 ga watan Oktoba 1965 da sojojin da Suharto ke jagoranta. Bisa tarihin hukuma da sojojin suka yi, wannan yunkurin ya samu goyon bayan jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Indonesiya (PKI). Daga baya sojojin sun jagoranci wani tashin hankali na kawar da gurguzu a fadin kasar kuma Suharto ya kwace mulki daga hannun shugaban Indonesia wanda ya kafa Sukarno. An nada shi shugaban riko a shekarar 1967 kuma ya zabe shi a shekara mai zuwa. Sannan ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da aka fi sani da "de-Sukarnoization" don rage tasirin tsohon shugaban. Suharto ya ba da umarnin mamaye Gabashin Timor a cikin shekarar 1975, sannan wani mummunan mamayar shekaru 23 ya biyo baya. Taimakon shugabancin Suharto ya kasance yana aiki a cikin shekarar 1970s da 1980s. A cikin shekarun 1990s, new order ya ƙara ƙarfin iko da cin hanci da rashawa ya kasance tushen rashin jin daɗi kuma, bayan rikicin kuɗin Asiya na 1997 wanda ya haifar da tarzoma mai yawa, ya yi murabus a watan Mayu 1998.[2] [3] [4] Suharto ya mutu a cikin watan Janairu 2008 kuma an yi jana'izar jiha.[5]
Karkashin gwamnatinsa ta "Sabuwar oda", Suharto ya gina gwamnati mai karfi, mai zaman kanta kuma wacce sojoji suka mamaye. Abin da ya fara a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na sojan oligarchic ya samo asali ne zuwa tsarin mulkin kama-karya wanda ke kewaye da Suharto. Ƙarfin tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a kan ƙasar Indonesiya dabam-dabam da kuma nuna adawa da gurguzu ya ba shi goyon bayan tattalin arziki da diflomasiyya na yammacin duniya a lokacin yakin cacar baka. Domin yawancin shugabancinsa, Indonesiya ta sami gagarumin masana'antu, haɓakar tattalin arziki, da ingantattun matakan samun ilimi. Gwamnatin Indonesiya tana la'akari da shirye-shiryen bayar da matsayin Gwarzon Jarumin Ƙasa ga Suharto kuma an yi ta muhawara sosai a Indonesia. A cewar Transparency International, Suharto ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka fi cin hanci da rashawa a tarihin zamani, bayan da ya yi almubazzaranci da dalar Amurka 15-35. biliyan a lokacin mulkinsa.[6]
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yawancin Javanese, Suharto suna da suna ɗaya kawai. [7] Abubuwan da suka shafi addini a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wani lokaci suna kiransa da "Haji "ko "Al-Haj Mohammed Suharto", amma waɗannan sunaye ba sa cikin sunansa na yau da kullun kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba. Rubutun "Suharto" yana nuna rubutun Indonesiya na zamani, ko da yake gaba ɗaya tsarin a Indonesia shine dogara ga rubutun da wanda abin ya shafa ya fi so. A lokacin haihuwarsa, daidaitaccen rubutun shine "Soeharto", kuma ya yi amfani da ainihin rubutun a duk rayuwarsa. Harshen Ingilishi na duniya gabaɗaya yana amfani da harafin 'Suharto' yayin da gwamnatin Indonesiya da kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da 'Soeharto'.[8]
Ƙuruciya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Suharto a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 1921 a cikin wani gida mai katangar bamboo a cikin hamlet na Kemusuk, wani yanki na babban ƙauyen Godean, sannan wani ɓangare na Indies Gabas ta Holland. Ƙauyen yana da 15 kilometres (9 mi) yammacin Yogyakarta, cibiyar al'adu ta Javanese. [9] An haife shi kuma iyayensa 'yan kabilar Java, shi ne ɗa tilo na auren mahaifinsa na biyu. Mahaifinsa, Kertosudiro, yana da ’ya’ya biyu daga auren da ya yi a baya kuma jami’in ban ruwa ne na kauye. Mahaifiyarsa, Sukirah, wata mace ta gari, tana da alaƙa da Hamengkubuwono V ta ƙwarƙwararsa ta farko. Makonni biyar bayan haihuwar Suharto, mahaifiyarsa ta sami raguwar damuwa; An sanya shi a cikin kulawar babban uwarsa, Kromodirjo a sakamakon haka. Kertosudiro da Sukirah sun sake aure tun farkon rayuwar Suharto kuma dukkansu sun sake yin aure. Yana da shekara uku aka mayar da Suharto wurin mahaifiyarsa, wadda ta auri wani manomi na gida wanda Suharto ke taimakawa a cikin kayan shinkafa. A cikin shekarar 1929, mahaifin Suharto ya kai shi ya zauna tare da 'yar uwarsa, wadda ta auri wani mai kula da aikin gona, Prawirowihardjo, a cikin garin Wuryantoro a cikin wani yanki mai talauci da rashin samun albarkatu kusa da Wonogiri. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, mahaifinsa ya mayar da shi wurin mahaifiyarsa da ke Kemusuk sannan mahaifinsa ya dawo da shi Wuryantoro.
Prawirowihardjo ya dauki renon yaron a matsayin nasa, wanda ya samar wa Suharto siffar uba da kwanciyar hankali a Wuryantoro. A shekarar 1931, ya koma garin Wonogiri don halartar makarantar firamare, inda ya fara zama tare da ɗan Prawirohardjo Sulardi, daga baya kuma tare da dangin mahaifinsa Hardjowijono. Yayin da yake zaune tare da Hardjowijono, Suharto ya saba da Darjatmo, dukun ("shaman") na fasahar sufanci na Javanese da warkar da bangaskiya. Abin da ya faru ya shafe shi sosai kuma daga baya, a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Suharto ya kewaye kansa da harshe na alama mai ƙarfi. [9] Matsalolin biyan kuɗin karatunsa a Wonogiri ya haifar da sake komawa ga mahaifinsa a Kemusuk, inda ya ci gaba da karatu a ƙananan kuɗi Schakel Muhammadiyah (makarantar tsakiya) a cikin birnin Yogyakarta har zuwa 1938.[10] Tarbiyar Suharto ya bambanta da na manyan masu kishin Indonesiya irin su Sukarno a cikin abin da ake ganin ba shi da sha'awar adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma matsalolin siyasa fiye da kewayensa. Ba kamar Sukarno da da’irarsa ba, Suharto ba ta da wata alaka da Turawa ‘yan mulkin mallaka. Saboda haka, bai koyi yaren Dutch ko wasu harsunan Turai ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Ya koyi magana da Yaren mutanen Holland bayan shigarsa cikin sojan Dutch a 1940.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedNYTobituary - ↑ Berger, Marilyn (28 January 2008). "Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed". The New York Times.
- ↑ Gittings, John (28 January 2008). "Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921-2008". The Guardian.
- ↑ Hutton, Jeffrey (19 May 2018). "Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto?". South China Morning Post. ...would topple the dictator Suharto.
- ↑ Wiranto (2011), p. 24. Forrester, Geoff; May, R.J. (1998). The Fall of Soeharto. Bathurst, Australia: C. Hurst and Co. ISBN 1-86333-168-9.
- ↑ "Suharto tops corruption rankings". BBC News. 25 March 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedHaskinGlobe - ↑ Romano, Angela Rose (2003). Politics and the Press in Indonesia. p. ix. ISBN 0-7007-1745-5.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMcDonaldSMH_28012008 - ↑ McDonald, Hamish (28 January 2008). "No End to Ambition". Sydney Morning Herald.