Mario Scelba
Mario Scelba (Samfuri:IPA-it; 5 September 1901 – 29 October 1991) was an Italian politician who served as the 33rd prime minister of Italy from February 1954 to July 1955. A founder of the Christian Democracy, Scelba was one of the longest-serving Minister of the Interior in the history of the republic, having served at the Viminale Palace in three distinct terms from 1947 to 1962. A fervent pro-Europeanist, he was also President of the European Parliament from March 1969 to March 1971.
An san shi da dokokinsa da manufofinsa, Scelba ya kasance mai mahimmanci a sake gina Italiya bayan yakin basasa, godiya ga sake tsarinsa na 'yan sandan Italiya, wanda ya fito da rashin tsari daga yakin. [1]
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Scelba a Caltagirone, Sicily, a cikin shekarar 1901. Mahaifinsa Gaetano Scelba talaka ne mai rabon gado a filin firist Don Luigi Sturzo, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Maria Gambino ta kasance uwar gida . Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar, daya daga cikinsu ya rasu tun yana karami. Scelba ya girma a cikin dangin Katolika masu lura. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 12 kacal, an tilasta masa barin makaranta kuma ya taimaka wa iyalinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin 1914 Don Sturzo ya ɗauki matakai don tabbatar da ilimi ga Scelba, wanda ya fara halartar aji na farko na ƙananan motsa jiki a Caltagirone. Barkewar yakin duniya na daya ya tilasta wa cibiyar dakatar da darussa kuma Scelba ta farfado da shekarun da suka bata ta hanyar yin karatu a matsayin mai zaman kanta da kuma samun difloma na gargajiya a shekara ta 1920. Daga nan ya karanci shari'a kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Rome a shekara ta 1924, tare da yin nazari kan karkatar da yanki. [2]
A lokacin jami'a, Sturzo ne ya zabe shi a matsayin mataimakinsa da sakatare. Tun daga shekara ta 1919, Sturzo a haƙiƙa ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya ta Kirista ta Italiya (PPI) kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan siyasa a ƙasar. [3] Lokacin da mai mulkin kama-karya Benito Mussolini ya hau kan karagar mulki, yana murkushe duk wasu jam'iyyu, ciki har da PPI, Sturzo ya yi gudun hijira, yayin da Scelba ya kasance a Roma a matsayin mai ba da labari. A lokacin mulkin, Scelba ya rubuta wa jaridar Il Popolo ("Mutane"), amma lokacin da aka dakatar da ita a shekara ta 1925, ya kafa wata jarida ta sirri ta mako-mako da aka sani da L'idea popolare ("Ra'ayin Jama'a"). [4] A cikin wadannan shekaru, Scelba ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a kamfanin lauyoyi na Filippo Del Giudice, kuma a lokacin da aka tilasta wa na baya ya bar kasar don ceto daga zalunci, Scelba ya gaji abokan cinikinsa. [5]
A cikin 1929, ya auri Nerina Palestini, daga San Benedetto del Tronto, daga gare ta yana da 'ya mace Maria Luisa, an haife shi a 1930. [6]
Farkon sana'ar siyasa
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A cikin 1930s, ya zama babban abokin Alcide De Gasperi, tsohon shugaban Jam'iyyar Jama'a bayan gudun hijira Sturzo. Tare da De Gasperi, ya yi aiki tare a cikin tsara ra'ayoyin Reconstructive Dimokuradiyya na Kiristanci, daftarin shirin farko na jam'iyyar gaba, wanda aka buga a watan Yuli 1943. Scelba na cikin kwamitin da ya jagoranci sabuwar jam'iyyar da aka fi sani da Christian Democracy (DC), a lokacin mulkin Jamus. Shi ma 'yan Nazi sun kama shi, amma an sake shi cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan 'yantar da Roma a watan Yuni 1944, ya shiga kwamitin zartarwa na sabuwar jam'iyyar. A cikin majalissar interregional na DC, da aka gudanar a Naples a ranakun 29 da 30 ga Yuli 1944, an zaɓi Scelba ga majalisar jam'iyyar ta ƙasa, wadda ta nada De Gasperi a matsayin sabon sakatare . A maimakon haka aka nada Scelba mataimakin sakatare. [7]
A watan Satumba 1943, Scelba a matsayin Kirista dimokuradiyya, ya shiga National Liberation Committee (CLN), laima kungiyar siyasa da kuma babban wakilin Italiya juriya motsi yaki da Jamus mamaya na Italiya a sakamakon armistice na Cassibile . A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1945, Ferruccio Parri, shugaban jam'iyyar Action, ya zama sabon Firayim Minista kuma ya nada Scelba a matsayin Ministan Wasiku da Sadarwa, [8] matsayin da zai rike har zuwa Fabrairu 1947, ko da a karkashin Firayim Minista Alcide De Gasperi. . [9]
A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1945, an nada shi a Majalisar Kasa, Majalisar Dokoki da ba a zaba ba da aka kafa a Masarautar Italiya bayan karshen yakin. [10] A cikin babban zaɓe na 1946, an zaɓi Scelba a Majalisar Mazabar Mazabar Catania–Messina–Siracusa–Ragusa–Enna da kusan ƙuri'u 40,000. [11]
Ministan cikin gida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1947, Scelba ya zama Ministan Cikin Gida a gwamnati ta uku ta Alcide de Gasperi, [12] kuma ya ci gaba da zama a ofis har zuwa Yuli 1953. [13] A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Scelba ya kasance mafi iko a ƙasar, bayan De Gasperi.
Bayan da ya shaida Red Biennium da tashin hankali na farkisanci, wanda ya haifar da rikicin 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma samuwar mulkin kama-karya, Scelba ya gamsu sosai da cewa kula da tsarin jama'a ya zama dole don kare sabuwar tsarin dimokiradiyya da jamhuriya. ; [14] a haƙiƙa, a duk tsawon mulkinsa ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga doka da oda . [15] Rikicinsa mai tsauri ya sa aka masa lakabi da "Iron Sicilian" saboda rashin tausayinsa na murkushe zanga-zangar ma'aikatan bangaren hagu da yajin aikin da ya yi, da kuma gangamin 'yan fascist . [16]
Kisan kisa na Portella della Ginestra
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan watanni uku kacal a ofis a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Scelba ya fuskanci kisan kiyashin na Portella della Ginestra . Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan nasarar zaben na bangaren hagu a zaben yankin Sicilian na shekarar 1947, an kai hari kan faretin kwadago na ranar 1 ga Mayu a Portella della Ginestra, wanda ya kai ga kashe mutane 11 da raunata sama da talatin. An alakanta harin da dan ta'adda kuma jagoran 'yan aware Salvatore Giuliano, manufar ita ce hukunta 'yan adawa na cikin gida saboda sakamakon zaben na baya-bayan nan. [17]
Scelba ya kai rahoto ga Majalisar washegari cewa har zuwa yadda ‘yan sanda za su iya tantance, harbin Portella della Ginestra ba na siyasa ba ne. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan bindiga sun yi kaurin suna a cikin kwarin da abin ya faru. Duk da haka, an kalubalanci wannan sigar ta hagu. Mataimakin kwaminisanci Girolamo Li Causi ya jaddada yanayin siyasar kisan kiyashin, yana mai ikirarin cewa Mafia ne suka kai harin, tare da hadin gwiwa da manyan masu mallakar filaye, sarakuna da kuma 'yan rajin kare hakkin jama'a . [18] Ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa sufeto 'yan sanda Ettore Messana - wanda ya kamata ya daidaita batun gurfanar da 'yan fashin - ya kasance tare da Giuliano kuma ya yi tir da Scelba saboda barin Messana ya ci gaba da zama a ofis. Daga baya takardun za su tabbatar da zargin. [19] Li Causi da Scelba za su kasance manyan abokan hamayya bayan kisan kiyashin - kisan da ake zargin Salvatore Giuliano da aka yi, da kuma shari'ar Laftanar Giuliano Gaspare Pisciotta da sauran sauran mambobin kungiyar Giuliano.
An gudanar da shari'ar wadanda ke da alhakin a cikin birnin Viterbo, wanda ya fara a lokacin rani na 1950. A lokacin shari'ar, an sake zargin Scelba da hannu a cikin shirin aiwatar da kisan kiyashi, amma zargin ya saba da sabani ko kuma a bayyane. A ƙarshe, alkali ya ƙarasa da cewa babu wata hukuma mafi girma da ta ba da umarnin kisan kiyashin, kuma ƙungiyar Giuliano ta ɗauki kanta. [17] A cikin shari'ar Pisciotta ya ce: "Sau da yawa Scelba ya koma kan maganarsa: Mattarella da Cusumano sun koma Roma don neman a yi mana afuwa gaba daya, amma Scelba ya musanta dukan alkawuransa." Pisciotta ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya kashe Salvatore Giuliano a cikin barcinsa ta hanyar tsarawa da Scelba. Duk da haka, babu wata shaida cewa Scelba yana da dangantaka da Pisciotta. [20]
1948 zabe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban zaɓen da aka yi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948 ya yi tasiri sosai sakamakon yaƙin cacar baka tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka . Bayan juyin mulkin kwaminisanci a watan Fabrairu na 1948 a cikin Czechoslovakia, Amurka ta firgita game da niyyar Soviet kuma tana tsoron cewa, idan haɗin gwiwar hagu ya ci zabe, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Italiya (PCI) da Tarayyar Soviet za ta jawo Italiya cikin Tarayyar Soviet. fagen tasiri.
Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a cikin zaɓen baki da tsatsauran ra'ayi a tarihin jamhuriyar Italiya. Farfagandar dimokaradiyya ta Kirista ta shahara wajen iƙirarin cewa a ƙasashen gurguzu “’ya’ya na tura iyaye gidan yari”, “ya’ya mallakar gwamnati ne”, “mutane sun ci nasu ‘ya’yansu” da kuma iƙirarin cewa bala’i zai afka wa Italiya idan masu hannun hagu za su kai hari. iko.
A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin cikin gida, Scelba ya sanar da cewa gwamnati na da mutane 330,000 da ke karkashin makamai, ciki har da wata runduna ta musamman ta 150,000 da ke shirin kai wa 'yan gurguzu idan za su yi kokarin kawo matsala a ranar zabe. [21] Sai dai daga karshe an yi nasarar lashe zaben da rata mai dadi daga DC, wanda ya kayar da kawancen jam'iyyar Popular Democratic Front (FDP) mai ra'ayin hagu wanda ya hada da PCI da Italiyanci Socialist Party (PSI). [22] Bayan zaben, De Gasperi ya ci gaba da mulki ba tare da 'yan gurguzu ba, wadanda suka kasance gwamnati tun daga watan Yunin 1944, lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin farko bayan yakin, har zuwa watan Mayun 1947, yayin da Scelba ya rike mukaminsa na ministan harkokin cikin gida. [23]
Reorganization of the police
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A lokacin hidimarsa, Scelba ya sake tsara tsarin 'yan sandan Italiya sosai, inda ya fara da korar tsoffin 'yan jam'iyyar fiye da 8,000, tare da zargin kasancewa 'yan tawayen kwaminisanci. [24] Sa’ad da ya hau ofis, ƙungiyar ’yan sanda ta yi rashin kunya har Scelba ya ce: “Idan na kasance ɗan gurguzu, da gobe zan fara juyin juya hali. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya mayar da ‘yan sandan kasar da suka ruguje zuwa wani runduna ta wasu jami’ai 100,000, sannan ya kafa rundunar tarzoma, dauke da muggan makamai da makamai da motoci masu sulke da jeep na musamman, mai suna Reparto Celere (“Sashen Fast”).
Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mutum mai aiwatar da abin da ya dauka na gurguzu. A yin haka, Scelba ya sha suka daga Kiristoci da yawa na demokraɗiyya waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da mugun halinsa. A shekara ta 1952, ya rubuta abin da ake kira "Dokar Scelba", wanda ya gabatar da laifin neman gafarar farkisanci. [25]
Scelba yana da ra'ayin mazan jiya game da wasu batutuwa kamar sutsan wanka, sumbatar jama'a da tsiraici. Duk da wannan da kuma damuwarsa guda ɗaya na doka da oda, akan al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki Scelba ya jingina a hagu na tsakiya a cikin DC. Ya fi son ƙarin gyare-gyaren zamantakewa da ayyukan jama'a, yana kai hari ga masu hasashe don haɓaka farashin. "Kusan ba zai yiwu ba," in ji shi, " zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na gwamnatin da ba ta damu ba ko mutane suna aiki ko a'a." Scelba ya jaddada yiwuwar raunana karfin kwaminisanci "ta hanyar ƙaddara matakan inganta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kamar sake fasalin ƙasa na manyan gidaje a Kudancin Italiya, alal misali." Yayin da yake kan mukamin, ya kuma shiga cikin kafa hanyar sadarwa ta Gladio, aikin " tsayawa baya " na NATO a cikin Italiya bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wanda aka yi niyya don tsara juriya bayan mamayewar Warsaw Pact na yammacin Turai. [26]
Babban zaɓen na 1953 ya kasance da sauye-sauye a cikin dokar zaɓe. Ko da babban tsarin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da cin hanci ba, gwamnati ta gabatar da wani kaso mai tsoka na kashi biyu bisa uku na kujeru a majalisar na kawancen da zai samu cikakkiyar rinjayen kuri'u. Canjin ya samu kakkausan adawa daga jam'iyyun adawa da kuma kananan abokan kawance na DC, wadanda ba su da wata dama ta hakika ta samun nasara a karkashin wannan tsarin. Masu zaginta sun kira sabuwar dokar da sunan zamba, ciki har da wasu 'yan adawa na kananan jam'iyyun gwamnati wadanda suka kafa kungiyoyin adawa na musamman don musun zaftarewar kasa ta wucin gadi ga Demokradiyyar Kirista.
Yaƙin neman zaɓe na masu adawa da "Dokar Zamba" ta cimma burinta. Haɗin gwiwar gwamnati ya sami kashi 49.9% na ƙuri'un ƙasa, ƙuri'u dubu kaɗan ne kawai na ƙofa na babban rinjaye, wanda ya haifar da rabon kujeru na yau da kullun. A fasahance, gwamnati ta lashe zaben, inda ta samu rinjayen kujerun majalisun biyu. Amma takaicin rashin samun nasara a babban rinjaye ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin manyan kawancen. Majalisar ta tilastawa De Gasperi yin murabus a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta. [27] A ranar 17 ga Agusta, Shugaba Einaudi ya nada Pella a matsayin sabon Firayim Minista . [28]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Scelba, il ministro troppo celerino, il Giornale
- ↑ Mario Scelba – Dizionario Biografico, treccani.it
- ↑ Luigi Sturzo e il Partito Popolare Italiano
- ↑ Luigi Sturzo – Mario Scelba : Carteggio (1923–1956)
- ↑ Mario Scelba – Siti personali, Libero
- ↑ Mario Scelba con la moglie ad un ricevimento
- ↑ Mario Scelba Dies at 90 in Rome; A Prime Minister in Postwar Italy, Obituary in The New York Times, October 31, 1991
- ↑ Governo Parri, camera.it
- ↑ Governo De Gasperi I, governo.it
- ↑ Storia della Camera – Consulta Nazionale, camera.it
- ↑ Elezioni del 1946 – Collegio di Catania–Messina–Siracusa–Ragusa–Enna, Ministero dell'Interno
- ↑ Governo De Gasperi III, governo.it]
- ↑ Governo De Gasperi VIII, governo.it
- ↑ "Quando c’era lui." Da Scelba a Cossiga: storia di sceriffi
- ↑ La via italiana alla democrazia
- ↑ La repubblica della forza: Mario Scelba e le passioni del suo tempo
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Dickie, Cosa Nostra, pp. 265–6
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedtim120547 - ↑ Servadio, Mafioso, pp. 128–9
- ↑ Servadio, Mafioso, pp. 135–7
- ↑ Show of Force[dead link], Time Magazine, April 12, 1948
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Governo De Gasperi V, governo.it
- ↑ I misteri di Scelba, il ministro più odiato che tolse i comunisti dalla polizia, Corriere della Sera
- ↑ 1950: Italian Activism, International Herald Tribune
- ↑ Ganser, NATO's secret Armies, p. 107
- ↑ (in Italian) Come il Senato si scoprì vaso di coccio, in L’Ago e il filo, 2014
- ↑ Mattarella cita Einaudi e l'incarico a Pella: fu il primo governo del presidente