Biomechanics

Biomechanics
	interdisciplinary science (en) , specialty (en) , branch of physics (en) da branch of biology (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	biophysics (en) da mechanics (en)
Gudanarwan	biomechanist (en)

Biomechanics shine nazarin tsarin, aiki da motsi na kayan aikin^[1] na tsarin halittu, a kowane mataki daga dukkanin kwayoyin halitta zuwa gabobin jiki, sel da kwayoyin halitta, ta amfani da hanyoyin injiniyoyi . ^[2] Biomechanics reshe ne na biophysics .

A yau injiniyoyi na lissafin sun wuce manyan injiniyoyi masu tsafta, kuma sun haɗa da wasu ayyuka na zahiri: sunadarai, zafi da canja wurin taro, kuzarin lantarki da maganadisu da sauran su.

Etymology

Kalmar "biomechanics" (1899) da kuma "biomechanical" masu dangantaka (1856) sun fito ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci βίος bios "rayuwa" da μηχανική, mēchanikē "makanikanci", don komawa zuwa nazarin ka'idodin inji na rayayyun halittu, musamman ma su. motsi da tsari. ^[3]

Filayen ƙasa

Makanikai na Biofluid

Injiniyoyin ruwa na halittu, ko injiniyoyi na biofluid, shine binciken duka gas da ruwan ruwa da ke gudana a ciki ko kewaye da kwayoyin halitta. Matsalolin ruwa biofluid sau da yawa da aka yi nazari shine na kwararar jini a cikin tsarin zuciya na mutum. Ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na lissafi, ana iya misalta kwararar jini ta ma'aunin Navier-Stokes . A cikin vivo ana ɗaukar jinin gaba ɗaya a matsayin ruwan Newton da ba zai iya haɗawa ba. Koyaya, wannan zato ya gaza yayin la'akari da kwararar gaba a cikin arterioles . A ma'auni na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, tasirin ƙwayoyin jajayen jinin mutum ɗaya ya zama mahimmanci, kuma jinin duka ba zai iya zama abin ƙira a matsayin ci gaba ba. Lokacin da diamita na jirgin jini ya ɗan girma fiye da diamita na tantanin jinin jini, tasirin Fahraeus-Lindquist yana faruwa kuma ana samun raguwar damuwa ta bango. Duk da haka, yayin da diamita na jirgin jini ya ƙara raguwa, ƙwayoyin jajayen jinin dole ne su matse ta cikin jirgin kuma sau da yawa suna iya wucewa cikin fayil ɗaya kawai. A wannan yanayin, tasirin Fahraeus-Lindquist mai juzu'i yana faruwa kuma damuwa mai ƙarfi na bango yana ƙaruwa.

Biotribology

Biotribology shine nazarin rikice-rikice, lalacewa da lubrication na tsarin halittu, musamman mahaɗin ɗan adam kamar kwatangwalo da gwiwoyi. ^[4] Gabaɗaya, ana nazarin waɗannan hanyoyin a cikin mahallin injin tuntuɓar juna da tribology .

Ƙarin abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin halittu sun haɗa da nazarin lalacewar ƙasa da ke haifar da fuska biyu suna haɗuwa yayin motsi, watau shafa da juna, kamar a cikin kimantawa na kayan aikin nama. ^[5]

Kwatanta biomechanics

Kwatanta biomechanics shine aikace-aikacen biomechanics zuwa ga halittun da ba na ɗan adam ba, ko ana amfani da su don samun ƙarin haske game da ɗan adam (kamar yadda yake a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam ) ko cikin ayyuka, ilimin halitta da daidaitawa na kwayoyin da kansu. Yankunan bincike na gama gari sune motsin dabbobi da ciyarwa, saboda waɗannan suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi ga dacewar kwayoyin halitta kuma suna ɗaukar manyan buƙatun inji. Locomotion na dabba, yana da alamu da yawa, gami da gudu, tsalle da tashi . Locomotion yana buƙatar kuzari don shawo kan gogayya, ja, rashin ƙarfi, da nauyi, kodayake abin da ya fi rinjaye ya bambanta da yanayi.

Kwatanta biomechanics yana mamaye da ƙarfi da sauran fagage da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ilimin halitta, ilimin halittar ɗan adam, ilmin halitta na haɓakawa, ilimin halitta, da ilimin burbushin halittu, har zuwa yawan buga takardu a cikin mujallu na waɗannan fagagen. Ana amfani da kwatancen biomechanics sau da yawa a cikin magani (tare da la'akari da samfuran yau da kullun irin su mice da berayen) da kuma a cikin biomimetics, wanda ke kallon yanayi don mafita ga matsalolin injiniya.

Kwamfuta biomechanics

Ƙididdigar biomechanics ita ce aikace-aikacen kayan aikin lissafin injiniya, kamar hanyar Ƙarfi mai iyaka don nazarin makanikai na tsarin halitta. Ana amfani da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga da simintin gyare-gyare don tsinkayar dangantaka tsakanin sigogi waɗanda ke da wuyar gwada gwaji, ko amfani da su don tsara ƙarin gwaje-gwajen da suka dace suna rage lokaci da farashin gwaje-gwaje. An yi amfani da ƙirar injina ta amfani da bincike mai ƙayyadaddun abubuwan keɓancewa ke fayyace abin da aka gani na gwaji na haɓakar ƙwayoyin shuka don fahimtar yadda suke bambanta, alal misali. ^[6] A cikin likitanci, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Hanyar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari ya zama madadin tantancewar tiyata a cikin vivo . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodin ilimin halittu na lissafin lissafi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ikonsa na tantance martanin endo-anatomical na jikin mutum, ba tare da bin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a ba. ^[7] Wannan ya haifar da ƙirar FE (ko wasu fasahohin ɓarna) har ta kai ga zama a ko'ina a fagage da yawa na Biomechanics yayin da ayyuka da yawa har ma sun karɓi falsafar tushen tushen (misali, BioSpine) ^[8] da SOniCS, da SOFA, FEniCS. Tsarin tsarin da FEBio.

Ƙididdigar biomechanics wani abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin simintin tiyata, wanda ake amfani dashi don tsarawa, taimako, da horo. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdigewa (discretization) don ƙididdigewa, da sauri-wuri, martanin tsarin ga yanayin iyaka kamar ƙarfi, zafi da canja wurin taro, da kuzarin lantarki da na maganadisu.

Ci gaba da biomechanics

^[9]^:568An rarraba kayan halitta zuwa rukuni biyu: nama mai wuya da taushi. Nakasar injina na kyallen takarda (kamar itace, harsashi da kashi) ana iya yin nazari tare da ka'idar elasticity na layi. A gefe guda kuma, kyallen takarda masu laushi (kamar fata, tendon, tsoka, da guringuntsi) yawanci suna fuskantar manyan nakasassu, don haka, binciken su ya dogara da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ka'idoji da kwamfyutocin kwamfuta. Sha'awar ci gaba da biomechanics yana haifar da buƙatar haƙiƙanin haɓakar simintin likitanci.[11]:568

Neuromechanics

Neuromechanics yana amfani da tsarin biomechanical don ƙarin fahimtar yadda kwakwalwa da tsarin jijiya ke hulɗa don sarrafa jiki. A lokacin ayyukan motsa jiki, ƙungiyoyin motar suna kunna saitin tsokoki don yin takamaiman motsi, wanda za'a iya canzawa ta hanyar daidaitawar motsi da koyo. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an kunna gwaje-gwajen neuromechanical ta hanyar haɗa kayan aikin kama motsi tare da rikodin jijiya.

Shuka biomechanics

Aiwatar da ka'idodin biomechanical ga shuke-shuke, gabobin shuka da sel sun bunƙasa a cikin ƙaramin filin biomechanics. Aikace-aikace na biomechanics don tsire-tsire ya bambanta daga nazarin juriya na amfanin gona zuwa matsalolin muhalli ^[10] don haɓakawa da morphogenesis a sikelin tantanin halitta da nama, haɗuwa tare da injiniyoyi . ^[6]

Wasanni biomechanics

A cikin kayan aikin motsa jiki, ana amfani da dokokin injiniyoyi akan motsin ɗan adam don samun ƙarin fahimtar wasan motsa jiki da rage raunin wasanni shima. Yana mai da hankali kan aikace-aikacen ka'idodin kimiyya na ilimin kimiyyar injiniya don fahimtar motsin aikin jikin ɗan adam da kayan aikin wasanni kamar cricket bat, sandar hockey da javelin da sauransu. Abubuwan injiniyan injiniyan injiniya (misali, ma'auni ), injiniyan lantarki (misali. tacewa dijital ), kimiyyar kwamfuta (misali, hanyoyin lambobi ), nazarin gait (misali, dandamali na karfi ), da kuma neurophysiology na asibiti (misali, EMG surface ) hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kayan aikin motsa jiki.

Biomechanics a wasanni ana iya bayyana shi azaman tsokar jiki, haɗin gwiwa, da ayyukan kwarangwal yayin aiwatar da aikin da aka bayar, fasaha, ko fasaha. Fahimtar nazarin halittu da ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewar wasanni yana da babban tasiri akan wasan motsa jiki, gyarawa da rigakafin rauni, da ƙwarewar wasanni. Kamar yadda Dokta Michael Yessis ya lura, mutum zai iya cewa mafi kyawun ɗan wasa shine wanda ke aiwatar da ƙwarewarsa mafi kyau.

Jijiyoyin halitta biomechanics

Babban batutuwa na kwayoyin halittu na jijiyoyin jini shine bayanin halayen injiniya na kyallen takarda.

Sanannen abu ne cewa cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sune kan gaba wajen mutuwa a duniya. ^[11] Tsarin jijiyoyin jini a cikin jikin mutum shine babban bangaren da yakamata ya kula da matsa lamba kuma ya ba da damar kwararar jini da musayar sinadarai. Yin nazarin kaddarorin injina na waɗannan hadaddun kyallen takarda yana inganta yuwuwar fahimtar cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sosai kuma yana haɓaka keɓaɓɓen magani.

Nassoshin jijiyoyin jini ba su da alaƙa tare da ƙaƙƙarfan halayen da ba na layi ba. Gabaɗaya wannan binciken ya ƙunshi haɗaɗɗen lissafin lissafi tare da rikitattun yanayin kaya da kaddarorin kayan aiki. Madaidaicin bayanin waɗannan hanyoyin yana dogara ne akan nazarin ilimin lissafi da hulɗar halittu. Don haka ya zama dole don nazarin injiniyoyin bango da hemodynamics tare da hulɗar su.

Har ila yau, wajibi ne a yi la'akari da cewa bangon jijiyoyin jini tsari ne mai ƙarfi a cikin ci gaba da juyin halitta. Wannan juyin halitta kai tsaye yana bin yanayin sinadarai da injina inda kyallen jikin ke nutsewa kamar Wall Shear Stress ko siginar siginar sinadarai.

Immunomechanics

Filayen da ke fitowa na immunomechanics yana mai da hankali kan siffanta kaddarorin inji na ƙwayoyin rigakafi da aikinsu. Ana iya siffanta injiniyoyin ƙwayoyin rigakafi ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na spectroscopy na ƙarfi irin su acoustic force spectroscopy da tweezers na gani, kuma ana iya yin waɗannan ma'auni a yanayin yanayin jiki (misali zafin jiki). Bugu da ƙari kuma, mutum zai iya nazarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin injiniyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na rigakafi da rigakafi da kuma siginar rigakafi. Kalmar "immunomechanics" wani lokaci ana amfani da ita tare da injiniyoyin rigakafi na ƙwayoyin cuta ko injiniyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta.

Sauran ƙananan filayen da aka yi amfani da su na biomechanics sun haɗa da

Allometry
Matsalolin dabba da nazarin Gait
Biotribology
Makanikai na Biofluid
Biomechanics na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini
Kwatanta biomechanics
Kwamfuta biomechanics
Ergonomy
Forensic Biomechanics
Abubuwan injiniya na ɗan adam da kuma aikin biomechanics
Rauni biomechanics
Dasa (magani), Orthotics da Prosthesis
Kinaesthetics
Kinesiology (kinetics physiology)
Musculoskeletal da orthopedic biomechanics
Gyaran jiki
Taushin jiki mai laushi
Wasanni biomechanics

Tarihi

Aristotle, dalibin Plato, ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin injiniyan halittu na farko saboda aikin da ya yi da ilimin halittar dabbobi. Aristotle ya rubuta littafi na farko akan motsin dabbobi, De Motu Animalium, ko A kan motsi na Dabbobi . Ya ga jikin dabba a matsayin tsarin injina, ya bi tambayoyi irin su bambancin physiological tsakanin tunanin yin wani aiki da ainihin aiki. ^[12] A wani aikin kuma, Akan Sassan Dabbobi, ya ba da cikakken bayanin yadda mai yin fitsari ke amfani da peristalsis don ɗaukar fitsari daga koda zuwa mafitsara . ^[9] ^:2

Tare da haɓakar Daular Romawa, fasaha ya zama mafi shahara fiye da falsafar kuma na gaba bio-makanikanci ya tashi. Galen (129 AD-210 AD), likita ga Marcus Aurelius, ya rubuta sanannen aikinsa, Akan Ayyukan Sassan (game da jikin mutum). Wannan zai zama daidaitaccen littafin likita na duniya na shekaru 1,400 masu zuwa. ^[13]

Renaissance

Babban biomechanic na gaba ba zai kasance a kusa ba har sai 1490s, tare da nazarin ilimin jikin mutum da nazarin halittu na Leonardo da Vinci . Ya sami babban fahimtar kimiyya da kanikanci kuma ya yi karatun ilmin jikin mutum a cikin mahallin kanikanci. Ya binciki sojojin tsoka da motsi kuma yayi nazarin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa. Ana iya ɗaukar waɗannan karatun karatu a fagen biomechanics. Leonardo da Vinci ya yi nazarin ilimin jikin mutum a cikin mahallin makanikai. Ya bincika sojojin tsoka kamar yadda yake aiki tare da layin da ke haɗa asali da shigarwa, kuma yayi nazarin aikin haɗin gwiwa. Da Vinci kuma an san shi da kwaikwayon wasu fasalolin dabba a cikin injinan sa. Misali, ya yi nazarin tafiyar tsuntsaye domin ya samo hanyoyin da mutane za su iya tashi; kuma da yake dawakai su ne tushen ƙarfin injina a wancan lokacin, ya yi nazarin tsarin tsokarsu don kera injinan da za su fi amfana da ƙarfin da wannan dabbar ke amfani da ita.

A cikin 1543, aikin Galen, A kan Ayyukan Sassan ya ƙalubalanci Andreas Vesalius yana da shekaru 29. Vesalius ya buga nasa aikin da ake kira, Akan Tsarin Jikin Dan Adam. A cikin wannan aikin, Vesalius ya gyara kurakurai da yawa da Galen ya yi, waɗanda ba za a yarda da su a duniya ba tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Tare da mutuwar Copernicus ya zo sabon sha'awar fahimta da koyo game da duniya da ke kewaye da mutane da kuma yadda yake aiki. A kan gadon mutuwarsa, ya buga aikinsa mai suna Kan Juyin Juyin Halittu na Sama. Wannan aikin ba wai kawai ya kawo sauyi na kimiyya da kimiyyar lissafi ba, har ma da ci gaban kanikanci da na kanikanci daga baya. ^[13]

Galileo Galilei, uban kanikanci kuma na ɗan lokaci biomechanic an haife shi shekaru 21 bayan mutuwar Copernicus . A cikin shekarunsa na kimiyya, Galileo ya sa aka san abubuwa da yawa na biomechanical. Misali, ya gano hakan "Taron dabbobi suna karuwa daidai da girmansu, kuma dole ne kasusuwansu su kara girma da yawa, suna daidaitawa da ɗaukar nauyi maimakon girman kawai. Ƙarfin lanƙwasawa na tsarin tubular kamar kashi yana ƙaruwa dangane da nauyinsa ta hanyar sanya shi rami. da kuma ƙara diamita na dabbobin ruwa na iya zama mafi girma fiye da dabbobin ƙasa saboda motsin ruwa yana sauke nauyin jikinsu." ^[13]

Galileo Galilei ya kasance mai sha'awar ƙarfin ƙasusuwa kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙasusuwa ba su da fa'ida saboda wannan yana ba da ƙarfi mafi ƙarancin nauyi. Ya lura cewa yawan kasusuwan dabbobi ya karu daidai da girmansu. Sabili da haka, dole ne ƙasusuwa su ƙaru daidai gwargwado a girth maimakon girma kawai. Wannan saboda ƙarfin lanƙwasawa na tsarin tubular (kamar kashi) ya fi dacewa da nauyinsa. Mason yana ba da shawarar cewa wannan fahimta ɗaya ce daga cikin farkon fahimtar ƙa'idodin inganta ilimin halitta .

A cikin karni na 17, Descartes ya ba da shawarar tsarin falsafa wanda duk tsarin rayuwa, ciki har da jikin ɗan adam (amma ba rai ba), inji ne kawai waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin injiniyoyi iri ɗaya, ra'ayin da ya yi yawa don haɓakawa da haɓaka nazarin halittu.

Zamanin masana'antu

Babban makanikin halittu na gaba, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, ya rungumi falsafar injiniyoyi na Descartes kuma ya yi nazarin tafiya, gudu, tsalle, jirgin tsuntsaye, yin iyo na kifi, har ma da aikin piston na zuciya a cikin tsarin injina. Ya iya ƙayyade matsayi na cibiyar ɗan adam na nauyi, ƙididdigewa da aunawa da wahayi da adadin iska mai ƙarewa, kuma ya nuna cewa wahayi yana motsa tsoka da karewa saboda ƙwayar nama.

Borelli shine farkon wanda ya fahimci cewa "masu levers na tsarin musculature suna haɓaka motsi maimakon karfi, ta yadda tsokoki dole ne su samar da karfi da yawa fiye da waɗanda ke adawa da motsi". ^[13] Tasirin aikin Galileo, wanda shi da kansa ya sani, yana da cikakkiyar fahimta game da daidaitattun daidaito a cikin mahaɗin jikin mutum daban-daban tun kafin Newton ya buga dokokin motsi. ^[14] Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar aikinsa a matsayin mafi mahimmanci a tarihin injiniyoyin halittu saboda ya yi sabbin bincike da yawa waɗanda suka buɗe hanya ga tsararraki masu zuwa don ci gaba da aikinsa da karatunsa.

Bayan shekaru da yawa bayan Borelli kafin fannin injiniyan halittu ya yi wani babban tsalle. Bayan wannan lokacin, masana kimiyya da yawa sun ɗauki koyo game da jikin ɗan adam da ayyukansa. Babu wasu sanannun masana kimiyya daga karni na 19 ko 20 a cikin injiniyoyin halittu saboda filin ya yi yawa a yanzu don danganta abu ɗaya ga mutum ɗaya. Duk da haka, filin yana ci gaba da girma a kowace shekara kuma yana ci gaba da samun ci gaba wajen gano ƙarin game da jikin ɗan adam. Saboda filin ya zama sananne sosai, yawancin cibiyoyi da dakunan gwaje-gwaje sun buɗe a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe kuma mutane suna ci gaba da yin bincike. Tare da Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Amirka a cikin 1977, filin ya ci gaba da girma da kuma yin sababbin bincike da yawa. ^[13]

A cikin ƙarni na 19 Étienne-Jules Marey ya yi amfani da silima don yin bincike a kimiyyance . Ya bude fagen nazarin 'motsi' na zamani ta zama na farko da ya daidaita karfin martani na kasa da motsi. A Jamus, ’yan’uwa Ernst Heinrich Weber da Wilhelm Eduard Weber sun yi hasashe da yawa game da tafiyar ɗan adam, amma Kirista Wilhelm Braune ne ya haɓaka ilimin kimiyya ta hanyar amfani da ci gaba na kwanan nan a kan injiniyoyi. A daidai wannan lokacin, injiniyoyin kayan aikin injiniya sun fara bunƙasa a Faransa da Jamus a ƙarƙashin buƙatun juyin juya halin masana'antu . Wannan ya haifar da sake haifuwar kasusuwan halittu a lokacin da injiniyan layin dogo Karl Culmann da masanin ilimin halittar jiki Hermann von Meyer suka kwatanta yanayin damuwa a cikin femur ɗan adam da waɗanda ke cikin siffa mai kama da crane. An yi wahayi zuwa ga wannan binciken Julius Wolff ya ba da shawarar shahararriyar dokar Wolff na gyaran kashi . ^[15]

Aikace-aikace

Nazarin biomechanics ya fito ne daga ayyukan ciki na tantanin halitta zuwa motsi da haɓaka gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓi, zuwa kayan aikin injiniya na nama mai laushi, ^[5] da ƙasusuwa . Wasu misalai masu sauƙi na binciken biomechanics sun haɗa da binciken sojojin da ke aiki akan gaɓoɓi, yanayin iska na tsuntsu da jirgin kwari, yanayin ruwa na yin iyo a cikin kifi, da locomotion gabaɗaya a duk nau'ikan rayuwa, daga sel guda ɗaya zuwa ga dukkan halittu . Tare da haɓaka fahimtar yanayin ilimin lissafin jiki na kyallen takarda masu rai, masu bincike sun sami damar ci gaba da aikin injiniya na nama, da kuma haɓaka ingantattun jiyya don nau'ikan cututtuka da suka haɗa da ciwon daji. ^[16]

Hakanan ana amfani da ilimin halittu don nazarin tsarin musculoskeletal ɗan adam. Irin wannan binciken yana amfani da dandamali mai ƙarfi don nazarin ƙarfin halayen ɗan adam da kuma hoton bidiyo na infrared don ɗaukar yanayin alamomin da ke haɗe jikin ɗan adam don nazarin motsin ɗan adam 3D. Har ila yau, bincike ya shafi electromyography don nazarin kunnawar tsoka, bincikar martanin tsoka ga sojojin waje da damuwa. ^[17]

Ana amfani da kayan aikin biomechanics sosai a masana'antar orthopedic don ƙirƙira ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa don haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam, sassan hakori, gyare-gyare na waje da sauran dalilai na likita. Biotribology wani bangare ne mai matukar muhimmanci. Nazarin ne na aiki da aikin ƙwayoyin halitta da ake amfani da su don ƙwanƙwasa orthopedic. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa don inganta ƙira da kuma samar da kayan aikin rayuwa masu nasara don dalilai na likita da na asibiti. Ɗayan irin wannan misalin shine a cikin kayan aikin nama. ^[5] Emanuel Willert ya tattauna dalla-dalla dalla-dalla game da ɗaukar nauyin haɗin gwiwa da aka ɗauka azaman tasiri.

Hakanan yana da alaƙa da fannin injiniyanci, saboda sau da yawa yana amfani da ilimin injiniya na gargajiya don nazarin tsarin halittu . Wasu aikace-aikace masu sauƙi na injiniyoyi na Newtonian da/ko kimiyyar kayan aiki na iya ba da daidaitattun ƙima ga injiniyoyi na yawancin tsarin halittu . Injiniyoyin da aka yi amfani da su, musamman ƙwararrun injiniyan injiniya kamar su ci gaba da injiniyoyi, bincike na injina, nazarin tsari, kinematics da kuzari suna taka rawar gani a cikin nazarin biomechanics.

Ribosome na'ura ce ta nazarin halittu da ke amfani da kuzarin gina jiki

Yawanci tsarin ilimin halitta sun fi tsarin da mutum ya gina. Don haka ana amfani da hanyoyin lambobi a kusan kowane binciken injiniyan halittu. Ana yin bincike a cikin wani tsari mai jujjuyawa na hasashe da tabbatarwa, gami da matakai da yawa na ƙirar ƙira, kwaikwaiyon kwamfuta da ma'aunin gwaji .

Duba kuma

Biomechatronics
Injiniyan halittu
Cardivasculle tsarin na zuciya
Ilimin Juyin Halitta
Forensic biomechanics
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya na Biomechanics
Jerin rukunin binciken injiniyoyi na biofluid
Makanikai na jima'i na ɗan adam
OpenSim (kayan aikin kwaikwayo)
Jiki Oncology

Manazarta

↑ https://www.britannica.com/science/biomechanics-science
↑ Hatze, Herbert (1974). "The meaning of the term biomechanics". Journal of Biomechanics. 7 (12): 189–190. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(74)90060-8. PMID 4837555.
↑ Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, November 2010, s.vv.
↑ Ostermeyer, Georg-Peter; Popov, Valentin L.; Shilko, Evgeny V.; Vasiljeva, Olga S., eds. (2021). "Multiscale Biomechanics and Tribology of Inorganic and Organic Systems". Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering (in Turanci). doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9. ISBN 978-3-030-60123-2. ISSN 2195-9862.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Whitney, G. A.; Jayaraman, K.; Dennis, J. E.; Mansour, J. M. (2014). "Scaffold-free cartilage subjected to frictional shear stress demonstrates damage by cracking and surface peeling". J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 11 (2): 412–424. doi:10.1002/term.1925. PMC 4641823. PMID 24965503.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Bidhendi, Amir J; Geitmann, Anja (January 2018). "Finite element modeling of shape changes in plant cells". Plant Physiology. 176 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1104/pp.17.01684. PMC 5761827. PMID 29229695.
↑ Tsouknidas, Alexander; Savvakis, Savvas; Asaniotis, Yiannis; Anagnostidis, Kleovoulos; Lontos, Antonios; Michailidis, Nikolaos (November 2013). "The effect of kyphoplasty parameters on the dynamic load transfer within the lumbar spine considering the response of a bio-realistic spine segment". Clinical Biomechanics (in Turanci). 28 (9–10): 949–955. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.09.013.
↑ "Computational Biomechanics – BLOGS". Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Fung 1993
↑ Forell, G. V.; Robertson, D.; Lee, S. Y.; Cook, D. D. (2015). "Preventing lodging in bioenergy crops: a biomechanical analysis of maize stalks suggests a new approach". J Exp Bot. 66 (14): 4367–4371. doi:10.1093/jxb/erv108. PMID 25873674.
↑ "The top 10 causes of death". World Health Organization. WHO.
↑ Martin, R. Bruce (23 October 1999). "A genealogy of biomechanics". Presidential Lecture presented at the 23rd Annual Conference of the American Society of Biomechanics University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 "American Society of Biomechanics » The Original Biomechanists". www.asbweb.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-25.
↑ Humphrey, Jay D. (2003). "Continuum biomechanics of soft biological tissues". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 459 (2029): 3–46. Bibcode:2003RSPSA.459....3H. doi:10.1098/rspa.2002.1060. S2CID 108637580.
↑ R. Bruce Martin (23 October 1999). "A Genealogy of Biomechanics". 23rd Annual Conference of the American Society of Biomechanics. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
↑ Nia, H.T.; et al. (2017). "Solid stress and elastic energy as measures of tumour mechanopathology". Nature Biomedical Engineering (in Turanci). 004: 0004. doi:10.1038/s41551-016-0004. PMC 5621647. PMID 28966873.
↑ Basmajian, J.V, & DeLuca, C.J. (1985) Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed, Fifth edition. Williams & Wilkins.

[1] ttps://www.britannica.com/science/biomechanics-science

[2] Hatze, Herbert (1974). "The meaning of the term biomechanics". Journal of Biomechanics. 7 (12): 189–190. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(74)90060-8. PMID 4837555.

[3] Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, November 2010, s.vv.

[4] Ostermeyer, Georg-Peter; Popov, Valentin L.; Shilko, Evgeny V.; Vasiljeva, Olga S., eds. (2021). "Multiscale Biomechanics and Tribology of Inorganic and Organic Systems". Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering (in Turanci). doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9. ISBN 978-3-030-60123-2. ISSN 2195-9862.

[Whitney,_G._A._2014-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Whitney, G. A.; Jayaraman, K.; Dennis, J. E.; Mansour, J. M. (2014). "Scaffold-free cartilage subjected to frictional shear stress demonstrates damage by cracking and surface peeling". J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 11 (2): 412–424. doi:10.1002/term.1925. PMC 4641823. PMID 24965503.

[Bidhendi2018-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Bidhendi, Amir J; Geitmann, Anja (January 2018). "Finite element modeling of shape changes in plant cells". Plant Physiology. 176 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1104/pp.17.01684. PMC 5761827. PMID 29229695.

[7] Tsouknidas, Alexander; Savvakis, Savvas; Asaniotis, Yiannis; Anagnostidis, Kleovoulos; Lontos, Antonios; Michailidis, Nikolaos (November 2013). "The effect of kyphoplasty parameters on the dynamic load transfer within the lumbar spine considering the response of a bio-realistic spine segment". Clinical Biomechanics (in Turanci). 28 (9–10): 949–955. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.09.013.

[8] "Computational Biomechanics – BLOGS". Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

[Fung-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Fung 1993

[10] Forell, G. V.; Robertson, D.; Lee, S. Y.; Cook, D. D. (2015). "Preventing lodging in bioenergy crops: a biomechanical analysis of maize stalks suggests a new approach". J Exp Bot. 66 (14): 4367–4371. doi:10.1093/jxb/erv108. PMID 25873674.

[11] "The top 10 causes of death". World Health Organization. WHO.

[12] Martin, R. Bruce (23 October 1999). "A genealogy of biomechanics". Presidential Lecture presented at the 23rd Annual Conference of the American Society of Biomechanics University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.

[asbweb.org-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 "American Society of Biomechanics » The Original Biomechanists". www.asbweb.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-25.

[Humphrey-14] Humphrey, Jay D. (2003). "Continuum biomechanics of soft biological tissues". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 459 (2029): 3–46. Bibcode:2003RSPSA.459....3H. doi:10.1098/rspa.2002.1060. S2CID 108637580.

[15] R. Bruce Martin (23 October 1999). "A Genealogy of Biomechanics". 23rd Annual Conference of the American Society of Biomechanics. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010.

[16] Nia, H.T.; et al. (2017). "Solid stress and elastic energy as measures of tumour mechanopathology". Nature Biomedical Engineering (in Turanci). 004: 0004. doi:10.1038/s41551-016-0004. PMC 5621647. PMID 28966873.

[17] Basmajian, J.V, & DeLuca, C.J. (1985) Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed, Fifth edition. Williams & Wilkins.

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