Benedict na Sha Shida
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Benedict: Na sha shida ko Joseph Ratzinger, (An haife shi a ran shashida ga Afrilu a shekara ta 1927, a Marktl, Jamus) fafaroma ne daga 2005 (bayan John Paul na Biyu) zuwa 2013 (kafin Francis). Ya rasu a ranar 31 ga Disamba a shekara ta 2022, a birnin Rum.
ya kasance shugaban Cocin Katolika kuma mai mulkin Jahar Vatican daga 19 Afrilu 2005 har zuwa murabus dinsa a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2013. Zaben Benedict a matsayin Paparoma ya faru ne a taron Paparoma na 2005 wanda ya biyo bayan mutuwar Paparoma John Paul na biyu . Benedict ya zaɓi a san shi da " Paparoma Emeritus " a kan murabus ɗinsa, kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe wannan lakabi har mutuwarsa a cikin Disamba 2022. [1] [2]
An naɗa shi a matsayin frist a 1951 a ƙasarsa ta Bavaria, Ratzinger ya fara aikin ilimi kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin masanin tauhidi mai daraja a ƙarshen 1950s. An nada shi cikakken farfesa a 1958 yana da shekaru 31. Bayan ya yi aiki mai tsawo a matsayin farfesa na ilimin tauhidi a jami'o'in Jamus da dama, an nada shi Archbishop na Munich da Freising kuma Paparoma Paul na VI ya kirkiro wani Cardinal a shekara ta 1977, wani sabon ci gaba da ba a saba gani ba ga wanda ba shi da kwarewar fastoci. A cikin 1981, an nada shi Shugaban Ikilisiya don Koyarwar Bangaskiya, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji na Roman Curia . Daga 2002 har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe shi Paparoma, ya kasance shugaban Kwalejin Cardinals . Kafin ya zama Paparoma, ya kasance "babban jigo a dandalin Vatican na kwata na karni"; yana da tasiri "na biyu zuwa ba ko ɗaya idan aka zo batun kafa al'amuran coci da jagorori" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin amintattun John Paul II . [3] Rubuce-rubucen Benedict sun yi yawa kuma gabaɗaya sun kare koyarwar Katolika na gargajiya, dabi'u, da liturgy. [4] Asalinsa malamin tauhidi ne mai sassaucin ra'ayi amma ya ɗauki ra'ayin mazan jiya bayan 1968. [5] A lokacin sarautarsa, Benedict ya ba da shawarar komawa ga muhimman dabi'u na Kirista don magance karuwar rashin zaman lafiya na yawancin kasashen yammacin Turai . Ya duba ma'anar tsarin ilimin halayyar gaskiya, kuma musun gaskiyar gaskiyar abin ɗabi'a musamman, a matsayin karni na tsakiya na karni na 21. Benedict kuma ya farfado da hadisai da yawa, gami da Mass Tridentine
Rayuwa ta farko: 1927-1951
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger ( German: [ˈjoːzɛf ʔaˈlɔʏzi̯ʊs ˈʁatsɪŋɐ] ) an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, Asabar Mai Tsarki, 1927 a Schulstraße 11 da ƙarfe 8:30 na safe a gidan iyayensa da ke Marktl, Bavaria, Jamus. Ya yi baftisma a wannan rana. Shi ne ɗa na uku kuma ƙarami na Joseph Ratzinger Sr., ɗan sanda, da Maria Ratzinger ( née Peintner ); Kakansa shi ne firist-dan siyasar Jamus Georg Ratzinger . Iyalin mahaifiyarsa sun fito ne daga Kudancin Tyrol (yanzu a Italiya). [6] Babban ɗan'uwan Benedict, Georg, ya zama limamin Katolika kuma shi ne tsohon darektan ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Regensburger Domspatzen . [7] 'Yar'uwarsa, Maria, wadda ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, ta kula da gidan ɗan'uwanta Yusufu har sai ta mutu a 1991. [8]
A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyar, Ratzinger ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyar yara waɗanda suka yi maraba da ziyarar Cardinal Archbishop na Munich, Michael von Faulhaber, tare da furanni. An buge shi da rigar musamman na Cardinal, sai ya sanar a ranar cewa yana son zama Cardinal. Ya halarci makarantar firamare a Aschau am Inn, wanda aka canza masa suna a cikin 2009. [9] A cikin 1939, yana da shekaru 12, ya shiga cikin ƙaramin makarantar hauza a Traunstein . [10] Wannan lokacin ya kasance har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe makarantar hauza don aikin soja a 1942, kuma an mayar da daliban gida. Ratzinger ya koma Traunstein. [11]
Lokacin yaƙi da nadawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Iyalin Ratzinger, musamman mahaifinsa, sun ji haushin Nazis sosai, kuma hamayyar mahaifinsa ga Naziism ya haifar da raguwa da cin zarafi ga iyalin. [12] Bayan haihuwarsa ta 14 a shekara ta 1941, Ratzinger ya shiga cikin Matasa na Hitler —kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci zama memba ga dukan ’ya’yan Jamus maza ’yan shekara 14 bayan Maris 1939 [13] —amma memba ne mara ƙwazo da ya ƙi halartar taro, in ji dan uwansa. [14] A cikin 1941, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Ratzinger, yaro ɗan shekara 14 da Down syndrome, gwamnatin Nazi ta ɗauke shi kuma aka kashe shi a lokacin yaƙin Aktion T4 na Nazi eugenics . [15] A cikin 1943, yayin da yake cikin makarantar hauza, an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da jiragen sama na Jamus a matsayin Luftwaffenhelfer . [14] Daga nan sai Ratzinger ya samu horo a cikin rundunar sojojin Jamus. [16] Yayin da ƙungiyar Allied ta gabatowa kusa da mukaminsa a cikin 1945, ya koma gidan danginsa a Traunstein bayan ƙungiyarsa ta daina wanzuwa, kamar yadda sojojin Amurka suka kafa hedkwatar gidan Ratzinger. [17] A matsayinsa na sojan Jamus, an shigar da shi fursunoni a sansanonin yaƙi na Amurka, na farko a Neu-Ulm, sannan a Fliegerhorst Bad Aibling (nan da nan za a sake mayar da shi azaman tashar Bad Aibling ) inda yake a lokacin Nasara a Ranar Turai, kuma an sake shi. 19 ga Yuni 1945. [18] [19]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Pope Benedict XVI (12 March 2008), Boethius and Cassiodorus, archived from the original on 28 December 2008, retrieved 4 November 2009
- ↑ https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/it/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070418.html
- ↑ saka manazarta
- ↑ Owen, Richard (6 June 2008). "Vatican to publish entire work by bestselling author Pope Benedict XVI". The Times. London. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
- ↑ "Disillusioned German Catholics: From Liberal to Conservative". Der Spiegel. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ↑ "Benedict XVI, General Audience: Saint Teresa of Avila". Vatican.va. Vatican Publishing House. 2 February 2011
- ↑ Pope Benedict XVI 2007, pp. 24–27.
- ↑ "Benedict XVI's last remaining sibling, Georg Ratzinger, has died". America Magazine (in Turanci). 1 July 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ↑ Mrugala, Anette (10 July 2009). ""Papst-Schule" eingeweiht" ["Pope school" opened] (in Jamusanci). Innsalzach24.de. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ↑ Cardinal Ratzinger: the Vatican's enforcer of the faith.
- ↑ Cardinal Ratzinger: the Vatican's enforcer of the faith.
- ↑ Landler, Mark; Bernstein, Richard (22 April 2005). "A Future Pope Is Recalled: A Lover of Cats and Mozart, Dazzled by Church as a Boy". The New York Times.
- ↑ Zweite Durchführungsverordnung zum Gesetz über die Hitler-Jugend (Jugenddienstverordnung) vom 25.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "New Pope Defied Nazis As Teen During WWII". USA Today. Associated Press. 23 April 2005. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ↑ Allen, John (14 October 2005). "Anti-Nazi Prelate Beatified". The Word from Rome. National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/31/pope-benedict-latin-academy
- ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/27/international/worldspecial2/in-6-languages-benedict-xvi-gets-comfortable.html
- ↑ Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "The Tale of the Polyglot Pope". Babbel Magazine. Retrieved 4 September 2022
- ↑ "Pope Benedict XVI: Quick Facts". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.