Your ethers application interacts with the blockchain through a Provider
abstraction. Provider
is a special type of Middleware
that can be composed with others to obtain a layered architecture. This approach promotes "Open Closed Principle", "Single Responsibility" and composable patterns. The building process happens in a wrapping fashion, and starts from a Provider
being the first element in the stack. This process continues having new middlewares being pushed on top of a layered data structure.
For more information, please refer to the book.
Warning
This library is in the process of being deprecated. See #2667 for more information.
Signer
: Signs transactions locally, with a private key or a hardware wallet.Nonce Manager
: Manages nonces locally. Allows to sign multiple consecutive transactions without waiting for them to hit the mempool.Gas Escalator
: Bumps transactions gas price in the background to avoid getting them stuck in the memory pool. AGasEscalatorMiddleware
supports different escalation strategies (see GasEscalator) and bump frequencies (see Frequency).Gas Oracle
: Allows getting your gas price estimates from places other thaneth_gasPrice
, including REST based gas stations (i.e. Etherscan, ETH Gas Station etc.).Transformer
: Allows intercepting and transforming a transaction to be broadcasted via a proxy wallet, e.g.DSProxy
.
Each Middleware
implements the trait MiddlewareBuilder. This trait helps a developer to compose a custom Middleware
stack.
The following example shows how to build a composed Middleware
starting from a Provider
:
# use ethers_providers::{Middleware, Provider, Http};
# use ethers_signers::{LocalWallet, Signer};
# use ethers_middleware::{gas_oracle::GasNow, MiddlewareBuilder};
let key = "fdb33e2105f08abe41a8ee3b758726a31abdd57b7a443f470f23efce853af169";
let signer = key.parse::<LocalWallet>()?;
let address = signer.address();
let gas_oracle = GasNow::new();
let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from("http://localhost:8545")?
.gas_oracle(gas_oracle)
.with_signer(signer)
.nonce_manager(address); // Outermost layer
# Ok::<_, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
The wrap_into function can be used to wrap Middleware
layers explicitly. This is useful when pushing Middleware
s not directly handled by the builder interface.
# use ethers_providers::{Middleware, Provider, Http};
# use std::convert::TryFrom;
# use ethers_signers::{LocalWallet, Signer};
# use ethers_middleware::{*,gas_escalator::*,gas_oracle::*};
let key = "fdb33e2105f08abe41a8ee3b758726a31abdd57b7a443f470f23efce853af169";
let signer = key.parse::<LocalWallet>()?;
let address = signer.address();
let escalator = GeometricGasPrice::new(1.125, 60_u64, None::<u64>);
let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from("http://localhost:8545")?
.wrap_into(|p| GasEscalatorMiddleware::new(p, escalator, Frequency::PerBlock))
.wrap_into(|p| SignerMiddleware::new(p, signer))
.wrap_into(|p| GasOracleMiddleware::new(p, GasNow::new()))
.wrap_into(|p| NonceManagerMiddleware::new(p, address)); // Outermost layer
# Ok::<_, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
A Middleware
stack can be also constructed manually. This is achieved by explicitly wrapping layers.
# use ethers_providers::{Provider, Http};
# use ethers_signers::{LocalWallet, Signer};
# use ethers_middleware::{
# gas_escalator::{GasEscalatorMiddleware, GeometricGasPrice, Frequency},
# gas_oracle::{GasOracleMiddleware, GasCategory, GasNow},
# signer::SignerMiddleware,
# nonce_manager::NonceManagerMiddleware,
# };
// Start the stack
let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from("http://localhost:8545")?;
// Escalate gas prices
let escalator = GeometricGasPrice::new(1.125, 60u64, None::<u64>);
let provider = GasEscalatorMiddleware::new(provider, escalator, Frequency::PerBlock);
// Sign transactions with a private key
let key = "fdb33e2105f08abe41a8ee3b758726a31abdd57b7a443f470f23efce853af169";
let signer = key.parse::<LocalWallet>()?;
let address = signer.address();
let provider = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, signer);
// Use GasNow as the gas oracle
let gas_oracle = GasNow::new();
let provider = GasOracleMiddleware::new(provider, gas_oracle);
// Manage nonces locally
let provider = NonceManagerMiddleware::new(provider, address);
# Ok::<_, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())