ECE 385 Final Project -- Ethernet on MAX10-DE10 Lite FPGA
This is a port of the EtherCard library to run on the Nios II soft processor.
Connect custom shield to FPGA, connect ethernet and keyboard (depending on which test program you're running)
Program FPGA through Quartus like normal.
To run the C code (and all the networking stuff), select the program number you'd like to run via the macro near the top of main.cpp. If the program allows keyboard input and you'd like to use it, set the keyboard macro to 1.
SPI, or serial peripheral interface, uses a bus with four signals (SCLK, MOSI, MISO, and CS/SS) in order to communicate with the processor. The chip controllers connected to the SPI bus are synchronized with the processor. The processor is often referred to as a master device, as it controls the devices on the SPI bus. Likewise, the other devices on the SPI bus are slave devices. SCLK is the clock from the master (processor) in order to synchronize the devices connected via SPI. MOSI is Master out, slave in, which is data sent from the master to the slave. MISO is master in, slave out, which is the data coming from the slave or connected device. SS/CS is the chip select to determine what controller on the SPI bus the master is communicating with.
The Ethernet driver we used was based on an Arduino ENC28J60 library called EtherCard. It provides support for DHCP, DNS lookup, and basic HTTP support. Using example programs, we can do things such as ping websites, host a static webpage on the FPGA, make POST/GET requests to APIs, fetch HTML data from webpages, and more. We were able to successfully port the entire library to the Nios II.
We knew there would need to change all Arduino specific code to code supported by the Nios II. This included print statements (Arduino uses Serial.println() vs printf()), SPI commands (Arduino uses specific register values vs Avalon commands on Nios II), memory access (Arduino has RAM specific commands for memcpy, etc.), and more.
Initially we pasted the minimum necessary files from the original library into Eclipse, going through all syntax errors and fixing them. We also commented out all SPI related functions during this stage. We then went through and converted all SPI related functions to use the alt_avalon_spi_command() function rather than the Arduino method of reading/setting various registers in a while loop.
Once this was done, we wrote a basic main function to see if we were able to read and set certain registers as per how the datasheet for the ENC28J60 chip specified. We noticed that we were able to read/write to most registers correctly, but certain ones had issues. After going through our code and the datasheet multiple times, we noticed our readOp() function was slightly incorrect and was returning the wrong value. Similarly our readBuf() function was running two SPI commands where CS went high (is active low) in between which cancelled the command, returning bad data. Once fixed, we noticed our register reads and writes worked as expected.
We also ran into issues with DHCP. We first tested using a static IP which was set on both our code as well as the router we were connected to since DHCP was not working. Initially we thought our buffer was being incorrectly read from the ENC28J60 chip. But, we deduced that the data being received in the buffer was correct (as we were able to successfully complete other commands such as pinging and fetching data using a static IP), and so something else must be wrong. When tracing through the code, we noticed that the DHCPdata struct used in one of the functions to initialize DHCP was not filling correctly. After adding the packed attribute to this struct, we saw that DHCP initialization was able to complete successfully.
After porting over a few test programs from the original library, we saw them all function as expected and thus conclude that our port works as intended.
The ENC28J60 Class, mostly referred to as Ethernet inside the code, provides an interface with the hardware of the ENC chip. The most notable class variable is the buffer[] array that maintains the current ethernet buffer of the chip. This data buffer is shared by receive and transmit functions of the ENC chip. Due to this limitation, the chip cannot receive and transmit simultaneously.
The most important functions of this class are init(), packetReceive(), and packetSend(). init() initializes all the necessary registers on the ENC chip to ensure proper operation. It does this with the writeReg function as described below. packetReceive(), and packetSend() are, as their names suggest, functions to process incoming and outgoing packets between the Nios II processor and the ENC chip.
Per the documentation, reading/writing registers of the ENC chip is done through sending a command on the SPI bus. The command must contain an operation and an address followed by data to write if applicable. These functions are not part of the ENC28J60 class due to data privacy reasons, and because they are not used outside the enc28j60.cpp file.
The ENC chip has three register banks. In order to perform an operation requiring register access, the ENC chip requires a register bank to be set. This is done with the SetBank() function, which writes the operation to set the bank.
These commands first set the proper register bank based on the address that was passed in, then call either writeOp or readOp, respectively, and return data if applicable.
These commands write to and read from the ENC chip’s Ethernet buffer.
The EtherCard class extends the ENC28J60 class because it provides access to the higher-level components of the TCP/IP Stack while abstracting away the interactions with the registers of the ENC chip. Most of the functionality of this class is implemented inside the tcpip.cpp file.
Most of the functions fill in the buffer of the EtherCard class with various parameters necessary to either send or receive a packet.
The DHCP State machine is used in order to initialize DHCP and for the device to receive a dynamically allocated IP address. It has the following four states:
The initial state of the state machine. Sets our IP to all 0’s, enables broadcast mode and sets the state to DHCP_STATE_SELECTING.
Waits until a message with a DHCP IP offer has been received from the router. Once one has, the offer is then processed, a packet acknowledging this is sent, and the state is changed to DHCP_STATE_REQUESTING. If an offer is not received within 10 seconds, we timeout as some error likely occurred and move back to the DHCP_STATE_INIT state.
Once we receive an acknowledgement via DHCP, broadcasting is disabled, and we set the gateway IP assuming it has not already been set. Our state is also then set to DHCP_STATE_BOUND. If we did not receive an acknowledgement within 10 seconds, we again timeout as some error likely occurred and move back to the DHCP_STATE_INIT state.
The final state in the state machine. Nothing occurs assuming our lease time is not over yet. If it is, we send a DHCP message with our current IP and set our state to DHCP_STATE_RENEWING.
We ported some sample programs from the original Arudino library and created some of our own to ensure that our port worked correctly. All test programs can be found in main.cpp and can be selected using the PROG_NUM macro.
Pings a specified website (we used www.google.com) and prints the delay between sending and receiving back a packet. Utilizes DHCP setup or static setup depending on preference, DNS lookup, and packet receive functions. We also added keyboard code here to print out the currently pressed key to ensure that the USB code worked with the Ethernet driver. When using the keyboard, we noticed our pings go from about 30ms up to 200ms.
Fetches the HTML contents of a given webpage and prints out the first few hundred characters. Again, we used www.google.com and saw a similar output to that you would get by using inspect element in a browser. This test function utilized static setup (though DHCP setup also would’ve worked), DNS lookup, and packet receive and packet loop. It also shows that our buffer does indeed fill up with valid values as obtained through the specified URL.
Hosts a static page displaying uptime of the server. Also shows the last 50 keys pressed on the keyboard plugged into the FPGA. This test program utilizes static setup, HTTP server reply to reply to incoming requests, and keyboard code assuming it is enabled by the macro. The website contents has to be fairly basic due to the limited buffer size on the ENC chip itself. Additionally, due to the speed of everything, many requests to the FPGA slow down load times substantially.
Makes a POST request every 5 seconds with random integer values to a REST API which changes the lights in the apartment we demoed in. It utilizes the DHCP setup function, DNS lookup function, packet loop and packet receive functions, and finally the HTTP post function. This program shows that we are able to communicate with external APIs which may come in handy if our project becomes the starting point for a future group's 385 final project.
Hosts a static page from which user input can be sent back to the FPGA. Initially we tried running both a static page and having another endpoint where data could be sent, but this turned out to be problematic since many of the class variables were shared. Instead, we used a queryable URL with “?DATA=” as the delimiter - for instance given the URL “http://alma.lol:90/?DATA=test”, the user input received would be “test”. This allowed us to have more basic code while still being able to receive user data. We then printed out the received data to the console.
We also had another test program with a similar page where you could enter in three numbers (red, green, and blue) and would then send a POST request from the frontend to a server which would change the lights in the apartment we were demoing in. This page only required the same functionality as the “host uptime website” demo, but with more complicated HTML contents.
We implemented a fairly basic Pong game in SystemVerilog for this test program. Initially, we tested it using a keyboard plugged into the FPGA and ensured that it worked properly. We then created a React site and a NodeJS server on a Raspberry Pi to handle user input and to be able to send commands to the FPGA via the internet. We chose to create the frontend on a Raspberry Pi as opposed to the FPGA since the game would run quite poorly if multiple clients tried connecting to the FPGA and sending data while the game was running. Every time a button was updated on the frontend, the Raspberry Pi would send a packet to the FPGA essentially telling it to move the specified paddle in the direction desired by the player. This was demoed during our final presentation and appeared to work quite well despite the noticeable latency between button press and paddle movement.