Exercism exercises in Go

We welcome issues filed at https://github.com/exercism/go/issues for problems of any size. Feel free to report typographical errors or poor wording. We are most interested in improving the quality of the test suites. You can greatly help us improve the quality of the exercises by filing reports of invalid solutions that pass tests or of valid solutions that fail tests.

Beyond filing issues, if you would like to contribute directly to the Go code in the Exercism Go track, you should follow some standard Go development practices. You should have a recent version of Go installed, ideally either the current release, the previous release, or tip.

You will need a github account and you will need to fork exercism/go to your account. See GitHub Help if you are unfamiliar with the process. Clone your fork with the command: git clone https://github.com/<you>/go. Test your clone by cding to the go directory and typing bin/test-without-stubs. You should see tests pass for all exercises.

Note that unlike most other Go code, it is not necessary to clone this to your GOPATH. This is because this repo only imports from the standard library and isn't expected to be imported by other packages.

Your Go code should be formatted using the gofmt tool. For the other file types in the repository you may want to copy the setup used in the .editorconfig file from the exercism.io repository.

There is a misspelling tool. You can install and occasionally run it to find low hanging typo problems. #570 It's not added into CI since it could give false positives.

Please be familiar with the contributing guide in the docs repository. This describes some great ways to get involved. In particular, please read the Pull Request Guidelines before opening a pull request.

Let's walk through an example, non-existent, exercise, which we'll call fizzbuzz to see what could be included in its implementation.

An exercise is configured via an entry in the exercises array in config.json file. If fizzbuzz is an optional exercise, it would have an entry below the core exercises that might look like:

{
  "slug": "fizzbuzz",
  "uuid": "mumblety-peg-whatever",
  "core": false,
  "unlocked_by": "two-fer",
  "difficulty": 1,
  "topics": [
    "conditionals"
  ]
},

See Exercise Configuration for more info.

For any exercise you may see a number of files present in a directory under exercises/:

~/go/exercises/fizzbuzz
$ tree -a
.
├── cases_test.go
├── example.go
├── fizzbuzz.go
├── fizzbuzz_test.go
├── .meta
│   └── description.md
│   └── gen.go
│   └── hints.md
│   └── metadata.yml
└── README.md

This list of files can vary across exercises. Not all exercises use all of these files. Exercises originate their test data and README text from the Exercism problem-specification repository. This repository collects common information for all exercises across all tracks. However, should track-specific documentation need to be included with the exercise, files in an exercise's .meta/ directory can be used to override or augment the exercise's README.

Let's briefly describe each file:

• cases_test.go - Contains generated test cases, using test data sourced from the problem-specifications repository. Only in some exercises. Automatically generated by .meta/gen.go.

• example.go - An example solution for the exercise used to verify the test suite. Ignored by the exercism fetch command. See also ignored files.

• fizzbuzz.go - A stub file, in some early exercises to give users a starting point.

• fizzbuzz_test.go - The main test file for the exercise.

• .meta/ - Contains files not to be included when a user fetches an exercise: See also ignored files.

• .meta/description.md - Use to generate a track specific description of the exercise in the exercise's README.

• .meta/gen.go - Generates cases_test.go when present. See also generating test cases.

• .meta/hints.md - Use to add track specific information in addition to the generic exercise's problem-specification description in the README.

• .meta/metadata.yml - Track specific exercise metadata, overrides the exercise metadata from the problem-specifications repository.

In some exercises there can be extra files, for instance the series exercise contains extra test files.

When a user fetches an exercise, they do not need to get all the files within an exercise directory. For instance; the example.go files that contain an example solution, or the gen.go files used to generate an exercise's test cases. Therefore there are certain files and directories that are ignored when an exercise is fetched. These are:

• The .meta directory and anything within it.
• Any file that matches the ignore_pattern defined in config.json file. This currently matches any filename that contains the word example, unless it is followed by the word test, with any number of characters inbetween.

example.go is a reference solution. It is a valid solution that Travis, the CI (continuous integration) service, can run tests against. Files with "example" in the file name are skipped by the exercism fetch command. Because of this, there is less need for this code to be a model of style, expression and readability, or to use the best algorithm. Examples can be plain, simple, concise, even naïve, as long as they are correct.

Stub files, such as leap.go, are a starting point for solutions. Not all exercises need to have a stub file, only exercises early in the syllabus. By convention, the stub file for an exercise with slug exercise-slug must be named exercise_slug.go. This is because CI needs to delete stub files to avoid conflicting definitions.

The test file is fetched for the solver and deserves attention for consistency and appearance.

The leap exercise makes use of data-driven tests. Test cases are defined as data, then a test function iterates over the data. In this exercise, as they are generated, the test cases are defined in the cases_test.go file. The test function that iterates over this data is defined in the leap_test.go file.

Identifiers within the test function appear in actual-expected order as described at Useful Test Failures. Here the identifier observed is used instead of actual. That's fine. More common are words got and want. They are clear and short. Note Useful Test Failures is part of Code Review Comments. Really we like most of the advice on that page.

In Go we generally have all tests enabled and do not ask the solver to edit the test program, to enable progressive tests for example. t.Fatalf(), as seen in the leap_test.go file, will stop tests at the first failure encountered, so the solver is not faced with too many failures at once.

Some exercises can contain Example tests that document the exercise API. These examples are run alongside the standard exercise tests and will verify that the exercise API is working as expected. They are not required by all exercises and are not intended to replace the data-driven tests. They are most useful for providing examples of how an exercise's API is used. Have a look at the example tests in the clock exercise to see them in action.

We like errors in Go. It's not idiomatic Go to ignore invalid data or have undefined behavior. Sometimes our Go tests require an error return where other language tracks don't.

In most test files there will also be benchmark tests, as can be seen at the end of the leap_test.go file. In Go, benchmarking is a first-class citizen of the testing package. We throw in benchmarks because they're interesting, and because it is idiomatic in Go to think about performance. There is no critical use for these though. Usually they will just bench the combined time to run over all the test data rather than attempt precise timings on single function calls. They are useful if they let the solver try a change and see a performance effect.

Some problems that are implemented in multiple tracks use the same inputs and outputs to define the test suites. Where the problem-specifications repository contains a canonical-data.json file with these inputs and outputs, we can generate the test cases programmatically.

See the gen.go file in the leap exercise for an example of how this can be done.

Test case generators are named gen.go and are kept in a special .meta directory within each exercise that makes use of a test cases generator. This .meta directory will be ignored when a user fetches an exercise.

Whenever the shared JSON data changes, the test cases will need to be regenerated. The generator will first look for a local copy of the problem-specifications repository. If there isn't one it will attempt to get the relevant json data for the exercise from the problem-specifications repository on GitHub. The generator uses the GitHub API to find some information about exercises when it cannot find a local copy of problem-specifications. This can cause throttling issues if working with a large number of exercise. We therefore recommend using a local copy of the repository when possible (remember to keep it current 😄).

To use a local copy of the problem-specifications repository, make sure that it has been cloned into the same parent-directory as the go repository.

$ tree -L 1 .
.
├── problem-specifications
└── go

To regenerate the test cases, navigate into the go directory and run go run exercises/<exercise>/.meta/gen.go. You should see that the <exercise>/cases_test.go file has changed. Commit the change.

Pull requests are welcome. You forked, cloned, coded and tested and you have something good? Awesome! Use git to add, commit, and push to your repository. Checkout your repository on the web now. You should see your commit and the invitation to submit a pull request!

Click on that big green button. You have a chance to add more explanation to your pull request here, then send it. Looking at the exercism/go repository now instead of your own, you see this.

That inconspicuous orange dot is important! Hover over it (no, not on this image, on a real page) and you can see it's indicating that a Travis CI build is in progress. After a few minutes (usually) that dot will turn green indicating that tests passed. If there's a problem, it comes up red:

This means you've still got work to do. Click on "details" to go to the Travis site and look over the build log for clues. Usually error messages will be helpful and you can correct the problem.

Directions are unlimited. This code is fresh and evolving. Explore the existing code and you will see some new directions being tried. Your fresh ideas and contributions are welcome. ✨

The Go logo was designed by Renée French, and has been released under the Creative Commons 3.0 Attributions license.