This document describes the syntax of the scriban language in a templating context (within {{ and }}).

The language rules are the same in a pure scripting context.

NOTE: This document does not describe the liquid language. Check the liquid website directly.

• Table of Contents
• 1. Blocks
  • 1.1 Code block
  • 1.2 Text block
  • 1.3 Escape block
  • 1.4 Whitespace control
  • 1.5 Auto indentation
• 2 Comments
• 3 Literals
  • 3.1 Strings
  • 3.2 Numbers
  • 3.3 Boolean
  • 3.4 null
• 4 Variables
  • 4.1 The special variable this
  • 4.2 The special variable empty
• 5 Objects
  • 5.1 The special property empty?
• 6 Arrays
  • 6.1 Array with properties
  • 6.2 The special size property
• 7 Functions
  • 7.1 Simple functions
  • 7.2 Anonymous functions
  • 7.3 Parametric functions
  • 7.4 Inline functions
  • 7.5 Function Pointers
• 8 Expressions
  • 8.1 Variable path expressions
  • 8.2 Assign expression
  • 8.3 Nested expression
  • 8.4 Arithmetic expressions
    • On numbers
    • On strings
  • 8.5 Conditional expressions
  • 8.6 Unary expressions
  • 8.7 Range expressions
  • 8.8 The null-coalescing operators ??, ?!
  • 8.9 Function call expression
    • Named arguments
• 9 Statements
  • 9.1 Single expression
  • 9.2 Compound Assignment
  • 9.3 if <expression>, else, else if <expression>
    • Truthy and Falsy
  • 9.4 case and when
  • 9.5 Loops
    • for <variable> in <expression> ... end
      • The offset parameter
      • The limit parameter
      • The reversed parameter
    • while <expression> ... end
    • tablerow <variable> in <expression> ... end
      • The cols parameter
    • Special loop variables
    • break and continue
  • 9.6 capture <variable> ... end
  • 9.7 readonly <variable>
  • 9.8 import <variable_path>
  • 9.9 with <variable> ... end
  • 9.10 wrap <function> <arg1...argn> ... end
  • 9.11 include <name> arg1?...argn?
  • 9.12 ret <expression>?

🔝

There are 3 types of block of text in a template:

• Code block: contains scriban template statements
• Text block: a plain block to output as is
• Escape block: a text block that can escape code blocks

🔝

A text enclosed by {{ and }} is a scriban code block that will be evaluated by the scriban templating engine.

A scriban code block may contain:

• a single line expression statement: {{ name }}
• or a multiline statements:

  {{
    if !name
      name = "default"
    end
    name
  }}
  

• or statements separated by a semi-colon ; to allow compact forms in some use cases:

  {{if !name; name = "default"; end; name }}
  

Inside a code block, except for the EOL after each statement, white spaces characters are not affecting the parsing. There is only one case where whitespace is used to disambiguate between an array indexer and an array initializer.

Also, if a statement is an expression (but not an assignment expression), the result of the expression will be output to the rendering output of the template:

input

{{
  x = "5"   # This assignment will not output anything
  x         # This expression will print 5
  x   1     # This expression will print 6
}}

output

56

Note that in the previous example, there is no EOL between 5 and 6 because we are inside a code block. You can still use a plain string with an EOL inside a code block "\n" or you could use mixed code and text blocks:

input

{{ x = "5" }}
{{ x }}
{{ x   1 }}

output

5
6

🔝

Otherwise, any text is considered as a text block and simply output as is

Hello this is {{ name }}, welcome to scriban!
______________          _____________________
^ text block            ^ text block

🔝

Any code and text block can be escaped to produce a text block by enclosing it with {%{ and }%}

For example the following escape:

input: {%{Hello this is {{ name }}}%}
output: Hello this is {{ name }}

Any escape block can be also escaped by increasing the number of % in the starting and ending block:

input: {%%{This is an escaped block: }%} here}%%} output: This is an escaped block: }%} here

This allow effectively to nest escape blocks and still be able to escape them.

Hence a starting escape block {%%%%{ will required an ending }%%%%}

🔝

By default, any whitespace (including new lines) before or after a code/escape block are copied as-is to the output.

Scriban provides two modes for controlling whitespace:

• The greedy mode using the character - (e.g {{- or -}}), removes any whitespace, including newlines Examples with the variable name = "foo":

  • Strip whitespace on the left:

    input

    This is a <       
    {{- name}}> text
    

    output

    This is a <foo> text

  • Strip on the right:

    input

    This is a <{{ name -}} 
    > text:       
    

    output

    This is a <foo> text

  • Strip on both left and right:

    input

    This is a <
    {{- name -}} 
    > text:       
    

    output

    This is a <foo> text

• The non greedy mode using the character ~

  • Using a {{~ will remove any whitespace before but will stop on the first newline without including it
  • Using a ~}} will remove any whitespace after including the first newline but will stop after

  This mode is very convenient when you want to use only a scriban statement on a line, but want that line to be completely removed from the output, but to keep spaces before and after this line intact.

  In the following example, we want to remove entirely the lines {{~ for product in products ~}} and {{~ end ~}}, but we want for example to keep the indentation of the opening <li>.

  Using the greedy mode {{- or -}} would have removed all whitespace and lines and would have put the results on a single line.

  input

  <ul>
      {{~ for product in products ~}}
      <li>{{ product.name }}</li>
      {{~ end ~}}
  </ul>
  

  output

  <ul>
      <li>Orange</li>
      <li>Banana</li>
      <li>Apple</li>
  </ul>
  

Both mode ~ and '-' can also be used with escape blocks {%%{~ or ~}%%} or {%%{- or -}%%}

🔝

By default, when a code enter is without a left strip (e.g {{- or {{~) and is preceded by only whitespace on the same line, the content of the block will be indented accordingly to the number of whitespace before the code enter.

input

{{ a_multi_line_value = "test1\ntest2\ntest3\n" ~}}
   {{ a_multi_line_value }}Hello

Notice the 3 whitespace characters before the expression {{ a_multi_line_value }}.

output

   test1
   test2
   test3
Hello   

The output is auto-indented. This feature can be turned off on by setting TemplateContext.AutoIndent = false.

Note that if the previous line contains a greedy right strip -}}, the indent will be skipped on the next code enter of the next line.

input

{{ a_multi_line_value = "test1\ntest2\ntest3\n" -}}
   {{ a_multi_line_value }}Hello

output

test1
test2
test3
Hello   

🔝

Within a code block, scriban supports single line comments # and multi-line comments ##:

{{ name # this is a single line comment }}

input

{{ ## This 
is a multi
line
comment ## }}

output

As you can notice, both single line and multi-line comments can be closed by the presence of a code block exit tag }}

🔝

Scriban supports two types of strings:

• regular strings enclosed by double quotes "..." or simple quotes '...'. Regular strings supports multiline and will interpret the following escape sequences:

  • \' single quote
  • \" double quote
  • \\ backslash
  • \n new line
  • \r carriage return
  • \t tab
  • \b backspace
  • \f form feed
  • \uxxxx where xxxx is a unicode hexa code number 0000 to ffff
  • \x00-\xFF a hexadecimal ranging from 0x00 to 0xFF

• verbatim strings enclosed by backstick quotes `...`. They are, for example, useful to use with for regex patterns :

  input

  {{ "this is a text" | regex.split `\s ` }}
  

  output

  [this, is, a, text]

🔝

A number in scriban {{ 100 }} is similar to a javascript number:

• Integers: 100, 1e3
  • Hexadecimal integers: 0x1ef and unsigned 0x80000000u
• Floats: 100.0, 1.0e3, 1.0e-3
  • 32-bit floats: 100.0f
  • 64-bit floats: 100.0d
  • 128-bit decimals: 100.0m

🔝

The boolean value {{ true }} or {{ false }}

input

{{ true }}
{{ false }}

output

true
false

🔝

The null value {{ null }}

When resolving to a string output, the null value will output an empty string:

input

{{ null }}

output

🔝

Scriban supports the concept of global and local variables

A global/property variable like {{ name }} is a liquid like handle, starting by a letter or underscore _ and following by a letter A-Z a-z, a digit 0-9, an underscore _

The following text are valid variable names:

• var
• var9
• _var

NOTE: In liquid, the character - is allowed in a variable name, but when translating it to a scriban, you will have to enclose it into a quoted string

A local variable like {{ $name }} is an identifier starting with $. A local variable is only accessible within the same include page or function body.

The special local variable $ alone is an array containing the arguments passed to the current function or include page.

The special local variables $0 $1 ... $n is a shorthand of $[0], $[1] ... $[n]. e.g Using $0 returns the first argument of the current function or including page.

The this variable gives you access to the current object bound where you have access to all local variables for the current scope.

Thus the following variable access are equivalent:

input

{{
a = 5
a    # output 5
this.a = 6
a    # output 6
this["a"] = 7
a    # output 7
}}

output

567

In the case of the with statement, the this operator refers to the object passed to with:

input

{{
a = {x: 1, y: 2}
with a
    b = this
end
b.x
}}

output

1

🔝

The empty variable represents simply an empty object. It is mainly relevant to be compatible with liquid, by providing a way to compare an object with the empty object to check if it is empty or not:

input

{{
a = {}
b = [1, 2]~}}
{{a == empty}}
{{b == empty}}

output

true
false

🔝

Scriban supports javascript like objects {...}

An object can be initialized empty :

{{ myobject = {} }}

An object can be initialized with some members:

{{ myobject = { member1: "yes", member2: "no" } }}

or use a json syntax:

{{ myobject = { "member1": "yes", "member2": "no" } }}

An object can be initialized with some members over multiple lines:

{{
  myobject = { 
      member1: "yes", 
      member2: "no" 
  } 
}}

Members of an object can be accessed:

{{ myobject.member1 }} also equivalent to {{ myobject["member1"] }}

You can access optional members in chain via the optional member operator ?. (instead of the regular member operator: . ) (New in 3.0)

{{ myobject.member1?.submember1?.submember2 ?? "nothing" }} will return "nothing" as member1 doesn't contain a submember1/submember2.

If the object is a "pure" scriban objects (created with a {...} or instantiated by the runtime as a ScriptObject), you can also add members to it with a simple assignment:

input

{{
  myobject = {} 
  myobject.member3 = "may be" 
  myobject.member3
}}

output

may be

NOTICE

By default, Properties and methods of .NET objects are automatically exposed with lowercase and _ names. It means that a property like MyMethodIsNice will be exposed as my_method_is_nice. This is the default convention, originally to match the behavior of liquid templates. If you want to change this behavior, you need to use a MemberRenamer delegate

Any object can respond the the property .empty? to check if it is empty or not:

input

{{
a = {}
b = [1, 2]~}}
{{a.empty?}}
{{b.empty?}}

output

true
false

🔝

An array can be initialized empty :

{{ myarray = [] }}

An array can be initialized with some items:

{{ myarray = [1, 2, 3, 4] }}

An array can be initialized with some items over multiple lines:

{{
  myarray = [ 
    1,
    2,
    3,
    4,
  ] 
}}

Items of an array can be zero-based indexed:

{{ myarray[0] }}

If the array is a "pure" scriban array (created with a [...] or instantiated by the runtime as a ScriptArray), you can also add items to it with a simple assignment that will expand automatically the array depending on the index:

{{
  myarray = [] 
  myarray[0] = 1 
  myarray[1] = 2 
  myarray[2] = 3 
  myarray[3] = 4 
}}

You can also manipulate arrays with the array builtin object.

Important notice

While whitespace characters are mostly not relevant while parsing in scriban, there is a case where a whitespace helps to disambiguate between an array indexer and an array initializer.

For instance, if a whitespace is found before a [ and the previous expression was a variable path expressions (see later), the following expression [...] will be considered as an array initializer instead of an array indexer:

{{
myfunction [1]  # There is a whitespace after myfunction. 
                # It will result in a call to myfunction passing an array as an argument

myvariable[1]   # Without a whitespace, this is accessing 
                # an element in the array provided by myvariable
}}    

An array can also contains attached properties:

input

{{
a = [5, 6, 7]
a.x = "yes"
a.x   a[0]
}}

output

yes5

🔝

Arrays have a size property that can be used to query the number of elements in the array:

input

{{
a = [1, 2, 3]
a.size
}}

output

3

🔝

Scriban allows to define 4 kind of functions:

• Simple functions
• Anonymous functions
• Parametric functions (New in 3.0)
• Inline functions (New in 3.0)

The following declares a function sub that uses its first argument and subtract from it the second argument:

{{func sub
   ret $0 - $1
end}}

All argument are passed to the special variable $ that will contain the list of direct arguments and named arguments:

• $0 or $[0] will access the first argument
• $1 or $[1] will access the second argument
• $[-1] will access the last argument
• $.named will access the named argument named

This function can then be used:

input

{{sub 5 1}}
{{5 | sub 1}}

output

4
4

As you can notice from the example above, when using the pipe, the result of the pipe is pushed as the first argument of the pipe receiver.

Note that a function can have mixed text statements as well:

{{func inc}}
   This is a text with the following argument {{ $0   1 }}
{{end}}

NOTE: Setting a non-local variable (e.g a = 10) in a simple function will be set at the global level and not at the function level.

Parametric functions are solving this behavior by introducing a new variable scope inside the function that includes parameters.

Anonymous functions are like simple functions but can be used in expressions (e.g as the last argument of function call)

input

{{ sub = do; ret $0 - $1; end; 1 | sub 3 }}

output

-2

They are very convenient to build custom block functions:

input

{{ func launch; ret $0 1 2; end
launch do 
    ret $0   $1
end
}}

output

3

They are similar to simple functions but they are declared with parenthesis, while also supporting declaration of different kind of parameters (normal, optional, variable).

Another difference with simple functions is that they require function calls and arguments to match the expected function parameters.

• A function with normal parameters:

{{func sub(x,y)
   ret x - y
end}}

input

{{sub 5 1}}
{{5 | sub 1}}

output

4
4

• A function with normal parameters and optional parameters with default values:

{{func sub_opt(x, y, z = 1, w = 2)
   ret x - y - z - w
end}}

input

{{sub_opt 5 1}}
{{5 | sub_opt 1}}

output

1
1

Here we override the value of z and set it to 0 instead of default 1:

input

{{sub_opt 5 1 0 }}
{{5 | sub_opt 1 0}}

output

2
2

• A function with normal parameters and optional parameters with default values:

{{func sub_variable(x, y...)
   ret x - (y[0] ?? 0) - (y[1] ?? 0)
end}}

input

{{sub_variable 5 1 -1}
{{5 | sub_variable 1 -1}}

output

5
5

NOTE: The special variable $ is still accessible in parametric functions and represent the direct list of arguments. In the example above, $ = [5, [1, -1]]

For simple functions, it is convenient to define simple functions like mathematical functions:

{{ sub(x,y) = x - y }}

Inline functions are similar to parametric functions but they only support normal parameters. They don't support optional or variable parameters.

Because functions are object, they can be stored into a property of an object by using the alias @ operator:

{{
myobject.myinc = @inc  # Use the @ alias operator to allow to 
                       # use a function without evaluating it
x = 1 | myobject.myinc # x = x   1
}}

The function aliasing operator @ allows to pass a function as a parameter to another function, enabling powerful function compositions.

🔝

Scriban supports conventional unary and binary expressions.

🔝

A variable path expression contains the path to a variable:

• A simple variable access: {{ name }} e.g resolve to the top level variable name
• An array access: {{ myarray[1] }} e.g resolve to the top level variable myarray and an indexer to the array
• A member access: {{ myobject.member1.myarray[2] }} e.g resolve to the top level variable myobject, then the property member1 this object, the property myarray and an indexer to the array returned by myarray

Note that a variable path can either point to a simple variable or can result into calling a parameter less function.

🔝

A value can be assigned to a top level variable or to the member of an object/array:

• {{ name = "foo" }} e.g Assign the string "foo" the variable name

• {{ myobject.member1.myarray[0] = "foo" }}

An assign expression must be a top level expression statement and cannot be used within a sub-expression.

🔝

An expression enclosed by ( and )

{{ name = ('foo' 'bar') }}

🔝

The following binary operators are supported for numbers:

If left or right is a float and the other is an integer, the result of the operation will be a float.

🔝

The following binary operators are supported for strings:

As long as there is a string in a binary operation, the other part will be automatically converted to a string.

The following literals are converted to plain strings:

• null -> "". e.g: "aaaa" null -> "aaaa"
• 0 -> "0"
• 1.0 -> "1.0"
• true -> "true"
• false -> "false"

🔝

A boolean expression produces a boolean by comparing a left and right value.

They work with both numbers, strings and datetimes.

You can combine conditional expressions with && (and operator) and || (or operator). Unlike in javascript it always returns boolean and never <left> or <right>.

The conditional expression cond ? left : right allow to return left if cond is true otherwise right. (New in 3.0)

🔝

Note: For the increment an decrement operators, the operand must be a variable, property or indexer

🔝

They are special binary expressions that provides an iterator (used usually with the for statement)

The evaluated left and right expressions must resolve to an integer at runtime.

The operator left ?? right can be used to return the right value if left is null.

The operator left ?! right can be used to return the right value if left is not null.

🔝

A function can be called by passing parameters separated by a whitespace:

{{ myfunction arg1 "arg2" (1 5) }}

The pipe operator | can also be used to pipe the result of an expression to a function:

{{ date.parse '2016/01/05' | date.to_string '%g' }} will output 06 Jan 2016

Notice that when a function receives the result of a pipe call (e.g date.to_string in the example above), it is passed as the first argument of the call. This is valid for both .NET custom functions as well as for Scriban integrated functions.

Pipes are greedy with respect to whitespace. This allow them to be chained across multiple lines:

{{-
"text"                        |
      string.append "END"     |
      string.prepend "START"
-}}

will output STARTtextEND

When passing multiple arguments to an existing .NET function, you may want to use named arguments.

Suppose you have declared a .NET function like this:

public static string MyProcessor(string left, string right, int count, string options = null)
{
    // ...
}

You can call this function from scriban with the following syntax:

{{ my_processor "Hello" "World" count: 15 options: "optimized" }}

with a pipe we could rewrite this to:

{{ "Hello" | my_processor "World" count: 15 options: "optimized" }}

Note that once arguments are named, the following arguments must be all named.

In a custom function declared with func named arguments are accessible through the variable arguments variable $, but as properties (and not as part of the default array arguments):

input

{{
    func my_processor
        "Argument count:"   $.count
        "Argument options:"   $["options"]
        for $x in $
            "arg["   $x   "]: "   $x
        end
    end

    my_processor "Hello" "World" count: 15 options: "optimized"
}}

output

Argument count: 15
Argument options: optimized
arg[0]: Hello
arg[1]: World

🔝

Each statement must be terminated by a code block }} or an EOL within a code block, or a semicolon to separate multiple statements on a single line within a code block.

🔝

An expression statement:

{{ value 1 }} e.g Evaluates value 1 and output the result

{{
value   1       # This is a single line expression statement followed by this comment
}}

🔝

The following compound assignment operators are supported for numbers:

If left or right is a float and the other is an integer, the result of the operation will be a float.

Note: The left-hand side of the assignment statement must be a variable, property or indexer

🔝

The general syntax is:

{{
if <expression>
  ...
else if <expression>
  ...
else 
  ...
end
}}

An if statement must be closed by an end or followed by a else or else if statement. An else or else if statement must be followed by a else, else if or closed by an end statement.

An expression evaluated for a if or else if will be converted to a boolean.

By default, only the null and boolean false are considered as false when evaluated as booleans.

The following values are used for converting literals to boolean:

• 0 -> true
• 1 -> true or any non zero value
• null -> false
• false -> false
• non_null_object -> true
• "" -> true An empty string returns true
• "foo" -> true

Example testing a page object:

{{ if page }}Page is not null{{ else }}Page is null!{{ end }}

🔝

This is the equivalent of switch statement in C#, a selection statement that chooses a single switch section to execute from a list of candidates based on a value matching.

• case <expression> opens a switch with an expression
• when <match> allows to match with the specified expression and the case expression
  • when can also be used with multiple values separated by , or ||
• A final else can be used to as a default handler in case nothing matched.

input

{{
    x = 5
    case x
      when 1, 2, 3
          "Value is 1 or 2 or 3"
      when 5
          "Value is 5"
      else
          "Value is "   x
    end
}}

output

Value is 5

🔝

{{for <variable> in <expression>}} 
  ... 
{{end}}

The expression can be an array or a range iterator:

• Loop on an array: {{ for page in pages }}This is the page {{ page.title }}{{ end }}

• Loop on a range: {{ for x in 1..n }}This is the loop step [{{x}}]{{ end }}

The for loop (along with the tablerow statement below) supports additional parameters, offset, limit and reversed that can also be used togethers:

Allows to start the iteration of the loop at the specified zero-based index:

input

{{~ for $i in 4..9 offset:2 ~}}
 {{ $i }}
{{~ end ~}}

output

6
7
8
9

Allows to limit the iteration of the loop for the specified count

input

{{~ for $i in 4..9 limit:2 ~}}
 {{ $i }}
{{~ end ~}}

output

4
5

Allows to reverse the iteration on the elements

input

{{~ for $i in 1..3 reversed ~}}
 {{ $i }}
{{~ end ~}}

output

3
2
1

🔝

{{while <expression>}}
  ...
{{end}}

Like the if statement, the expression is evaluated to a boolean.

This function generates HTML rows compatible with an HTML table. Must be wrapped in an opening <table> and closing </table> HTML tags.

This statement is mainly for compatibility reason with the liquid tablerow tag. It has overall the same syntax as a for statement (supporting the same parameters).

{{tablerow <variable> in <expression>}} 
  ... 
{{end}}

input

<table>
  {{~ tablerow $p in products | array.sort "title" -}}
    {{ $p.title -}}
  {{ end ~}}
</table>

output

<table>
<tr class="row1"><td class="col1">Apple</td></tr>
<tr class="row2"><td class="col1">Banana</td></tr>
<tr class="row3"><td class="col1">Computer</td></tr>
<tr class="row4"><td class="col1">Mobile Phone</td></tr>
<tr class="row5"><td class="col1">Orange</td></tr>
<tr class="row6"><td class="col1">Sofa</td></tr>
<tr class="row7"><td class="col1">Table</td></tr>
</table>

Defines the number of columns to output:

input

<table>
  {{~ tablerow $p in (products | array.sort "title") limit: 4 cols: 2 -}}
    {{ $p.title -}}
  {{ end ~}}
</table>

output

<table>
<tr class="row1"><td class="col1">Apple</td><td class="col2">Banana</td></tr>
<tr class="row2"><td class="col1">Computer</td><td class="col2">Mobile Phone</td></tr>
</table>

🔝

The following variables are accessible within a for block:

Within a while statement, the following variables can be used:

🔝

The break statement allows to early exit a loop

{{ for i in 1..5
  if i > 2
    break
  end
end }}

The continue statement allows to skip the rest of a loop and continue on the next step

{{ for i in 1..5
  if i == 2
    continue
  end
}}
[{{i}}]] step 
{{ end }}

Will output:

[1] step
[3] step
[4] step
[5] step

🔝

The capture <variable> ... end statement allows to capture the template output to a variable:

For example the following code:

{{ capture myvariable }}
This is the result of a capture {{ date.now }} 
{{ end }}

will set myvariable = "This is the result of a capture 06 Jan 2016\n"

🔝

The readonly statement prevents a variable for subsequent assignments:

{{ x = 1 }}
{{ readonly x }}
{{ x = 2 }} <- this will result in a runtime error 

🔝

The import <variable_path> statement allows to import the members of an object as variables of the current bound:

{{ 
  myobject = { member1: "yes" }
  import myobject
  member1  # will print the "yes" string to the output
}}

Note that readonly variables won't be override.

🔝

The with <variable> ... end statement will open a new object context with the passed variable, all assignment will result in setting the members of the passed object.

myobject = {}
with myobject
  member1 = "yes"
end

🔝

Pass a block of statements to a function that will be able to evaluate it using the special variable $$

{{
func wrapped
	for $i in 1..<$0
		$$   # This special variable evaluates the block pass 
             # to the wrap statement
	end
end

wrap wrapped 5
	$i   " -> This is inside the wrap!\r\n"
end
}}

will output:

1 -> This is inside the wrap!
2 -> This is inside the wrap!
3 -> This is inside the wrap!
4 -> This is inside the wrap!

Note that variables declared outside the with block are accessible within.

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The include is not a statement but actually a function that allows to parse and render the specified template name. In order to use this function, a delegate to an template loader must be setup on the TemplateOptions.TemplateLoader property passed to the Template.Parse method.

include 'myinclude.html'
x = include 'myinclude.html'
x   " modified"

assuming that myinclude.html is

{{ y = y   1 ~}}
This is a string with the value {{ y }}

will output:

This is a string with the value 1
This is a string with the value 2 modified

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The return statement is used to early exit from a top-level/include page or a function.

This is a text
{{~  ret ~}}
This text will not appear

will output:

This is a text

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