Alcazar is a Python Web Framework built for learning purposes. The plan is to learn how frameworks are built by implementing their features, writing blog posts about them and keeping the codebase as simple as possible.
It is a WSGI framework and can be used with any WSGI application server such as Gunicorn.
I was inspired to make a web framework after reading Florimond Monca's blog post about how he built a web framework and became an open source maintainer. He wrote about how thrilling the experience has been for him so I decided I would give it a try as well. Thank you, Florimond and of course Kenneth Reitz who in turn inspired Florimond to write a framework with his own framework Responder. Go check out both Bocadillo by Florimond Monca and Responder by Kenneth Reitz. If you like them, show some love by staring their repos.
- Part I: Intro, API, request handlers, routing (both simple and parameterized)
- Part II: class based handlers, route overlap check, unit tests
- Part III: templates support, test client, django way of adding routes
- Part IV: custom exception handler, support for static files, middleware
Install it:
pip install alcazar-web-frameworkBasic Usage:
# app.py
from alcazar import Alcazar
app = Alcazar()
@app.route("/")
def home(req, resp):
resp.text = "Hello, this is a home page."
@app.route("/about")
def about_page(req, resp):
resp.text = "Hello, this is an about page."
@app.route("/{age:d}")
def tell_age(req, resp, age):
resp.text = f"Your age is {age}"
@app.route("/{name:l}")
class GreetingHandler:
def get(self, req, resp, name):
resp.text = f"Hello, {name}"
@app.route("/show/template")
def handler_with_template(req, resp):
resp.html = app.template("example.html", context={"title": "Awesome Framework", "body": "welcome to the future!"})
@app.route("/json")
def json_handler(req, resp):
resp.json = {"this": "is JSON"}
@app.route("/custom")
def custom_response(req, resp):
resp.body = b'any other body'
resp.content_type = "text/plain"Start:
gunicorn app:appIf you use class based handlers, only the methods that you implement will be allowed:
@app.route("/{name:l}")
class GreetingHandler:
def get(self, req, resp, name):
resp.text = f"Hello, {name}"This handler will only allow GET requests. That is, POST and others will be rejected. The same thing can be done with
function based handlers in the following way:
@app.route("/", methods=["get"])
def home(req, resp):
resp.text = "Hello, this is a home page."Note that if you specify methods for class based handlers, they will be ignored.
The recommended way of writing unit tests is with pytest. There are two built in fixtures
that you may want to use when writing unit tests with Alcazar. The first one is app which is an instance of the main Alcazar class:
def test_route_overlap_throws_exception(app):
@app.route("/")
def home(req, resp):
resp.text = "Welcome Home."
with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@app.route("/")
def home2(req, resp):
resp.text = "Welcome Home2."The other one is client that you can use to send HTTP requests to your handlers. It is based on the famous requests and it should feel very familiar:
def test_parameterized_route(app, client):
@app.route("/{name}")
def hello(req, resp, name):
resp.text = f"hey {name}"
assert client.get(url("/matthew")).text == "hey matthew"Note that there is a url() function used. It is used to generate the absolute url of the request given a relative url. Import it before usage:
from alcazar.utils.tests import urlThe default folder for templates is templates. You can change it when initializing the main Alcazar() class:
app = Alcazar(templates_dir="templates_dir_name")Then you can use HTML files in that folder like so in a handler:
@app.route("/show/template")
def handler_with_template(req, resp):
resp.html = app.template("example.html", context={"title": "Awesome Framework", "body": "welcome to the future!"})Just like templates, the default folder for static files is static and you can override it:
app = Alcazar(static_dir="static_dir_name")Then you can use the files inside this folder in HTML files:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>{{title}}</title>
<link href="/static/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>{{body}}</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>Sometimes, depending on the exception raised, you may want to do a certain action. For such cases, you can register an exception handler:
def on_exception(req, resp, exception):
if isinstance(exception, HTTPError):
if exception.status == 404:
resp.text = "Unfortunately the thing you were looking for was not found"
else:
resp.text = str(exception)
else:
# unexpected exceptions
if app.debug:
debug_exception_handler(req, resp, exception)
else:
print("These unexpected exceptions should be logged.")
app = Alcazar(debug=False)
app.add_exception_handler(on_exception)This exception handler will catch 404 HTTPErrors and change the text to "Unfortunately the thing you were looking for was not found". For other HTTPErrors, it will simply
show the exception message. If the raised exception is not an HTTPError and if debug is set to True, it will show the exception and its traceback. Otherwise, it will log it.
You can create custom middleware classes by inheriting from the alcazar.middleware.Middleware class and override its two methods
that are called before and after each request:
from alcazar import Alcazar
from alcazar.middleware import Middleware
app = Alcazar()
class SimpleCustomMiddleware(Middleware):
def process_request(self, req):
print("Before dispatch", req.url)
def process_response(self, req, res):
print("After dispatch", req.url)
app.add_middleware(SimpleCustomMiddleware)Alcazar has a built-in ORM. Here is how you can use it:
# connect to database
from alcazar.orm import Database
db = Database("./test.db")
# define tables
class Author(Table):
name = Column(str)
age = Column(int)
class Book(Table):
title = Column(str)
published = Column(bool)
author = ForeignKey(Author)
# create tables
db.create(Author)
db.create(Book)
# create an instance and insert a row
greg = Author(name="George", age=13)
db.save(greg)
# fetch all rows
authors = db.all(Author)
# get a specific row
author = db.get(Author, 47)
# save an object with a foreign key
book = Book(title="Building an ORM", published=True, author=greg)
db.save(book)
# fetch an object with a forein key
print(Book.get(55).author.name)
# update an object
book.title = "How to build an ORM"
db.update(book)
# delete an object
db.delete(Book, id=book.id)- WSGI compatible
- Built-in ORM
- Parameterized and basic routing
- Class based handlers
- Test Client
- Support for templates
- Support for static files
- Custom exception handler
- Middleware
It is extremely raw and will hopefully keep improving. If you are interested in knowing how a particular feature is implemented in other frameworks, please open an issue and we will hopefully implement and explain it in a blog post.