TRegex is a generic regular expression engine that uses the GraalVM compiler and Truffle API to execute regular expressions in an efficient way. Its role is to provide support for Truffle languages that need to expose regular expression functionality. In its current iteration, TRegex provides an implementation of ECMAScript regular expressions (ECMAScript regular expressions are based on the widely popular Perl 5 regular expressions) and a subset of Python regular expressions. A distinguishing feature of TRegex is that it compiles regular expressions into finite-state automata. This means that the performance of searching for a match is predictable (linear to the size of the input).

Unlike most regular expression engines which use backtracking, TRegex uses an automaton-based approach. The regex is parsed and then translated into a nondeterministic finite-state automaton (NFA). A powerset construction is then used to expand the NFA into a deterministic finite-state automaton (DFA). The resulting DFA is then executed when matching against input strings. At that point, TRegex exploits the GraalVM compiler and Truffle to get efficient machine code when interpreting the DFA.

The benefit of using this approach is that finding out whether a match is found can be done during a single pass over the input string: whenever several alternative ways to match the remaining input are admissible, TRegex considers all of them simultaneously. This is in contrast to backtracking approaches which consider all possible alternatives separately, one after the other. This can lead to up to exponential execution times in specific adversarial cases (https://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/regexp1.html). Since TRegex adopts the automaton-based approach, the runtime of the matching procedure is consistent and predictable. However, the downside of the automaton-based approach is that it cannot cover some of the features which are now commonly supported by regular expression engines (e.g., backreferences, such as in /([a-z] )=\1/, or lookbehind, such as in /(?<=a. )b/). For this reason, TRegex only handles a subset of ECMAScript regular expressions and the rest must be handled by a fallback (backtracking) engine. TRegex provides a backtracking fallback engine for ECMAScript, other languages may have to supply another custom fallback engine for features not covered by ECMAScript.

TRegex originated as part of the Graal JavaScript implementation, but is now standalone so implementers of other languages can use it.

The API of TRegex is accessible through Truffle's interop mechanisms. The TruffleObjects and AST nodes introduced by TRegex are grouped under a new Truffle language, RegexLanguage. The javadoc of RegexLanguage contains pointers on how to use the TRegex API.

For an example of how to integrate TRegex into a language implementation, you can check out Graal JavaScript. Compilation requests to TRegex are sent from RegexCompilerInterface#compile and the compiled regular expressions are executed in JSRegExpExecBuiltinNode. The TRegexUtil class also shows how to write interop access wrappers for the methods and properties of the TruffleLanguage objects.

TRegex supports ECMAScript regular expressions as described in the ECMAScript 2020 specification and can transpile Python regular expressions to ECMAScript.

Some features are not implemented in the DFA-based engine and will always cause a regular expression to run in the slower backtracking engine:

• Backreferences
• Negative lookaround assertions
• Non-literal lookbehind assertions, i.e. lookbehind assertions that consist of more than just literal characters or character classes

We are currently working on implementing negative lookahead and more support for lookbehind in the DFA-based engine. On the other hand, full support of backreferences is out of scope for a finite-state automaton engine.

TRegex is licensed under the Universal Permissive License.