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Parallel Raster-based Geocomputation Operators (PaRGO) is a C parallel programming framework for raster-based geocomputation, featuring support for easy implementation of various geocomputation algorithms in a serial style but with parallel performance on different parallel platforms. In PaRGO Version 2, we have improved its load-balancing performance using the idea of the spatial computational domain. The main features of PaRGO (or PaRGO V2) are:

1. support for one parallel program running on different parallel platforms/models: MPI and MPI OpenMP for CPU in Beowulf and SMP clusters, and CUDA for GPU.
2. support for implementation of raster-based geocomputation algorithms with different characteristics: local, focal, zonal, and global.
3. enable flexible, practical, and effective load-balancing strategy in multiple modes: the intensity ratio mode, the estimate function mode, and the preliminary experiment mode, for uniform or nonuniform data and computation spatial distribution.

Usage on Windows is documented below.

PaRGO is a C project. Please install Visual Studio 2010 (VS2010) or later versions.

To choose a suitable version: any newly released version of VS that compatible with GDAL is fine if you only want to run existing algorithms in PaRGO. Visual Studio 2010 is specifically recommended if you intend to develop new algorithms with PaRGO, since it is the last version that supports the MPI Cluster Debugger.

Any newly released version of CMake is fine. You can download the installer from CMake Official Website.

GDAL 1.x, 2.x, and 3.x are all supported.

Take GDAL 2.4.4 as an example:

1. From http://download.gisinternals.com/release.php download the

   • release-1900-x64-gdal-2-4-4-mapserver-7-4-3.zip

   • release-1900-x64-gdal-2-4-4-mapserver-7-4-3-libs.zip

2. Unzip them into the same folder (e.g., C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x6)

3. Modify system environmental variables: (replace “C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x64” with your path)

   • GDAL_ROOT= C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x64
   • GDAL_DATA= C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x64\bin\gdal-data
   • GDAL_PATHS= C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x64\bin; C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x64\bin\gdal\apps; C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x64\bin\proj\apps; C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x64\bin\curl;
   • Add %GDAL_PATHS% to PATH
   • For GDAL 3.x, an additional variable should be added: PROJ_LIB= C:\lib\gdal\3-3-3-vs2019x64\bin\proj\share

To test if the GDAL is installed successfully, open the command line (CMD) and type:

gdalinfo

The CMD would print the usages of gdalinfo if success.

Download MS-MPI v6 or later versions from

GitHub (v10 or later) or

Microsoft Archived Websites (v8.1).

To choose a suitable version: note that VS2010 supports up to MS-MPI v8.x. So it is recommended to install v8.1 if you want to develop new algorithms with PaRGO.

Then:

1. Install the msmpisdk.msi and MSMpiSetup.exe to a designated path. Take the default path as an example.
2. Add those paths to system environment variables:
   • MSMPI_BIN=C:\Program Files\Microsoft MPI\Bin\
   • MSMPI_INC=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\MPI\Include\
   • MSMPI_LIB32=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\MPI\Lib\x86\
   • MSMPI_LIB64=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\MPI\Lib\x64\

To test if the MS-MPI is installed successfully, open the command line and type:

mpiexec

The CMD would print the usages of mpiexec if success.

OpenMP is included in Visual Studio by default.

Depending on specific computing platforms, PaRGO has dependency on CUDA.

After installation, you can download the PaRGO project from GitHub using git clone or just download the zip file.

Enter the root directory of the PaRGO project, and build it from the command line in the following steps.

1. Create the build directory

   cd ..
   mkdir build
   cd build

2. Compile the project

   If you are using VS2010, use

   cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 10 2010 Win64" ../PaRGO
   

   If you are using VS2015, use

   cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 14 2015 Win64" ../PaRGO
   

   It can also be like:

   cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 11 2012 Win64" ../PaRGO
   cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 12 2013 Win64" ../PaRGO
   cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 15 2017 Win64" ../PaRGO
   cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 16 2019" ../PaRGO
   

   Optional CMake argument:

   -DINSTALL_PREFIX=......: By default, the install directory is /path/to/source/bin, which can also be specified by adding this argument.

   -DUSE_MPI_DEBUGGER=1: Please add this argument if you want to use the MPI Cluster Debugger in VS2010, which will be enabled by making each program in separate folders.

   The arguments can be specified as follows:

   cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 10 2010 Win64" ../PaRGO -DUSE_MPI_DEBUGGER=1 -DINSTALL_PREFIX=D:/compile/bin/pargo
   

3. Build the project

   1. using VS GUI:

      Run ALL_BUILD and INSTALL in the "Solution explorer -> CMakePredefinedTargets"

   2. using command line:

      Build in the visual studio command line prompt. You can find it in the Windows startup menu, in the Visual Studio folder. Note to choose the x64 version if your Windows is 64-bit.

      For VS2010, the folder is named "Microsoft Visual studio 2010". It also can be found in the path like "C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Microsoft Visual Studio 2010\Visual Studio Tools\Visual Studio x64 Win64 command prompt (2010).lnk"

      For VS2015 (and later), the folder is named "Visual Studio 2015". The corresponding path is like C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Visual Studio 2015\Visual Studio Tools\Developer Command Prompt for VS2015.lnk

      In the command prompt, cd to the "build" directory and use

      msbuild ALL_BUILD.vcxproj /p:Configuration=Release
      msbuild INSTALL.vcxproj /p:Configuration=Release
      

Reference: CMake and Visual Studio | Cognitive Waves (wordpress.com)

In the PaRGO root directory, run the demos: (�% will be replaced by the current path when execution)

mpiexec -n 4 ..\build\apps\demo\Release\demo1_reclassify.exe -input �%\data\dem.tif -output �%\out\temp.tif

mpiexec -n 4 ..\build\apps\demo\Release\demo2_slope.exe -elev �%\data\dem.tif -nbr �%\neighbor\moore.nbr -slp �%\out\temp.tif

Also, run the full_test.bat in the PaRGO root directory to check if everything is OK.

Note the "\PaRGO\vs2010\build\apps\spatial\Release\fcm.exe" has significant better performance than the Debug path.

PaRGO encapsulates lots of parallel details (MPI functions) to provide serial programming experience. If you are unfamiliar with MPI and parallel programming, you will find it relatively easy to use PaRGO. If you are familiar with MPI, you will also find it convenient to make parallel program.

Take the Reclassify algorithm in \PaRGO\apps\demo\demo1 as an example, here we explain how to develop your algorithm based on PaRGO.

1. create program files:

   • reclassifyOperator.h and reclassifyOperator.cpp: where you write your algorithm.
   • demo1_reclassify.cpp: where you write the main() function

   in a proper folder (i.e., \PaRGO\apps\demo\demo1).

2. modify the CMakeLists.txt of the created folder (\PaRGO\apps\demo\CMkaeLists.txt) and that of its parent folder (\PaRGO\apps\CMakeLists.txt). For a new algorithm, replace the "demo"-related words in the following code.

FILE(GLOB DEMO1FILES ./demo1/*.cpp)
SET(DEMO1FILES ${DEMO1FILES} ${GPRO_SRCS})
ADD_EXECUTABLE(demo1_reclassify ${DEMO1FILES})
  
SET(DEMO_TARGETS demo1_reclassify)

3. re-compile the PaRGO project using the cmake command in Section 3.2.

Now you can open Visual Studio and start to program in the PaRGO way!

To write a simple local algorithm, you don't have to know any parallel programming knowledge. Please refer to the reclassify algorithm in \PaRGO\apps\demo\demo1 for a simple local algorithm.

The main difference between local and focal algorithms is that the focal ones require neighborhood calculation. Please refer to the slope algorithm in \PaRGO\apps\demo\demo2 as a simple focal algorithm.

For more complex algorithms, some MPI knowledge is necessary.

MPI is the Message Passing Interface. By using MPI functions, multiple processes are assigned with each others' computation tasks, and communicate with each other to exchange intermediate results. Algorithms in PaRGO almost all include the following mostly used functions. While it's fine to copy some of the functions from an existing algorithm in PaRGO (e.g., the reclassify algorithm) to write a simple local geocomputation algorithm, it's better to understand some basic functions before coding.

1. MPI_Init(int* argc, char*** argv)

   Initialize the calling MPI process’s execution environment.

2. MPI_Finalize()

   Terminate the calling MPI process’s execution environment.

3. MPI_Comm_size(MPI_Comm comm, int *size)

   Retrieve the total number of processes available.

4. MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_Comm comm, int *rank)

   Retrieve the rank of the calling process.

5. MPI_Barrier(MPI_Comm comm)

   Block the calling process until all processes reached a barrier.

6. MPI_Wtime()

   Return high-resolution elapsed time (second).

Some inter-process communication functions may be necessary when an algorithm needs to exchange intermediate result between processes.

• MPI_Bcast, MPI_Send, MPI_Receive: MPI Broadcast and Collective Communication · MPI Tutorial](https://mpitutorial.com/tutorials/mpi-broadcast-and-collective-communication/)
• MPI_Reduce, MPI_Allreduce: MPI Reduce and Allreduce · MPI Tutorial
• MPI_Allgather: MPI Scatter, Gather, and Allgather · MPI Tutorial

Full API document please see MPI Reference - Message Passing Interface | Microsoft Docs.

Reference materials: Tutorials · MPI Tutorial

The greatest upgradation of PaRGO V2 is support for load-balancing. In PaRGO V1, the only way to allocate the computational tasks is to divide the input raster layer (i.e., data domain) into multiple equal parts, known as the "Equal-Area" load-balancing strategy. The load-balancing strategy proposed in PaRGO V2 is based on the concept of the spatial computational domain, which is a raster layer with computational intensity. The crux of the proposed strategy is to equally divide the spatial computational domain so that each part has the same summed computational intensity.

To utilize the proposed load-balancing strategy, a ComputeLayer instance should be initialized. A ComputeLayer has the same extent as, while typically has coarser resolution than the input RasterLayer. Three modes to fill the spatial computational domain are provided in PaRGO V2.

1. Intensity ratio mode.

   Set the computational intensity for empty (e.g., NoData) and non-empty cells in the RasterLayer.

2. Estimate function mode.

   Use the Transformation class to estimate the computational intensity for every ComputeLayer cell.

3. Preliminary experiment mode.

   Firstly, record the execution time of the algorithm in a rough run, and write to a TIFF file.

   Then, read the TIFF file of recorded time as the ComputeLayer.

See the \PaRGO\apps\spatial\fcm and \PaRGO\apps\spatial\idw for detailed usages.

Set your algorithm as the startup project in VS, and use the Debug mode to try out your program in serial for the first time. If it goes without error, you can start to try it in parallel. Take the demo1_reclassify algorithm running with 4 processes as an example, the property settings should be like the following.

It is recommended to debug using MPI Cluster Debugger for better error locating, in which you can see the outputs of every processes in separate windows. To configure the MPI Cluster Debugger, right click your program in the solution explore and open properties -> Configuration Properties -> Debug -> MPI Cluster Debugger.

• Run Environment: localhost/4
• Application Parameter: -input D:\data\dem.tif -output D:\data\output.tif

Two optional properties can specify the path and version of MPI and GDAL:

• MPIExec Command: "C:\Program Files\Microsoft MPI\Bin\mpiexec.exe"
• MPIExec Arguments: -env PATH C:\lib\gdal\2-4-4-vs2015x64\bin

If you only want to use one window for outputting, you can choose the Local Windows Debugger, and set:

• Command: "C:\Program Files\Microsoft MPI\Bin\mpiexec.exe"
• Command Arguments: -n 4 "$(TargetPath)"

Programs compiled in the Release mode would have significantly better performance than the Debug mode. Switch to the Release mode in your VS, right click your project and Build it, and executable files would be generated at path like C:\src\PaRGO\vs2010\build\apps\spatial\Release\fcm.exe. You can run it through command line or just in VS.

you can refer to the full_test.bat for usage of some operators.

Direct execution of current operators will gets you their usages, like:

C:\src\PaRGO\vs2010\PaRGO>..\build\apps\morphology\Release\slope.exe
FAILURE: Too few arguments to run this program.

 Usage: slope -elev <elevation grid file> -nbr <neighbor definition file> -slp <output slope file> [-mtd <algorithm>]
The available algorithm for slope are:
         FD: (default) Third-order finite difference weighted by reciprocal of squared distance
         FFD: Frame finite difference
         MD: Maximum downslope
         SD: Simple difference
         SFD: Second-order finite difference
         TFD: Third-order finite difference
         TFDW: Third-order finite difference weighted by reciprocal of distance

 Or use the Simple Usage: slope <elevation grid file> <neighbor definition file> <output slope file> [<algorithm>]

Example.1. slope -elev /path/to/elev.tif -nbr /path/to/moore.nbr -slp /path/to/slp.tif
Example.2. slope -elev /path/to/elev.tif -nbr /path/to/moore.nbr -slp /path/to/slp.tif -mtd SD
Example.3. slope /path/to/elev.tif /path/to/moore.nbr /path/to/slp.tif
Example.4. slope /path/to/elev.tif /path/to/moore.nbr /path/to/slp.tif TFD

1. Fatal error when running operators of PaRGO.

   Error message like

   Aborting: mpi appplication on DESKTOP-XXXXXX is unable to connect to the smpd manager on (null):60490 error 1722
   
   job aborted:
   [ranks] message
   
   [1] fatal error
   Fatal error in MPI_Init: Other MPI error, error stack:
   MPI_Init(argc_p=0x00000045F051F548, argv_p=0x00000045F051F550) failed
   RPC XXXXXX (errno 1722)
   

   may be due to wrong configuration of MPI, or using different MPI versions for compiling and running. This reason may also cause building errors in Visual Studio like cannot open source file "mpi.h" and error LNK2019: unresolve external symbol... . To solve this problem:

   Firstly check if the system environment variables regarding MPI are set correctly (see Section 2.4 MS-MPI). Do not mix the MPIs from different distributions. Especially, do not use the MPI from Microsoft HPC pack.

   You can check the configuration of your program in VS to see if the MPI configurations are matched. Right click the project in the "Solution Explorer" and click "properties":

   • In Configuration Properties -> C/C -> General -> Additional Include Directories, append C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\MPI\Include.
   • In Configuration Properties -> Linker ->
     • General -> Additional Library Directories, append C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\MPI\Lib\x86
     • Input -> Additional Dependencies, append msmpi.lib

   Secondly check if the compiling and running environments matches. The same MPI versions should be used for both compile (Section 3.2) and running (Section 4). The same VS versions should be used for both compile (section 3.2) and build (Section 3.3).