An automated cloud and cloud shadow masking system for Landsat MSS imagery. It provides a means of more easily incorporating MSS imagery in large-area and time series analysis by providing an efficient way to prevent cloud and cloud shadow pixels from contaminating mosaics, composites, and time series analysis.

Braaten, J. D., Cohen, W. B., & Yang, Z. (2015). Automated cloud and cloud shadow identification in Landsat MSS imagery for temperate ecosystems. Remote Sensing of Environment, 169, 128-138.

https://jdbcode.github.io/MSScvm/

MSScvm is installed by downloading the R package from GitHub and running the install.packages function in the R console command line. Copy the three lines of code from the version release below (grey box) and paste them into the R command line and press enter.

• the first line downloads the MSScvm package from GitHub
• the second installs it
• the third installs the dependent packages from CRAN

Once MSScvm and its dependencies have been installed, simply type library(MSScvm) each time you start a new R session to activate it. For more details on installing, processing procedures, and outputs please see the Guide page and the MSScvm R package manual file accompanying the MSScvm release.

Note that GDAL must be installed on your system. Please see the Guide page for assistance.

download.file("https://github.com/jdbcode/MSScvm/releases/download/1.0.0/MSScvm_1.0.0.zip", "MSScvm")
install.packages("MSScvm", repos=NULL)
install.packages(c("gdalUtils","igraph","raster","rgdal","SDMTools"))

MSScvm manual

MSScvm was developed by the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing in Ecology at Oregon State University, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society with funding from USDA Forest Service and USGS.

Principle author and maintainer: Justin Braaten
Contributing authors: Warren Cohen, Zhiqiang Yang
GitHub: https://github.com/jdbcode/MSScvm

MSScvm will take Landsat LPGS MSS images and preform the following processes:

• Decompress
• Stack individual image bands to a single 4-band file
• Write image files for spectral units of DN, TOA radiance, and TOA reflectance
• Help prepare a required DEM file by providing convenient functions to mosaic, reproject, and resample
• Create cloud and cloud shadow masks

The program uses the R programming environment and GDAL to execute the work. Therefore you must install both R and GDAL, and we recommended that you use RStudio as the front-end to interact with the R environment. This guide will walk you through installing the required software and R packages, as well as demonstrate the use of MSScvm. Note that on the Download page the MSScvm R package manual can be downloaded. It contains standard R documentation for each function described below. In the R command prompt you can also type ? followed by a function name to display the function's help page. As in: ?MSSunpack.

The basic order of operations for running MSScvm is:

1. Download MSS image
2. Unpack the image using the MSSunpack function
3. Identify and download image-corresponding DEM(s)
4. Run the mosaicDEMs or reprojectDEM functions to prepare the DEM(s)
5. Create cloud and shadow mask using the MSScvm function

If working with many images from the same Landsat footprint you will go through the above steps only once and then just the following for each successive image:

1. Unpack the image using the MSSunpack function
2. Create cloud and shadow mask using the MSScvm function

MSScvm will automatically write outputs to the same directory location as the input image, with intuitive file names that include the original image ID and descriptions for each type (DN, TOA radiance, TOA reflectance, and mask). The images are in the GeoTIFF format in the native resolution and projection of the input image file, with background values set to NoData.

MSScvm was developed and tested on computers running Windows 7 64-bit OS with >= 8 GB of RAM.

• R
• RStudio
• GDAL

MSScvm requires R, RStudio, and GDAL programs be installed on your computer. R is a free computer programming language for statistical computing and graphics. RStudio provides a convenient front-end interface to the R environment. GDAL is a program for reading, writing, and manipulating geospatial data.

If you don't already have a current version of these programs you'll need to download and install them to your computer.

Follow the install directions on the R website

Follow the install directions on the RStudio website

See the Download page for instructions and the most current version

There are numerous ways you can install GDAL, the following is one example.

1. Go to http://www.gisinternals.com/sdk/

2. Click on the Downloads link for the version that best matches your system (we use MSVC 2010 - x64)

3. Download the Generic installer for the GDAL core components

4. Run the installer

5. Include GDAL in your system's environmental variable PATH

6. Open Windows Control Panel and select System

7. Click on Advanced system settings

8. Click the Environmental Variables... button

9. Under System variables, scroll down to the Path variable and click on it to highlight it

10. Click the edit button

11. Get your cursor to the end of the line, add a semi-colon (;) and add the path to the GDAL installation location. Example: C:\GDAL (this may not actually be the location on your system)

The MSS images processed by MSScvm should be compressed (.tar.gz) USGS LPGS images requested through EarthExplorer. This will ensure that the automated features of the program work correctly. They are contained in the Landsat Archive directory under the Data Sets tab on the EarthExplorer website.

Follow the instructions on the EarthExplorer site for selecting and downloading MSS images. When you have received your images, place the unaltered *.tar.gz files in a directory that you have write permission for, since MSScvm will write files to this location (some government and institutional systems restrict user writing capabilities).

Run the MSSunpack function to decompress, stack, and optionally output top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance and reflectance images. The imgFile input is the full path to a compressed LPGS MSS image from USGS EarthExplorer. The logical parameters toaRad and toaRefl determine whether TOA radiance and reflectance images are created along with the default DN image. The following examples demonstrate loading the MSScvm package and running the MSSunpack function with and without the toaRad and toaRefl parameters (each set to FALSE by default).

Load the MSScvm library (this only needs to be done once when a new R session is started):

library(MSScvm)

Run the MSSunpack function to create a 4-band DN image stack:

MSSunpack(imgFile = "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04.tar.gz")

... or optionally run the MSSunpack function with the toaRad and toaRefl parameters set to TRUE to create 4-band DN, TOA radiance,and TOA reflectance image stacks:

MSSunpack(imgFile = "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04.tar.gz", toaRad = TRUE, toaRefl = TRUE)

GeoTIFF raster image files will be written out. The files will be placed in a directory in the same location as the input imgFile with the name equal to the image ID. The files will contain the image ID followed by descriptors "dn.tif" (digital number), "toa_radiance.tif" (TOA radiance), and "toa_reflectance.tif" (TOA reflectance). Note that the values for TOA radiance are scaled by 100 and rounded to the nearest integer and TOA reflectance is scaled by 10,000 and rounded to the nearest integer. This is done to reduce image file size while retaining some decimal precision.

Input/output file path examples:

If imgFile input equals: "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04.tar.gz",
output DN file will be: "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04/LM10360321973191AAA04_dn.tif",
output TOA radiance file will be: "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04/LM10360321973191AAA04_toa_radiance.tif",
output TOA reflectance file will be: "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04/LM10360321973191AAA04_toa_reflectance.tif"

MSScvm uses a digital elevation model (DEM) to aid in separating topographic shadows from cloud shadows and for identifying water. It is important that the DEM be greater or equal to the extent of the image it is being used for, and that it matches the pixel resolution and projection of the image.

Setting up the DEM can be a hassle, but MSScvm provides helper functions to make DEM preparation easy, but you first need to download them or check that the DEMs you have are large enough or can be mosaiced to cover the image extent. If you ensure that the DEM you use has a liberal buffer out from the WRS path/row you are working on, you will only need to prepare it once. After that it can be applied to any image for that WRS path/row. So take a little extra time up front to prepare the DEM for future use.

There are many sources of DEMs, and you can use what you like, but it's recommended that they be no more than 90 meters in pixel resolution. A good source for DEMs is the Global Landcover Facility, which distributes SRTM data as Landsat WRS-2 footprints. Use the Filled Finished-B product at 1 arc second (30 meter) where possible and the Filled Finished-B product at 3 arc seconds (90 meter) elsewhere. If using these data keep in mind that MSS images from sensors 1-3 use the WRS-1 footprint system so you will need to download several WRS-2 DEM footprints to fully intersect the MSS WRS-1 footprint. We've also found that the actual extent of a WRS-2 SRTM DEM will often not fully intersect the extent of a given image, even when the image is also WRS-2 (sensors 4-5). For this reason, we typically mosaic 9 DEMs for each WRS footprint to ensure full overlap with any image from the WRS path/row that we are working on (the MSScvm function will crop it on-the-fly in memory). In any case, check for full overlap between your DEM(s) and your MSS image in a GIS.

If you need to mosaic several DEMs together to ensure full overlap with your image, place all of the relevant DEM files into a single directory. There should be nothing else in the directory, and the files should all be decompressed GeoTIFF files. It is also important that the DEMs are from the same source so that their background value is the same. This value is specified in the call to the mosaicDEMs function and will be ignored during the mosaic procedure. If you need to convert to GeoTIFF files, you can use the reprojectDEM function to do so.

With the all of your relevant DEMs in a directory, run the mosaicDEMs function as follows, where dir is the full path to the DEM directory, projRef is a *dn.tif file produced by the MSSunpack function that corresponds to the DEMs, srcNodata is the background value of the DEMs in the DEM directory, and dstNoData sets the desired background value for the output DEM mosaic.

Example:

mosaicDEMs(dir = "C:/mss/dems", projRef = "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04/LM10360321973191AAA04_dn.tif", srcNodata = -9999, dstNodata= -32768)

The function will produce a mosaic from all the files found in the directory specified by the dir parameter. It will be GeoTIFF format, with the background value set to the value specified by the dstNodata parameter and will be placed in the same directory as dir with the name dem_mosaic.tif.

If you have an existing DEM that is >= to the extend of the MSS image you want to create a cloud and shadow mask for or you need to convert DEM files to GeoTIFF format for use in the mosaicDEMs function, use the reprojectDEM function. It will take an input DEM file specified by the demFile parameter and make it match the projection and resolution of the relevant MSS image specified by the projRef parameter. The srcNodata and dstNodata parameters are used to set the output's background value. srcNodata is the background value of the input DEM and dstNoData sets the desired background value for the output DEM.

Example:

reprojectDEM(demFile = "C:/mss/dem/wrs1_p036r032_dem.tif", projRef = "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04/LM10360321973191AAA04_dn.tif", srcNodata = -9999, dstNodata = -32768)

The function will produce a new DEM file in the GeoTIFF format, with the projection and pixel resolution matching that of the projRef image. The the srcNodata value will be set to the value specified by the dstNodata parameter and the file will placed in the same directory as the demFile with _reprojected.tif replacing the input file's extension.

MSScvm(imgDir = "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04", demFile = "C:/mss/dem/wrs1_p036r032_dem.tif", classify = FALSE)

MSSdn2rad(imgFile = "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04/LM10360321973191AAA04_dn.tif")

MSSdn2refl(imgFile = "C:/mss/LM10360321973191AAA04/LM10360321973191AAA04_dn.tif")