diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-tests.yml
index 6dd79e1c1c..b5b170e407 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-tests.yml
@@ -35,20 +35,21 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: ["ubuntu-latest"]
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
-        session: ["doctest", "gallery", "linkcheck"]
+        python-version: ["310"]
+        session: ["docs-tests", "docs-linkcheck", "gallery_tests"]
         include:
           - os: "ubuntu-latest"
-            python-version: "3.10"
+            python-version: "310"
             session: "tests"
-            coverage: "--coverage"
+            posargs: "--cov=lib/iris --cov-report=xml"
           - os: "ubuntu-latest"
-            python-version: "3.9"
+            python-version: "39"
             session: "tests"
           - os: "ubuntu-latest"
-            python-version: "3.8"
+            python-version: "38"
             session: "tests"
 
+
     env:
       IRIS_TEST_DATA_VERSION: "2.19"
       ENV_NAME: "ci-tests"
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ jobs:
           CACHE_WEEKS: 2
         run: |
           echo "CACHE_PERIOD=$(date +%Y).$(expr $(date +%U) / ${CACHE_WEEKS})" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
-          echo "LOCK_FILE=requirements/ci/nox.lock/py$(echo ${{ matrix.python-version }} | tr -d '.')-linux-64.lock" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
+          echo "LOCK_FILE=requirements/ci/locks/py$(echo ${{ matrix.python-version }})-linux-64.lock" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
 
       - name: "data cache"
         uses: ./.github/workflows/composite/iris-data-cache
@@ -91,10 +92,10 @@ jobs:
       - name: "conda environment cache"
         uses: ./.github/workflows/composite/conda-env-cache
         with:
-          cache_build: 0
+          cache_build: 1
           cache_period: ${{ env.CACHE_PERIOD }}
           env_name: ${{ env.ENV_NAME }}
-          install_packages: "cartopy nox pip"
+          install_packages: "cartopy tox'<4'"
 
       - name: "conda info"
         run: |
@@ -108,8 +109,8 @@ jobs:
           cache_period: ${{ env.CACHE_PERIOD }}
           env_name: ${{ env.ENV_NAME }}
 
-      - name: "nox cache"
-        uses: ./.github/workflows/composite/nox-cache
+      - name: "tox cache"
+        uses: ./.github/workflows/composite/tox-cache
         with:
           cache_build: 1
           env_name: ${{ env.ENV_NAME }}
@@ -134,11 +135,9 @@ jobs:
           cat ${MPL_RC}
 
       - name: "iris ${{ matrix.session }}"
-        env:
-          PY_VER: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         run: |
-          nox --session ${{ matrix.session }} -- --verbose ${{ matrix.coverage }}
+            tox -e py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ matrix.session }} -- ${{ matrix.posargs }}
 
       - name: Upload coverage report
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
-        if: ${{ matrix.coverage }}
+        if: contains(${{ matrix.posargs }}, "--cov=lib/iris --cov-report=xml")
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-wheels.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-wheels.yml
index 835930e065..7a54d9f822 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-wheels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-wheels.yml
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10"]
+        python-version: ["38", "39", "310"]
         session: ["wheel"]
     env:
       ENV_NAME: "ci-wheels"
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
           CACHE_WEEKS: 2
       run: |
         echo "CACHE_PERIOD=$(date +%Y).$(expr $(date +%U) / ${CACHE_WEEKS})" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
-        echo "LOCK_FILE=requirements/ci/nox.lock/py$(echo ${{ matrix.python-version }} | tr -d '.')-linux-64.lock" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
+        echo "LOCK_FILE=requirements/ci/locks/py$(echo ${{ matrix.python-version }})-linux-64.lock" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
 
     - name: "conda package cache"
       uses: ./.github/workflows/composite/conda-pkg-cache
@@ -95,23 +95,21 @@ jobs:
     - name: "conda environment cache"
       uses: ./.github/workflows/composite/conda-env-cache
       with:
-        cache_build: 0
+        cache_build: 1
         cache_period: ${{ env.CACHE_PERIOD }}
         env_name: ${{ env.ENV_NAME }}
-        install_packages: "nox pip"
+        install_packages: "tox'<4' pip"
 
-    - name: "nox cache"
-      uses: ./.github/workflows/composite/nox-cache
+    - name: "tox cache"
+      uses: ./.github/workflows/composite/tox-cache
       with:
         cache_build: 0
         env_name: ${{ env.ENV_NAME }}
         lock_file: ${{ env.LOCK_FILE }}
 
-    - name: "nox install and test wheel"
-      env:
-        PY_VER: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    - name: "tox install and test wheel"
       run: |
-        nox --session ${{ matrix.session }} -- --verbose
+        tox -e py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ matrix.session }}
 
   show-artifacts:
     needs: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/composite/nox-cache/action.yml b/.github/workflows/composite/tox-cache/action.yml
similarity index 65%
rename from .github/workflows/composite/nox-cache/action.yml
rename to .github/workflows/composite/tox-cache/action.yml
index 468dd22d81..48962f9d51 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/composite/nox-cache/action.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/composite/tox-cache/action.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-name: "nox cache"
-description: "cache the nox test environments"
+name: "tox cache"
+description: "cache the tox test environments"
 
 inputs:
   cache_build:
-    description: "nox cache build number"
+    description: "tox cache build number"
     required: false
     default: "0"
   env_name:
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ runs:
   steps:
     - uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/.nox
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-nox-${{ inputs.env_name }}-s${{ matrix.session }}-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-b${{ inputs.cache_build }}-${{ hashFiles(inputs.lock_file) }}
+        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/.tox
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-tox-${{ inputs.env_name }}-s${{ matrix.session }}-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-b${{ inputs.cache_build }}-${{ hashFiles(inputs.lock_file) }}
diff --git a/benchmarks/bm_runner.py b/benchmarks/bm_runner.py
index 86f6bd37c7..a2f9038d66 100644
--- a/benchmarks/bm_runner.py
+++ b/benchmarks/bm_runner.py
@@ -48,27 +48,29 @@ def _prep_data_gen_env() -> None:
     """
 
     root_dir = Path(__file__).parents[1]
-    python_version = "3.10"
+    python_version = "310"
     data_gen_var = "DATA_GEN_PYTHON"
     if data_gen_var in environ:
         print("Using existing data generation environment.")
     else:
         print("Setting up the data generation environment ...")
-        # Get Nox to build an environment for the `tests` session, but don't
-        #  run the session. Will re-use a cached environment if appropriate.
+        # Get tox to build an environment. It will re-use a cached environment
+        # if appropriate.
         subprocess.run(
             [
-                "nox",
-                f"--noxfile={root_dir / 'noxfile.py'}",
-                "--session=tests",
-                "--install-only",
-                f"--python={python_version}",
+                "tox",
+                "-c",
+                root_dir,
+                "-e",
+                f"py{python_version}",
             ]
         )
         # Find the environment built above, set it to be the data generation
         #  environment.
         data_gen_python = next(
-            (root_dir / ".nox").rglob(f"tests*/bin/python{python_version}")
+            (root_dir / ".tox").rglob(
+                f"py{python_version}/bin/python{python_version[:1]}.{python_version[1:]}"
+            )
         ).resolve()
         environ[data_gen_var] = str(data_gen_python)
 
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ def _prep_data_gen_env() -> None:
 
 def _setup_common() -> None:
     _check_requirements("asv")
-    _check_requirements("nox")
+    _check_requirements("tox")
 
     _prep_data_gen_env()
 
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ def _asv_compare(*commits: str, overnight_mode: bool = False) -> None:
 
 
 class _SubParserGenerator(ABC):
-    """Convenience for holding all the necessary argparse info in 1 place."""
+    """Convenience for holding all the necessary argparse info in one place."""
 
     name: str = NotImplemented
     description: str = NotImplemented
diff --git a/docs/src/common_links.inc b/docs/src/common_links.inc
index 55461369ff..1f588e3ec0 100644
--- a/docs/src/common_links.inc
+++ b/docs/src/common_links.inc
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 .. _scitools-iris: https://pypi.org/project/scitools-iris/
 .. _sphinx: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/
 .. _test-iris-imagehash: https://github.com/SciTools/test-iris-imagehash
+.. _tox: https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
 .. _using git: https://docs.github.com/en/github/using-git
 .. _requirements: https://github.com/SciTools/iris/tree/main/requirements
 .. _CF-UGRID: https://ugrid-conventions.github.io/ugrid-conventions/
diff --git a/docs/src/developers_guide/contributing_running_tests.rst b/docs/src/developers_guide/contributing_running_tests.rst
index f60cedba05..58fd342f05 100644
--- a/docs/src/developers_guide/contributing_running_tests.rst
+++ b/docs/src/developers_guide/contributing_running_tests.rst
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ There are two options for running the tests:
   the tests or use ``python`` interactively to investigate any issues.  See
   :ref:`test manual env`.
 
-* Use ``nox``.  This will automatically generate an environment and run test
-  sessions consistent with our GitHub continuous integration.  See :ref:`using nox`.
+* Use ``tox``.  This will automatically generate an environment and run test
+  sessions consistent with our GitHub continuous integration.  See :ref:`using tox`.
 
 .. _test manual env:
 
@@ -101,97 +101,84 @@ using the commands ``python test_mapping.py -h`` or
 ``python test_mapping.py --help``.
 
 .. tip::  A useful command line option to use is ``-d``.  This will display
-          matplotlib_ figures as the tests are run.  For example::
+          `matplotlib_` figures as the tests are run.  For example::
 
              python test_mapping.py -d
 
-.. _using nox:
+.. _using tox:
 
-Using Nox for Testing Iris
+Using tox for Testing Iris
 ==========================
 
-The `nox`_ tool has for adopted for automated testing on `Iris GitHub Actions`_
+The `tox`_ tool has been adopted for automated testing on `Iris GitHub Actions`_
 and also locally on the command-line for developers.
 
-`nox`_ is similar to `tox`_, but instead leverages the expressiveness and power of a Python
-configuration file rather than an `.ini` style file. As with `tox`_, `nox`_ can use `virtualenv`_
-to create isolated Python environments, but in addition also supports `conda`_ as a testing
-environment backend.
+`tox`_ uses `virtualenv`_ to create isolated Python environments and is
+configured within a tox.ini file.
 
-
-Where is Nox Used?
+Where is tox Used?
 ------------------
 
-Iris uses `nox`_ as a convenience to fully automate the process of executing the Iris tests, but also
-automates the process of:
+Iris uses `tox`_ as a convenience to fully automate the process of:
 
-* building the documentation and executing the doc-tests
-* building the documentation gallery
+* executing the Iris tests,
+* building the documentation,
+* executing the doc-tests,
+* executing the gallery tests, and
 * running the documentation URL link check
 
-You can perform all of these tasks manually yourself, however the onus is on you to first ensure
-that all of the required package dependencies are installed and available in the testing environment.
+You can perform all of these tasks manually yourself, however the onus is on you
+to first ensure that all of the required package dependencies are installed and
+available in the testing environment.
 
-`Nox`_ has been configured to automatically do this for you, and provides a means to easily replicate
-the remote testing behaviour of `Iris GitHub Actions`_ locally for the developer.
+`tox`_ has been configured to automatically do this for you, and provides a
+means to easily replicate the remote testing behaviour of `Iris GitHub Actions`_
+locally for the developer.
 
 
-Installing Nox
+Installing tox
 --------------
 
-We recommend installing `nox`_ using `conda`_. To install `nox`_ in a separate `conda`_ environment::
+We recommend installing `tox`_ using `conda`_. To install `tox`_ in a separate
+`conda`_ environment::
 
-  conda create -n nox -c conda-forge nox
-  conda activate nox
+  conda create -n tox -c conda-forge tox
+  conda activate tox
 
-To install `nox`_ in an existing active `conda`_ environment::
+To install `tox`_ in an existing active `conda`_ environment::
 
-  conda install -c conda-forge nox
+  conda install -c conda-forge tox
 
-The `nox`_ package is also available on PyPI, however `nox`_ has been configured to use the `conda`_
-backend for Iris, so an installation of `conda`_ must always be available.
+The `tox`_ package is also available on PyPI, however `tox`_ has been configured
+to use `conda`_ to create the testing environments and so an installation of
+`conda`_ must always be available.
 
 
-Testing with Nox
+Testing with tox
 ----------------
 
-The `nox`_ configuration file `noxfile.py` is available in the root ``iris`` project directory, and
-defines all the `nox`_ sessions (i.e., tasks) that may be performed. `nox`_ must always be executed
-from the ``iris`` root directory.
-
-To list the configured `nox`_ sessions for Iris::
-
-  nox --list
-
-To run the Iris tests for all configured versions of Python::
+The `tox`_ configuration file `tox.ini` is available in the root ``iris``
+project directory, and defines all the `tox`_ test environments (i.e., tasks)
+that may be performed. `tox`_ must always be executed from the ``iris`` root
+directory.
 
-  nox --session tests
+To list the configured `tox`_ sessions for Iris::
 
-To build the Iris documentation specifically for Python 3.7::
+  tox --listenvs-all
 
-  nox --session doctest-3.7
+To run the Iris tests for Python 3.10::
 
-To run all the Iris `nox`_ sessions::
+  tox -e py310-tests
 
-  nox
+To build the Iris documentation specifically for Python 3.10::
 
-For further `nox`_ command-line options::
-
-  nox --help
-
-.. tip::
-    For `nox`_ sessions that use the `conda`_ backend, you can use the ``-v`` or ``--verbose``
-    flag to display the `nox`_ `conda`_ environment package details and environment info.
-    For example::
+  tox -e py310-docs
 
-        nox --session tests -- --verbose
+For further `tox`_ command-line options::
 
+  tox --help
 
-.. note:: `nox`_ will cache its testing environments in the `.nox` root ``iris`` project directory.
+.. note:: `tox`_ will cache its testing environments in the `.tox` root ``iris`` project directory.
 
 
-.. _setuptools: https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
-.. _tox: https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
-.. _virtualenv: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/
-.. _PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/nox/
-.. _v41.5.0: https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/history.html#v41-5-0
+.. _virtualenv: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/src/whatsnew/latest.rst b/docs/src/whatsnew/latest.rst
index 904cb106ed..ade199708e 100644
--- a/docs/src/whatsnew/latest.rst
+++ b/docs/src/whatsnew/latest.rst
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ This document explains the changes made to Iris for this release
 #. `@lbdreyer`_ and `@trexfeathers`_ (reviewer)  added :func:`iris.plot.hist`
    and :func:`iris.quickplot.hist`. (:pull:`5189`)
 
+#. `@tinyendian`_ edited :func:`~iris.analysis.cartography.rotate_winds` to
+   enable lazy computation of rotated wind vector components (:issue:`4934`,
+   :pull:`4972`)
+
 
 🐛 Bugs Fixed
 =============
@@ -132,8 +136,8 @@ This document explains the changes made to Iris for this release
    (:pull:`5101`)
 
 #. `@lbdreyer`_ and `@trexfeathers`_ (reviewer) added coverage testing. This
-   can be enabled by using the "--coverage" flag when running the tests with
-   nox i.e. ``nox --session tests -- --coverage``. (:pull:`4765`)
+   can be enabled when running with tox i.e. ``tox -e py310-tests -- --cov``.
+   (:pull:`4765`)
 
 #. `@lbdreyer`_ and `@trexfeathers`_ (reviewer) removed the ``--coding-tests``
    option from Iris' test runner. (:pull:`4765`)
@@ -147,6 +151,13 @@ This document explains the changes made to Iris for this release
 #. `@trexfeathers`_ moved the benchmark runner conveniences from ``noxfile.py``
    to a dedicated ``benchmarks/bm_runner.py``. (:pull:`5215`)
 
+#. `@bjlittle`_ follow-up to :pull:`4972`, enforced ``dask>=2022.09.0`` minimum
+   pin for first use of `dask.array.ma.empty_like`_ and replaced `@tinyendian`_
+   workaround. (:pull:`5225`)
+
+# `@lbdreyer`_ replaced nox with tox as the automated test runner.
+  (:pull:`5184`)
+
 
 .. comment
     Whatsnew author names (@github name) in alphabetical order. Note that,
@@ -156,9 +167,12 @@ This document explains the changes made to Iris for this release
 .. _@ed-hawkins: https://github.com/ed-hawkins
 .. _@scottrobinson02: https://github.com/scottrobinson02
 .. _@agriyakhetarpal: https://github.com/agriyakhetarpal
+.. _@tinyendian: https://github.com/tinyendian
+
 
 .. comment
     Whatsnew resources in alphabetical order:
 
 .. _#ShowYourStripes: https://showyourstripes.info/s/globe/
 .. _README.md: https://github.com/SciTools/iris#-----
+.. _dask.array.ma.empty_like: https://docs.dask.org/en/stable/generated/dask.array.ma.empty_like.html
diff --git a/lib/iris/analysis/cartography.py b/lib/iris/analysis/cartography.py
index a8e90a63ad..5b11495d5a 100644
--- a/lib/iris/analysis/cartography.py
+++ b/lib/iris/analysis/cartography.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 import cartopy.crs as ccrs
 import cartopy.img_transform
 import cf_units
+import dask.array as da
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.ma as ma
 
@@ -1206,9 +1207,15 @@ def rotate_winds(u_cube, v_cube, target_cs):
         x = x.transpose()
         y = y.transpose()
 
-    # Create resulting cubes.
-    ut_cube = u_cube.copy()
-    vt_cube = v_cube.copy()
+    # Create resulting cubes - produce lazy output data if at least
+    # one input cube has lazy data
+    lazy_output = u_cube.has_lazy_data() or v_cube.has_lazy_data()
+    if lazy_output:
+        ut_cube = u_cube.copy(data=da.empty_like(u_cube.lazy_data()))
+        vt_cube = v_cube.copy(data=da.empty_like(v_cube.lazy_data()))
+    else:
+        ut_cube = u_cube.copy()
+        vt_cube = v_cube.copy()
     ut_cube.rename("transformed_{}".format(u_cube.name()))
     vt_cube.rename("transformed_{}".format(v_cube.name()))
 
@@ -1236,8 +1243,12 @@ def rotate_winds(u_cube, v_cube, target_cs):
     apply_mask = mask.any()
     if apply_mask:
         # Make masked arrays to accept masking.
-        ut_cube.data = ma.asanyarray(ut_cube.data)
-        vt_cube.data = ma.asanyarray(vt_cube.data)
+        if lazy_output:
+            ut_cube = ut_cube.copy(data=da.ma.empty_like(ut_cube.core_data()))
+            vt_cube = vt_cube.copy(data=da.ma.empty_like(vt_cube.core_data()))
+        else:
+            ut_cube.data = ma.asanyarray(ut_cube.data)
+            vt_cube.data = ma.asanyarray(vt_cube.data)
 
     # Project vectors with u, v components one horiz slice at a time and
     # insert into the resulting cubes.
@@ -1250,16 +1261,20 @@ def rotate_winds(u_cube, v_cube, target_cs):
         for dim in dims:
             index[dim] = slice(None, None)
         index = tuple(index)
-        u = u_cube.data[index]
-        v = v_cube.data[index]
+        u = u_cube.core_data()[index]
+        v = v_cube.core_data()[index]
         ut, vt = _transform_distance_vectors(u, v, ds, dx2, dy2)
         if apply_mask:
-            ut = ma.asanyarray(ut)
-            ut[mask] = ma.masked
-            vt = ma.asanyarray(vt)
-            vt[mask] = ma.masked
-        ut_cube.data[index] = ut
-        vt_cube.data[index] = vt
+            if lazy_output:
+                ut = da.ma.masked_array(ut, mask=mask)
+                vt = da.ma.masked_array(vt, mask=mask)
+            else:
+                ut = ma.asanyarray(ut)
+                ut[mask] = ma.masked
+                vt = ma.asanyarray(vt)
+                vt[mask] = ma.masked
+        ut_cube.core_data()[index] = ut
+        vt_cube.core_data()[index] = vt
 
     # Calculate new coords of locations in target coordinate system.
     xyz_tran = target_crs.transform_points(src_crs, x, y)
diff --git a/lib/iris/tests/test_coding_standards.py b/lib/iris/tests/test_coding_standards.py
index e3786f5cd5..662dd7f352 100644
--- a/lib/iris/tests/test_coding_standards.py
+++ b/lib/iris/tests/test_coding_standards.py
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ def test_python_versions():
     This test is designed to fail whenever Iris' supported Python versions are
     updated, insisting that versions are updated EVERYWHERE in-sync.
     """
-    latest_supported = "3.10"
-    all_supported = ["3.8", "3.9", latest_supported]
+    latest_supported = "310"
+    all_supported = ["38", "39", latest_supported]
 
     root_dir = Path(__file__).parents[3]
     workflows_dir = root_dir / ".github" / "workflows"
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def test_python_versions():
     # Places that are checked:
     setup_cfg_file = root_dir / "setup.cfg"
     requirements_dir = root_dir / "requirements"
-    nox_file = root_dir / "noxfile.py"
+    tox_config_file = root_dir / "tox.ini"
     ci_wheels_file = workflows_dir / "ci-wheels.yml"
     ci_tests_file = workflows_dir / "ci-tests.yml"
     asv_config_file = benchmarks_dir / "asv.conf.json"
@@ -92,16 +92,11 @@ def test_python_versions():
             setup_cfg_file,
             "\n    ".join(
                 [
-                    "Programming Language :: Python :: " + ver
+                    f"Programming Language :: Python :: {ver[:1]}.{ver[1:]}"
                     for ver in all_supported
                 ]
             ),
         ),
-        (
-            nox_file,
-            "_PY_VERSIONS_ALL = ["
-            + ", ".join([f'"{ver}"' for ver in all_supported]),
-        ),
         (
             ci_wheels_file,
             "python-version: ["
@@ -111,16 +106,19 @@ def test_python_versions():
             ci_tests_file,
             (
                 f'python-version: ["{latest_supported}"]\n'
-                f'{" " * 8}session: ["doctest", "gallery", "linkcheck"]'
+                f'{" " * 8}session: ["docs-tests", "docs-linkcheck", "gallery_tests"]'
             ),
         ),
-        (asv_config_file, f"PY_VER={latest_supported}"),
+        (
+            asv_config_file,
+            f"PY_VER={latest_supported[:1]}.{latest_supported[1:]}",
+        ),
         (benchmark_runner_file, f'python_version = "{latest_supported}"'),
     ]
 
     for ver in all_supported:
-        req_yaml = requirements_dir / f"py{ver.replace('.', '')}.yml"
-        text_searches.append((req_yaml, f"- python ={ver}"))
+        req_yaml = requirements_dir / f"py{ver}.yml"
+        text_searches.append((req_yaml, f"- python ={ver[:1]}.{ver[1:]}"))
 
         text_searches.append(
             (
@@ -129,6 +127,13 @@ def test_python_versions():
             )
         )
 
+        text_searches.append(
+            (
+                tox_config_file,
+                f'{" " * 4}py{ver}: {{toxinidir}}{{/}}requirements',
+            )
+        )
+
     for path, search in text_searches:
         assert search in path.read_text()
 
@@ -194,7 +199,6 @@ def last_change_by_fname():
     def test_license_headers(self):
         exclude_patterns = (
             "setup.py",
-            "noxfile.py",
             "build/*",
             "dist/*",
             "docs/gallery_code/*/*.py",
diff --git a/lib/iris/tests/unit/analysis/cartography/test_rotate_winds.py b/lib/iris/tests/unit/analysis/cartography/test_rotate_winds.py
index 7952b3bb46..e522e4f077 100644
--- a/lib/iris/tests/unit/analysis/cartography/test_rotate_winds.py
+++ b/lib/iris/tests/unit/analysis/cartography/test_rotate_winds.py
@@ -511,5 +511,62 @@ def test_non_earth_semimajor_axis(self):
         rotate_winds(u, v, other_cs)
 
 
+class TestLazyRotateWinds(tests.IrisTest):
+    def _compare_lazy_rotate_winds(self, masked):
+        # Compute wind rotation with lazy data and compare results
+
+        # Choose target coord system that will (not) lead to masked results
+        if masked:
+            coord_sys = iris.coord_systems.OSGB()
+        else:
+            coord_sys = iris.coord_systems.GeogCS(6371229)
+
+        u, v = uv_cubes()
+
+        # Create deep copy of the cubes with rechunked lazy data to check if
+        # input data is modified, and if Dask metadata is preserved
+        u_lazy = u.copy(data=u.copy().lazy_data().rechunk([2, 1]))
+        v_lazy = v.copy(data=v.copy().lazy_data().rechunk([1, 2]))
+
+        ut_ref, vt_ref = rotate_winds(u, v, coord_sys)
+        self.assertFalse(ut_ref.has_lazy_data())
+        self.assertFalse(vt_ref.has_lazy_data())
+        # Ensure that choice of target coordinates leads to (no) masking
+        self.assertTrue(ma.isMaskedArray(ut_ref.data) == masked)
+
+        # Results are lazy if at least one component is lazy
+        ut, vt = rotate_winds(u_lazy, v, coord_sys)
+        self.assertTrue(ut.has_lazy_data())
+        self.assertTrue(vt.has_lazy_data())
+        self.assertTrue(ut.core_data().chunksize == (2, 1))
+        self.assertArrayAllClose(ut.data, ut_ref.data, rtol=1e-5)
+        self.assertArrayAllClose(vt.data, vt_ref.data, rtol=1e-5)
+
+        ut, vt = rotate_winds(u, v_lazy, coord_sys)
+        self.assertTrue(ut.has_lazy_data())
+        self.assertTrue(vt.has_lazy_data())
+        self.assertTrue(vt.core_data().chunksize == (1, 2))
+        self.assertArrayAllClose(ut.data, ut_ref.data, rtol=1e-5)
+        self.assertArrayAllClose(vt.data, vt_ref.data, rtol=1e-5)
+
+        ut, vt = rotate_winds(u_lazy, v_lazy, coord_sys)
+        self.assertTrue(ut.has_lazy_data())
+        self.assertTrue(vt.has_lazy_data())
+        self.assertTrue(ut.core_data().chunksize == (2, 1))
+        self.assertTrue(vt.core_data().chunksize == (1, 2))
+        self.assertArrayAllClose(ut.data, ut_ref.data, rtol=1e-5)
+        self.assertArrayAllClose(vt.data, vt_ref.data, rtol=1e-5)
+
+        # Ensure that input data has not been modified
+        self.assertArrayAllClose(u.data, u_lazy.data, rtol=1e-5)
+        self.assertArrayAllClose(v.data, v_lazy.data, rtol=1e-5)
+
+    def test_lazy_rotate_winds_masked(self):
+        self._compare_lazy_rotate_winds(True)
+
+    def test_lazy_rotate_winds_notmasked(self):
+        self._compare_lazy_rotate_winds(False)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     tests.main()
diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
deleted file mode 100755
index d34155ecaf..0000000000
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,301 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Perform test automation with nox.
-
-For further details, see https://nox.thea.codes/en/stable/#
-
-"""
-
-import hashlib
-import os
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import nox
-from nox.logger import logger
-
-#: Default to reusing any pre-existing nox environments.
-nox.options.reuse_existing_virtualenvs = True
-
-#: Python versions we can run sessions under
-_PY_VERSIONS_ALL = ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10"]
-_PY_VERSION_LATEST = _PY_VERSIONS_ALL[-1]
-
-#: One specific python version for docs builds
-_PY_VERSION_DOCSBUILD = _PY_VERSION_LATEST
-
-#: Cirrus-CI environment variable hook.
-PY_VER = os.environ.get("PY_VER", _PY_VERSIONS_ALL)
-
-#: Default cartopy cache directory.
-CARTOPY_CACHE_DIR = os.environ.get("HOME") / Path(".local/share/cartopy")
-
-# https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/19478
-# https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/pull/22099
-#: Common session environment variables.
-ENV = dict(NPY_DISABLE_CPU_FEATURES="AVX512F,AVX512CD,AVX512_SKX")
-
-
-def session_lockfile(session: nox.sessions.Session) -> Path:
-    """Return the path of the session lockfile."""
-    return Path(
-        f"requirements/locks/py{session.python.replace('.', '')}-linux-64.lock"
-    )
-
-
-def session_cachefile(session: nox.sessions.Session) -> Path:
-    """Returns the path of the session lockfile cache."""
-    lockfile = session_lockfile(session)
-    tmp_dir = Path(session.create_tmp())
-    cache = tmp_dir / lockfile.name
-    return cache
-
-
-def venv_populated(session: nox.sessions.Session) -> bool:
-    """Returns True if the conda venv has been created
-    and the list of packages in the lockfile installed."""
-    return session_cachefile(session).is_file()
-
-
-def venv_changed(session: nox.sessions.Session) -> bool:
-    """Returns True if the installed session is different to that specified
-    in the lockfile."""
-    changed = False
-    cache = session_cachefile(session)
-    lockfile = session_lockfile(session)
-    if cache.is_file():
-        with open(lockfile, "rb") as fi:
-            expected = hashlib.sha256(fi.read()).hexdigest()
-        with open(cache, "r") as fi:
-            actual = fi.read()
-        changed = actual != expected
-    return changed
-
-
-def cache_venv(session: nox.sessions.Session) -> None:
-    """
-    Cache the nox session environment.
-
-    This consists of saving a hexdigest (sha256) of the associated
-    conda lock file.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    session: object
-        A `nox.sessions.Session` object.
-
-    """
-    lockfile = session_lockfile(session)
-    cache = session_cachefile(session)
-    with open(lockfile, "rb") as fi:
-        hexdigest = hashlib.sha256(fi.read()).hexdigest()
-    with open(cache, "w") as fo:
-        fo.write(hexdigest)
-
-
-def cache_cartopy(session: nox.sessions.Session) -> None:
-    """
-    Determine whether to cache the cartopy natural earth shapefiles.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    session: object
-        A `nox.sessions.Session` object.
-
-    """
-    if not CARTOPY_CACHE_DIR.is_dir():
-        session.run_always(
-            "python",
-            "-c",
-            "import cartopy; cartopy.io.shapereader.natural_earth()",
-        )
-
-
-def prepare_venv(session: nox.sessions.Session) -> None:
-    """
-    Create and cache the nox session conda environment, and additionally
-    provide conda environment package details and info.
-
-    Note that, iris is installed into the environment using pip.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    session: object
-        A `nox.sessions.Session` object.
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    See
-      - https://github.com/theacodes/nox/issues/346
-      - https://github.com/theacodes/nox/issues/260
-
-    """
-    lockfile = session_lockfile(session)
-    venv_dir = session.virtualenv.location_name
-
-    if not venv_populated(session):
-        # environment has been created but packages not yet installed
-        # populate the environment from the lockfile
-        logger.debug(f"Populating conda env at {venv_dir}")
-        session.conda_install("--file", str(lockfile))
-        cache_venv(session)
-
-    elif venv_changed(session):
-        # destroy the environment and rebuild it
-        logger.debug(f"Lockfile changed. Re-creating conda env at {venv_dir}")
-        _re_orig = session.virtualenv.reuse_existing
-        session.virtualenv.reuse_existing = False
-        session.virtualenv.create()
-        session.conda_install("--file", str(lockfile))
-        session.virtualenv.reuse_existing = _re_orig
-        cache_venv(session)
-
-    logger.debug(f"Environment {venv_dir} is up to date")
-
-    cache_cartopy(session)
-
-    # Determine whether verbose diagnostics have been requested
-    # from the command line.
-    verbose = "-v" in session.posargs or "--verbose" in session.posargs
-
-    if verbose:
-        session.run_always("conda", "info")
-        session.run_always("conda", "list", f"--prefix={venv_dir}")
-        session.run_always(
-            "conda",
-            "list",
-            f"--prefix={venv_dir}",
-            "--explicit",
-        )
-
-
-@nox.session(python=PY_VER, venv_backend="conda")
-def tests(session: nox.sessions.Session):
-    """
-    Perform iris system, integration and unit tests.
-
-    Coverage testing is enabled if the "--coverage" or "-c" flag is used.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    session: object
-        A `nox.sessions.Session` object.
-
-    """
-    prepare_venv(session)
-    session.install("--no-deps", "--editable", ".")
-    session.env.update(ENV)
-    run_args = [
-        "pytest",
-        "-n",
-        "auto",
-        "lib/iris/tests",
-    ]
-    if "-c" in session.posargs or "--coverage" in session.posargs:
-        run_args[-1:-1] = ["--cov=lib/iris", "--cov-report=xml"]
-    session.run(*run_args)
-
-
-@nox.session(python=_PY_VERSION_DOCSBUILD, venv_backend="conda")
-def doctest(session: nox.sessions.Session):
-    """
-    Perform iris doctests and gallery.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    session: object
-        A `nox.sessions.Session` object.
-
-    """
-    prepare_venv(session)
-    session.install("--no-deps", "--editable", ".")
-    session.env.update(ENV)
-    session.cd("docs")
-    session.run(
-        "make",
-        "clean",
-        "html",
-        external=True,
-    )
-    session.run(
-        "make",
-        "doctest",
-        external=True,
-    )
-
-
-@nox.session(python=_PY_VERSION_DOCSBUILD, venv_backend="conda")
-def gallery(session: nox.sessions.Session):
-    """
-    Perform iris gallery doc-tests.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    session: object
-        A `nox.sessions.Session` object.
-
-    """
-    prepare_venv(session)
-    session.install("--no-deps", "--editable", ".")
-    session.env.update(ENV)
-    session.run(
-        "pytest",
-        "-n",
-        "auto",
-        "docs/gallery_tests",
-    )
-
-
-@nox.session(python=_PY_VERSION_DOCSBUILD, venv_backend="conda")
-def linkcheck(session: nox.sessions.Session):
-    """
-    Perform iris doc link check.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    session: object
-        A `nox.sessions.Session` object.
-
-    """
-    prepare_venv(session)
-    session.install("--no-deps", "--editable", ".")
-    session.cd("docs")
-    session.run(
-        "make",
-        "clean",
-        "html",
-        external=True,
-    )
-    session.run(
-        "make",
-        "linkcheck",
-        external=True,
-    )
-
-
-@nox.session(python=PY_VER, venv_backend="conda")
-def wheel(session: nox.sessions.Session):
-    """
-    Perform iris local wheel install and import test.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    session: object
-        A `nox.sessions.Session` object.
-
-    """
-    prepare_venv(session)
-    session.cd("dist")
-    fname = list(Path(".").glob("scitools_iris-*.whl"))
-    if len(fname) == 0:
-        raise ValueError("Cannot find wheel to install.")
-    if len(fname) > 1:
-        emsg = (
-            f"Expected to find 1 wheel to install, found {len(fname)} instead."
-        )
-        raise ValueError(emsg)
-    session.install(fname[0].name)
-    session.run(
-        "python",
-        "-c",
-        "import iris; print(f'{iris.__version__=}')",
-        external=True,
-    )
diff --git a/requirements/py310.yml b/requirements/py310.yml
index e3bada6596..49b8ae78ab 100644
--- a/requirements/py310.yml
+++ b/requirements/py310.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ dependencies:
   - cartopy >=0.21
   - cf-units >=3.1
   - cftime >=1.5
-  - dask-core >=2.26
+  - dask-core >=2022.9.0
   - matplotlib >=3.5
   - netcdf4
   - numpy >=1.19
diff --git a/requirements/py38.yml b/requirements/py38.yml
index 9393060113..1e3c61f369 100644
--- a/requirements/py38.yml
+++ b/requirements/py38.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ dependencies:
   - cartopy >=0.21
   - cf-units >=3.1
   - cftime >=1.5
-  - dask-core >=2.26
+  - dask-core >=2022.9.0
   - matplotlib >=3.5
   - netcdf4
   - numpy >=1.19
diff --git a/requirements/py39.yml b/requirements/py39.yml
index 349784ec46..6551eee495 100644
--- a/requirements/py39.yml
+++ b/requirements/py39.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ dependencies:
   - cartopy >=0.21
   - cf-units >=3.1
   - cftime >=1.5
-  - dask-core >=2.26
+  - dask-core >=2022.9.0
   - matplotlib >=3.5
   - netcdf4
   - numpy >=1.19
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index ba9844f5d8..aac726776c 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ install_requires =
     cartopy>=0.21
     cf-units>=3.1
     cftime>=1.5.0
-    dask[array]>=2.26
+    dask[array]>=2022.9.0
     matplotlib>=3.5
     netcdf4
     numpy>=1.19
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97699bd5d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+[tox]
+requires =
+    tox-conda
+
+[testenv]
+conda_spec =
+    py38: {toxinidir}{/}requirements{/}locks{/}py38-linux-64.lock
+    py39: {toxinidir}{/}requirements{/}locks{/}py39-linux-64.lock
+    py310: {toxinidir}{/}requirements{/}locks{/}py310-linux-64.lock
+usedevelop =
+    true
+
+[testenv:py{38,39,310}-tests]
+description = Perform Iris unit, integration and system tests.
+commands =
+    pytest -n auto {posargs} {toxinidir}{/}lib{/}iris{/}tests
+
+[testenv:py{38,39,310}-gallery_tests]
+description = Perform Iris gallery tests.
+commands =
+    pytest -n auto {posargs} docs/gallery_tests
+
+[testenv:py{38,39,310}-docs{,-linkcheck,-tests}]
+description = Build, and optionally linkcheck or test, the Iris documentation
+allowlist_externals =
+    make
+changedir =
+    {toxinidir}{/}docs
+commands =
+    make clean html
+    linkcheck: make linkcheck
+    tests: make doctest
+
+[testenv:py{38,39,310}-wheel]
+description = Install wheel and test the Iris import
+skip_install = true
+deps =
+    {toxinidir}{/}dist{/}scitools_iris*.whl
+commands =
+    python -c "import iris; print(f'\{iris.__version__=\}')"
\ No newline at end of file