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Editorialization refers to all operations of organization and structuring of content on the web, and more broadly in the digital environment. Characterized as a continuous process (in time) and open (in space), the concept of editorialization allows to enlighten the processes of production, diffusion and validation of knowledge, specific to the digital environment.
Editorialization is therefore a key concept in the understanding of digital culture and its epistemological turn.[1].
Background
[modifier | modifier le code]Introduction of the term in France
[modifier | modifier le code]Although the term editorialization appeared in French, it seems to be anglophone at first glance. It should be known that the two terms have two different meanings. « Editorialization », which is derived from the term « editorialize », signifies « to express an opinion in the form of an editorial[2]». Whereas in French, this term has acquired a more global sense over the course of its use, particularly in relation to digital culture and new forms of knowledge production[3].
In 2007, the term « editorialization » is used by Bruno Bachimont who defines it as a « processus that consists in enlisting resources for inclusion in a new publication » [4]. Considering it as an exploitation of content based on the search for information, but not limited to it, Bruno Bachimont insists that editorialization is an adaptation to the digital environment of pre-existing content.
In the same year, following the tradition of revitalizing document research, Manuel Zacklad (2007)[5] defines editorialization as a particular type of documentarization. Documentarization can be part of a sophisticated division of labor, in both traditional and web environments, which contains different stages: authorial documentarisation (author's work on the medium to give it an internal coherence), editorial (inscription in a genre and a collection), broadcast (aimed at facilitating material access) and appropriation (produced by reader-annotators). In this typology, editorialization is a kind of documentarisation aimed at giving consistency to several documents as part of a collection, a portal, a website, a blog. It is also more and more often implemented by new actors (eg the community manager).
It is by entering into the perspective initiated by Bachimont, that from 2008, the laboratory on the new forms of editorialization at the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Paris Nord - MSH Paris Nord[6] adjusts the definition by applying it to content that is born directly in the digital environment[7].
Since 2008, the concept of editorialization has been largely theorized in Francophone research, notably thanks to the seminar "Digital Writing and Editorialization"[8] founded in 2008 by Marcello Vitali-Rosati, Gérard Wormser, Nicolas Sauret and Anne-Laure Brisac[3] and joined in 2015 by a team from the Dicen-IDF laboratory led by Louise Merzeau. In April 2015, Jérôme Valluy listed, in a selective bibliography, 70 academic publications explicitly dealing with the concept. Valluy indicates, however, that all of this work is not so representative of the subject in its exhaustiveness nor the themes, objects of study and approaches deployed when addressing the issue of editorialization.[9].
Definitions and theoretical issues
[modifier | modifier le code]Editorialization is a concept that brings together several phenomena that are taking place in the digital sphere. In a review article, "What is editorialization?", Marcello Vitali-Rosati identifies the various developments of the notion within the research community. He proceeds, at the same time, by identifying the natures of editorialization and by distinguishing the notion of other neighboring concepts.
Four natures
[modifier | modifier le code]« Processual [10]», editorialization is open and continuous in time and space. Involving several actors, it is also « collective [11]». Vitali-Rosati also outlines the « performativity [12]» inherent in the idea of editorialization. Since the digital environment today exceeds the framework of the web, he says that editorialization "tends to act on reality rather than representing it. [13]» Finally - because the digital environment now involves a web of objects (or a semantic web 2.0#Web 3.0), where « it is no longer appropriate to separate the discourse on reality from reality itself [14]» — editorialization also has an « ontological [15] nature ».
Editorialization and content curation
[modifier | modifier le code]Marcello Vitali-Rosati accounts for the essential differences between editorialization and content curation, i.e. : « The action of finding, grouping, organizing and sharing the best and most relevant online content on a specific subject. »
Editorialization involves the process of curation of contents. If « curation refers to the action of a specific individual or group of individuals, […] editorialization emphasizes how this action is structured by the characteristics of the digital environment.[16]» Editorialization refers to a set of phenomena and processes that goes beyond the tasks performed by content curators [17]because it also points to the structure of platforms, the set of interactions that users and digital instances have.
« We could say that curation is a part of editorialization and that editorialization is the whole process, that it takes into account everything that is involved in the production of the cultural meaning of content. »
— Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « What is editorialization ?», Sens public, 18 mars 2016
Thus defined, editorialization seems to go beyond the notion of content curation, but also of conventional edition or digital edition understood in the strict sense. It is exercised, not in the framework of a clearly delimited publication, but in what Louise Merzeau defines following Manuel Zacklad[18] as a "support environment"[19],made up of a plurality of spaces and spaces. devices, where a multitude of human or machinic actors intervene, organized by a "pervasive" authority, where connectivity replaces control.
Editorialization and edition
[modifier | modifier le code]The main difference between publishing and editorialization is that it focuses on the technological devices that determine the context of a content and its accessibility. In this way, editorialization generates meaning when it organizes content and integrates it into a technical context, into a content network, and values it by contributing to its indexation. If publishing is a process delimited in time and space, editorialization is on the contrary an open and continuous process that can not be circumscribed in space or time. The actors of the edition are finished and known in advance: the authors, the editors and the whole of the editorial team. Once the book is published, the editing process is complete. On the other hand, the process of editorialization is open in the space, because the users can take part in it: the recommendations, the resumptions of the contents, the comments are part of the editorialization. In this process, it is not only a matter of choosing, legitimizing, formatting and distributing content, but also of thinking about all the techniques that we will use or create to do so, as well as than the traffic contexts produced by the digital space[3].
Finally, it is not only a question of a difference of tools, but also of a cultural difference : « editorialization is not our way of producing knowledge using digital tools; it is our way of producing knowledge in the digital age, or better, in our digital society [3]».
Editorialization and authority
[modifier | modifier le code]Authority
[modifier | modifier le code]According to Marcello Vitali-Rosati, editorialization would now be substituted for the principle of authorship. The devices of editorialization guarantee the validity of the contents by assuming the functions which were typically those of the author[20]. Actions are therefore taking place on the web, and the functions of editorialization are perpetuating links between these actions, transforming them into units of meaning.[20].
This substitution of authorship does not imply a disappearance of authority. Other forms of authority are indeed in place, such as authoritarianism, that is to say « the propensity for authors to assert authorship outside the established authorities [21]», that incorporate the features of the editorialization process.
It is important here to note the difference between author and actor; when the individual acts on the net, he performs an action. He is therefore considered as an actor. An action, as Marcello Vitali-Rosati explains, is in real time, it only makes sense when it occurs. The person who writes an article on a page is an actress at the very moment of writing, but no longer when the text (the action) is finished. The author, meanwhile, is present even when the actor is no longer there. He is present before and after the action. The result of navigating a page, the passage from one link to another, the path from one click to another, although considered as actions that the individual performs, because they do not make sense that when someone acts, are good examples of the fact that the individual is certainly actor of the action, but is not the author of it. These actions « are only the re-presentation or the re-production of the actions sponsored by the author[20].» The websites record our journeys, make the link between the pages visited and the products searched to be able to offer them to another surfer through an algorithmic work; a job that the user has not done, he is not the author. « The author function, if it exists, would be in this case rather linked to a gathering of actions than to their production.[20]»
Editorialization of different types of documents
[modifier | modifier le code]Digital publishing, a new form of knowledge production and diffusion
[modifier | modifier le code]Digital publishing has three dimensions : digitization, digital edition and network editing. The first is the transformation of information recorded on physical documents into digital information. The second only concerns native digital documents, so editing work on a digital medium from beginning to end. The third is based on the modes of collaborative writing contributing to the development and improvement of content via Internet-specific communication. The latter being out of step with editorial practices prior to digital[22].
It should be noted that while in digital publishing, everything is done in a digital medium only, the network intervenes only at the level of the diffusion of the contents, it is only used to send them to the readers, while in network publishing, on the contrary, communication specific to the Internet is at the heart of the editorial process. Wikipedia is the perfect example to illustrate the collaborative model of network publishing[22].
Image editorialization on the Web, metadata and indexing mode
[modifier | modifier le code]The digital, connected to the Web, fragments and recomposes contents in order to multiply the uses of the latter. In order to make it workable, the creation of information on the content is necessary. This creation then involves a whole work of indexing and creating metadata in the frame of images, which can be likened to editorialization, namely that metadata represent « a structured set of data describing a resource such as book, article, image, video, audio document, etc. Metadata can be used for document description and retrieval, preservation, and resource collection management[23]».
Indexing is the process of a container hosting content. Bruno Bachimont defines it as "a structure that establishes the relation between the structure of the container (for example the separation into a paragraph, the structure into titles and subtitles, etc.) and the structure of the content, that is, tell of its meaning[4]». This process makes it easy to find all the structures of the container related to the content structure materialized by only one keyword. Regarding the images on the web, their indexing is done in two ways: we speak either of indexation textuelle, by metadata ; or indexation d'image, by their graphic content (shapes, colors, texture, etc.).
Online video editorialization, the "added value documentary" mode
[modifier | modifier le code]The editorialization of online videos supposes a valorisation of the contents, namely, to publish a well referenced catalog, to structure by themes the funds of a site, and to contextualize the audio-visual documents in an exhaustive way thus animating a whole network. Indeed, a real use of a content is through its editorialization, its contextualization and its added value. The added value, a concept developed by Jacques Chaumier and Eric Sutter, then makes it possible to structure the offer and consequently, to facilitate access to documents and to answer specific requests. Additional add-ons can be added: links, educational folders, notations, personal comments, etc.[24].
References
[modifier | modifier le code]- Valérie Carayol et Franc Morandi, Le tournant numérique des sciences humaines et sociales, Publications de la Maison des sciences de l'homme d'Aquitaine, , 132 p. (ISBN 978-2-85892-441-7, lire en ligne)
- « Definition of Editorialize », Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/editorialize
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « Qu’est-ce que l’éditorialisation ? », Sens public, (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne)
- « Nouvelles tendances applicatives : de l'indexation à l'éditorialisation », Bruno Bachimont, 2007, in Gros, Patrick (eds.)
- Manuel Zacklad. Espace documentaire participatif et gouvernance. Congress of the European Regional Science Association (47th Congress) and ASRDLF (Association de Science Régionale de Langue Française, 44th Congress) PARIS - August 29th - September 2nd, 2007., Aug 2007, France. 2007.
- Fondé en 2008 par Gérard Wormser et Marcello Vitali Rosati - Séminaire Écritures numériques et éditorialisation
- Le concept est défini dans Pratiques de l'édition numérique, dir. Michael E. Sinatra et Marcello Vitali-Rosati, Presses de l'Université de Montréal, collection "Parcours Numériques", Montréal, 2014, 224 p. Lire en ligne.
- http://seminaire.sens-public.org/
- « Après lecture approfondie, ce corpus me semble surtout intéressant non pas pour traiter le sujet de l’éditorialisation sous ses multiples aspects (il serait très insuffisant) mais plutôt pour répondre à la question "de quoi parle-t-on aujourd’hui lorsque l’on parle d’éditorialisation ?" » Jérome Valluy, « "Editorialisation" »,Terra-HN, 18 mai 2015, [En ligne : http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article1333.html].
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « Qu’est-ce que l’éditorialisation ? », Sens public, , p. 10 (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne)
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « Qu’est-ce que l’éditorialisation ? », Sens public, , p. 18 (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne)
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « Qu’est-ce que l’éditorialisation ? », Sens public, , p. 13 (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne)
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « Qu’est-ce que l’éditorialisation ? », Sens public, , p. 14 (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne)
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « Qu’est-ce que l’éditorialisation ? », Sens public, , p. 16 (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne)
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « Qu’est-ce que l’éditorialisation ? », Sens public, , p. 15 (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne)
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, « What is editorialization ? », Sens public, , p. 6 (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne)
- Véronique Mesguich et al., « Le curateur, cet animal social dans la jungle informationnelle », Documentaliste-Sciences de l'Information, (ISSN 0012-4508, lire en ligne)
- Manuel Zacklad, « Organisation et architecture des connaissances dans un contexte de transmédia documentaire : les enjeux de la pervasivité », Etudes de Communication, 39, , p. 41-63 (lire en ligne)
- Merzeau, Louise, « Entre événement et document : vers l’environnement-support. », Les Cahiers de la SFSIC, Société française des sciences de l'information et de la communication, , p. 230-233. (lire en ligne)
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, "Auteur ou acteur du Web ?", Implications philosophiques, 10 juillet 2012. Lire l'article en ligne
- Evelyne Broudoux et al., « Auctorialité : production, réception et publication de documents numériques », dans La redocumentarisation du monde, par Pédauque T. Roger, Cepadues, 2007, p183-204, https://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00120699/document
- Pierre Mounier et Marin Dacos, « Édition électronique », Communications, Le Seuil, 1/2011 (n° 88), p. 47-55. URL : http://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2011-1-page-47.htm
- BOULOGNE, A., ET AL., (2006), Journée d’étude ADBS audiovisuel Indexation des images et des sons : le numérique a-t-il changé les pratiques ? [En ligne], A.D.B.S, vol.43 [1]
- NUSSMAN, F., (2009), Plan pour la mise en ligne de ressources audiovisuelles, l’exemple du CRIPS Île-de-France [En ligne], Conservatoire national des arts et métiers Institut national des techniques de la documentation, p. 73-74 http://memsic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/mem_00524637/document
See also
[modifier | modifier le code]Bibliography
[modifier | modifier le code]- Bruno Bachimont, Nouvelles tendances applicatives. De l’indexation à l’éditorialisation, dans Patrick Gros (dir.), L'indexation multimédia : description et recherche automatiques, Paris, Hermès Sciences, (lire en ligne)
- Dominique Cardon, Réseaux : Politique des algorithmes, Les métriques du web « Présentation », La Découverte, 2013 (n° 177) (ISBN 9782707175489, lire en ligne), p. 9-21.
- Michael E. Sinatra et Marcello Vitali-Rosati, Introduction, dans Michael E. Sinatra et Marcello Vitali-Rosati (dir.), Pratiques de l'édition numérique, Montréal, Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, coll. « Parcours Numériques », 2014, p. 7-11 [lire en ligne (page consultée le 10 avril 2017)].
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, Les revues littéraires en ligne : entre éditorialisation et réseaux d’intelligences, Études françaises,vol. 50, n° 3, (lire en ligne), p. 83-104.
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, Digital Paratext : Editorialization and the Very Death of the Author, dans Nadine Desrochers et Daniel Apollon (dir.), Examining Paratextual Theory and its Applications in Digital Culture, Information Science Reference, (lire en ligne), p. 110-127.
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, What is editorialization? Sens Public, (ISSN 2104-3272).
- Marcello Vitali-Rosati, Digital Architectures: the Web, Editorialization and Metaontology, Azimuth. Philosophical Coordinates in Modern and Contemporary Age, vol. 4, no 7, p. 95-111.
- Roberto Gac, Éditorialisation et littérature. Du roman à l'intertexte, Sens public, (ISSN 2104-3272, lire en ligne).
- Manuel Zacklad, Réseaux et communautés d'imaginaire documédiatisées, Peter Lang, p. 279-297, 2007. <sic_00180185>https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/sic_00180185v1
Related articles
[modifier | modifier le code]External links
[modifier | modifier le code]- Séminaire "Écritures numériques et éditorialisation"
- Manuel Pratiques de l'édition numérique, dir. Michael E. Sinatra et Marcello Vitali-Rosati, Presses de l'Université de Montréal, collection Parcours Numériques, 2014.
- Vidéo pédagogique sur le concept d'éditorialisation.
- "Editorialisation numérique et communication" (Étude bibliographique, par Jérôme Valluy - 18 mai 2015)
- "L'éditorialisation de soi" ( Dispositifs profilaires et digitalisation : ce que le profilage fait au social.) "Atelier critique, séminaire du laboratoire interdisciplinaire de sociologie économique (Lise) Discutante : Virginie Julliard (Maître de conférence à l’Université de Technologie de Compiègne)"
