Utilisateur:BD2412/Pauline Newman

Pauline Newman
Fonctions
Juge de la Cour d'appel des États-Unis pour le circuit fédéral
28 février 1984 – (40 ans, 10 mois et 11 jours)
Président	Ronald Reagan
Prédécesseur	Philip Nichols Jr. (en)
Biographie
Date de naissance	20 juin 1927
Lieu de naissance	New York City, New York, U.S.
Nationalité	Américaine
Diplômé de	Vassar College (BA) Columbia University (MA) Yale University (PhD) New York University (LLB)

Pauline Newman (née le 20 juin 1927) est une avocate et juriste américaine qui siège en tant que juge de circuit des États-Unis à la Cour d'appel des États-Unis pour le circuit fédéral. Elle a été appelée "l'héroïne du système de brevets", "la dissidente la plus prolifique du circuit fédéral" et "la plus grande alliée des inventeurs pour [dénoncer] l'ignorance de la CAFC, des tribunaux de district et parfois même de la Cour suprême". La juge en chef Kimberly A. Moore a commenté à propos de Newman que "beaucoup de ses dissensions sont ensuite devenues la loi - soit la loi en banc de notre tribunal ou exprimée haut et fort par les Suprêmes".

Éducation et carrière

Newman est née à New York en 1927, de Maxwell H. et Rosella G. Newman. En grandissant pendant et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Newman a "appris à piloter des avions, à conduire des voitures de course et à monter des motos". Elle a obtenu un baccalauréat ès arts du Vassar College en 1947, avec une double spécialisation en chimie et en philosophie, suivi d'une maîtrise ès arts de l'Université Columbia en 1948. Elle "voulait devenir médecin, mais a changé d'avis", obtenant un doctorat en chimie de l'Université Yale en 1952. À l'époque, il était inhabituel pour les femmes de travailler dans cette profession, et "aucune entreprise chimique ne voulait l'embaucher à l'exception de American Cyanamid". En tant que seule femme scientifique de recherche employée par l'entreprise, "ses patrons ont essayé de la forcer à devenir bibliothécaire jusqu'à ce qu'elle menace de partir". Elle a travaillé comme scientifique de recherche pour American Cyanamid de 1951 à 1954, période pendant laquelle elle a obtenu des brevets pour "un tissu synthétique coloré et résistant à la saleté qu'elle a aidé à inventer". En 1954, elle "a pris ses économies et a acheté un billet pour un bateau à destination de Paris, où elle a subsisté en préparant des boissons sur l'Île Saint-Louis" pendant six mois, jusqu'à ce que son argent soit épuisé.

Plus tard en 1954, Newman est retournée aux États-Unis et a commencé à travailler pour FMC Corp., obtenant un baccalauréat en droit de la New York University School of Law en 1958, et travaillant comme avocate en brevets et conseillère juridique interne, et pendant quinze ans (1969-1984) comme directrice du Département des brevets, des marques et des licences. De 1961 à 1962, Newman a également travaillé pour l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO) en tant que spécialiste des politiques scientifiques au Département des ressources naturelles. Elle a siégé au Comité consultatif du Département d'État sur la propriété intellectuelle internationale de 1974 à 1984 et au comité consultatif pour l'examen de la politique intérieure en matière d'innovation industrielle de 1978 à 1979. De 1982 à 1984, elle a été conseillère spéciale de la délégation des États-Unis à la Conférence diplomatique sur la révision de la Convention de Paris pour la protection de la propriété industrielle. Au cours de sa carrière, Newman a reçu des distinctions, dont la médaille Wilbur Cross de l'École supérieure de l'Université Yale et le Prix pour contributions exceptionnelles à la coopération internationale de la Pacific Industrial Property Association. En 1982, alors qu'elle siégeait à un comité présidentiel sur la stagnation industrielle pour le président Ronald Reagan, Newman a aidé à créer la Cour d'appel des États-Unis pour le circuit fédéral. Elle a également été "Professeure de droit distinguée" en tant que professeure adjointe à la George Mason University School of Law.

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Education and career

Newman was born in New York City in 1927, to Maxwell H. and Rosella G. Newman. Growing up during and in the aftermath of World War II, Newman "learned to fly planes, drive racecars and ride motorcycles". She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Vassar College in 1947, with a double major in chemistry and philosophy, followed by a Master of Arts from Columbia University in 1948. She "sought to be a physician, but changed her mind", receiving a Doctor of Philosophy in chemistry from Yale University in 1952. At the time, it was unusual for women to work in the profession, and "no chemical firm would hire her except American Cyanamid". As the sole female research scientist employed by the firm, "her bosses tried to force her into becoming a librarian until she threatened to walk out". She worked as a research scientist for American Cyanamid from 1951 to 1954, during which time she was issued patents for "colorful, dirt-resistant synthetic fabric she helped invent". In 1954, she "took her savings and bought a ticket on a boat to Paris, where she supported herself by mixing drinks on the Île Saint-Louis" for six months, until her funds ran out.

Later in 1954, Newman returned to the United States and started working for FMC Corp., receiving a Bachelor of Laws from New York University School of Law in 1958, and working as a patent attorney and in-house counsel, and for fifteen years (1969–1984) as director of the Patent, Trademark and Licensing Department. From 1961 to 1962 Newman also worked for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a science policy specialist in the Department of Natural Resources. She served on the State Department Advisory Committee on International Intellectual Property from 1974 to 1984 and on the advisory committee to the Domestic Policy Review of Industrial Innovation from 1978 to 1979. From 1982 to 1984, she was Special Adviser to the United States Delegation to the Diplomatic Conference on the Revision of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. Over her career, Newman has received honors including the Wilbur Cross Medal of Yale University Graduate School, and the Award for Outstanding Contributions to International Cooperation from the Pacific Industrial Property Association. In 1982, while serving on a presidential committee on industrial stagnation for President Ronald Reagan, Newman helped create the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. She has also been a "Distinguished Professor of Law" as an adjunct professor at the George Mason University School of Law.

Federal judicial service

On January 30, 1984, President Ronald Reagan nominated Newman to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit vacated by Judge Philip Nichols Jr., who had assumed senior status on October 1, 1983. Newman was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 27, 1984, and received her commission the following day. Newman thus became the first judge appointed directly to the Federal Circuit, all of her predecessors having come to the court through the merger of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Federal Claims. Newman was also the only judge on the Federal Circuit who did not previously serve on a lower court.

Another judge of the Federal Circuit, Giles Rich, was the oldest active federal judge in the history of the United States when he died 10 days after his 95th birthday in 1999; Newman surpassed that record on June 30, 2022, but "remains an active judge" and has been described as "the court's institutional memory bank".

In 2013, Newman was honored by NYU Law Women as their law alumna of the year. In 2015, she endowed a lecture series on science, technology, and society, at her undergraduate alma mater, Vassar College, with the inaugural lecture being delivered on April 2, 2015, by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute president Shirley Ann Jackson. That same year, Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg praised Newman for inspiring women with "her intelligence, her diligence, her devotion to a very difficult area of the law".

A 2016 Law360 article stated that Newman "built her reputation as the appellate court's most prolific contrarian". A 2017 analysis of the impact of Newman's dissents has shown that her positions are often adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States on appeal. In 2018, she was selected to receive the American Inns of Court "Lewis F. Powell, Jr., Award for Professionalism and Ethics". In October 2022, Newman endowed and initiated the Pauline Newman Program for Science, Technology and International Law, at NYU Law. In remarks published in 2023, Federal Circuit Chief Judge Moore said that "there can be no doubt that Judge Newman is the heroine of the patent system".

In September 2023, Newman spoke at the National Vaccine Law Conference at George Washington University, advocating for greater consideration into the effect of patent law on the advancement of technologies like vaccines, stating, "we must understand not just how the present law applies, but also to understand if it's anything less than optimum, it's in our hands".

Jurisprudence

Newman has authored a number of important opinions setting forth the law of patents in the United States. In Arrhythmia Research Technology, Inc. v. Corazonix Corp., she wrote an opinion for the panel finding that the use of an algorithm as a step in a process did not render the process unpatentable. In In re Recreative Technologies Corp., she wrote the opinion finding that the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences exceeded its authority when it considered a claim of obviousness in the reexamination of a patent previously held by the examiner not to be obvious with respect to the references cited. In Intergraph Corporation v. Intel Corporation, she highlighted the right of a patent owner to refuse to license, even to a party that has become completely dependent on the patent. In Jazz Photo Corp. v. United States International Trade Commission, she clarified the law of repair and reconstruction (permitting the owner of a patented item to fix the item when it breaks, but not to essentially build a new item from the parts of an old one), writing that it was not a patent infringement for one party to restore another party's patented "one-use" camera to be used a second time.

With respect to the court's federal contracts jurisprudence, in 2010 she wrote a dissenting opinion in M. Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States. Stanfield Johnson has called her the court's "great dissenter", and has said that her dissents in the area of federal contracts "consistently reflect the view that a primary responsibility of the court is to serve 'the national policy of fairness to contractors'". He writes:

At the core of Judge Newman's dissenting jurisprudence is the premise that the sovereign as a contracting party should be accountable for its actions, subject only to limited exceptions not to be presumed, unnecessarily expanded, or imposed in a formalistic doctrinaire way that ignores or masks the facts of government conduct. Where the facts justify it, contractors should be entitled to a 'fair and just' remedy, and the Federal Circuit is there to make sure this happens.

In Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. (2005) the SCOTUS not only changed the state of the law to reflect what Judge Newman had written, but they cited her outright in the opinion.

In 2015 Newman was the only dissenter in Ariosa v. Sequenom, where she criticized Federal Circuit's position on patent-eligible subject matter (claims preempting the use of the laws of Nature), following the SCOTUS decision in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. Instead of inconsistent interpretation of patentable subject matter by different courts at different times (i.e. requiring additional "inventive concepts" to transform a newly discovered Law of Nature into a patentable claim) Newman maintains, that claims, limited to a small number of routine applications of new discoveries, should be allowed, because such claims do not “preempt further study of this science, nor the development of additional applications". Gene Quinn and Nancy Braman, writing for IPWatchdog, praised Judge Newman's position in this case, stating [her] "dissent in Ariosa would be a way forward for the Federal Circuit and would be in keeping with the admonition from the Supreme Court that §101 not be used to swallow all of patent law".

In April 2023, Newman published a noted dissent in SAS Institute Inc v. World Programming Ltd., asserting that the majority had conflated infringement and copyrightability questions, and failed to enunciate the burden of proof.

External links

• (en) « Pauline Newman », sur Centre judiciaire fédéral des États-Unis
• Judge Newman speaks about the Federal Circuit