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Ne sait pas

« Ne sait pas » est une modalité de réponse utilisée par les sciences sociales et le marketing durant leurs enquêtes par questionnaire pour permettre à l'enquêté de manifester positivement son incapacité à fournir une réponse à une question posée par l'enquêteur ou auto-administrée. En ce sens, elle doit être distinguée de la non-réponse, qui est l'absence totale de réponse même lorsqu'un item blanc est explicitement proposé au répondant oralement ou par écrit. Lors de la saisie informatique des données récoltées, elle est généralement abrégée sous la forme « NSP », qui sert aussi lors du traitement.

Enjeu méthodologique

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L'utilisation ou non de la modalité est un enjeu pour le chercheur, car sa présence dans le questionnaire peut inciter les personnes questionnées à renoncer à des réponses utiles qu'elles feraient effectivement en son absence. D'un autre côté, ne pas y recourir, c'est risquer d'obtenir de nombreuses réponses faites sans conviction de nature à introduire un biais statistique dans les résultats finaux. En outre, cela ne permet pas une distinction entre les enquêtés qui admettraient positivement ne pas savoir répondre et ceux qui sauteraient la question sans pour autant pouvoir l'admettre, ce qui serait donc une non-réponse. Dans le cadre d'un sondage d'opinion politique, par exemple, cela revient à risquer de confondre des électeurs susceptibles de recourir au vote blanc et des abstentionnistes potentiels.

Bibliographie

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  • Bauer Martin (1996). “Socio-Economic Correlates of DK-Responses in Knowledge Surveys: Self-Attributed Ignorance of Science”, Social Science Information, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1996, p. 39-68.
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  • Beatty, Paul and Herrmann, Douglas (1995). “A Framework for Evaluating “Don’t Know” Response in Surveys”. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, America, Statistical Association, Washington, DC, 1995, p. 1005-1010.
  • Beatty, P., and Herrmann, D. (2002). “To Answer or not to Answer: Decision Processes Related to Survey Item Nonresponse”. Pp. 71-85 in Groves, R. M.; Dillman, D. A.: Eltinge, J. L. and Roderick, J. A. L., eds. “Survey Nonresponse” Wiley, New York, 2002.
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  • Bilgen, Ipek (08-2011). . ”Is Less More & More Less…? The Effect of Two Types of Interviewer Experience on “Don’t Know” Responses in Calendar and Standardized Interviews”. PhD dissertation, graduate college at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, August 2011, xv 252 pp..
  • Brooks; Arthur C. (2004). “What Do Don't Know Responses Really Mean in Giving Surveys? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 33, 2004, No. 3, September 3004, p. 423-424.
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  • Coombs, C. H., and Coombs, L. C. (1975). “Don’t Know”: Item ambiguity or respondent uncertainty? Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 40, 1975, pp. 497-514.
  • Coppoletta-Solotareff, Rosalinda et Grobon, Sébastien (01-2016). "Quel est l’impact d’un changement du mode de relance des répondants « sans opinion » ? Caractéristiques des répondants, du dispositif d’enquête et des questions affectant la réponse « ne sait pas »." Document de travail, Série « Méthodologie d’enquête », n° 55, Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques (DREES), , 44 pp. (résumé et accès).
  • Das, A., and Deshmukh, J. (1997). “What we Know about the “Don’t Knows” (and what we Know about What to do with Them)”. WAPOR Newsletter, 12-13.
  • DeRouvray, Cristel and Couper, Mick P. (2002). “Designing a Strategy for Reducing “No Opinion” Responses in Web-Based Surveys”. Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2002, p. 3-9.
  • Durand, R. M., and Lambert, Z. L. (1988). “Don’t Know Responses in Surveys: Analyses and Interpersonal Consequences.” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 16, 1988, pp. 169-188.
  • Faulkenberry, G.D. and Mason, R. (1978). “Characteristics of Nonopinion and No opinion Response Groups”. Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 42, 1978, pp. 534-543.
  • Feick, Lawrence F. (1989). “Latent Class Analysis of Survey Questions that Include Don’t Know Responses”. Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 53, Issue 4, 1989, pp. 525-547.
  • Francis, Joe D. and Busch, Lawrence (1975). “What We Now Know about “I don’t Knows”.” Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 39, No.2, Summer 1975, pp. 207-218 (voir ici ou ici).
  • Gilljam, M., and Granberg, D. (1993). “Should we Take “Don’t Know” for an Answer?” Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 57, 1993, pp.348-357.
  • Groothuis, Peter.A. and Whitehead, John C. (2002). “Does Don’t Know Mean No? Analysis of ‘Don’t Know’ Responses in Contingent Valuation Questions”, Applied Economics, Vol. 34, No. 15, October 2002, pp. 1935
  • Haener, Michel K. and Adamowicz, Wiktor L. (10-1998). “Analysis of “Don’t Know” Responses to Referendum Contingent Valuation Questions”. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, October 1998, pp.218-230.
  • Joffe, Helene and Farr, R (1996). “Self-Proclaimed Ignorance about Public Affairs”. Social Science Information / Information sur les sciences sociales, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1996, pp. 69-92.
  • Juan, Salvador (1986). « L’ouvert et le fermé dans la pratique du questionnaire. Analyse comparative et spécificités de l’enquête par correspondance ». Revue française de sociologie, vol. 27, n° 27-2, 1986, pp. 301-316. accès)
  • Keeter, S., Kennedy, C., Dimock, M., Best, J., and Craighill, P. (2006). “Gauging the Impact of Growing Nonresponse on Estimates from a National RDD Telephone Survey”. Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 70, 2006, pp. 759-779.
  • Krosnick, Jon A.; Holbrook, Allyson L.; Berent, Matthew K.; Carson, Richard T.; Hanemann, W. Michael; Kopp, Raymond J.; Mitchell, Robert Cameron; Presser, Stanley; Rudd, Paul A.; Smith, V. Kerry; Moody, Wendy R.; Green, Melanie C. and Conaway, Michael (2002). “The Impact of “No Opinion” Response Options on Data Quality: Non-Attitude Reduction or an Invitation to Satisfice?” The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 66, 2002, pp. 371-403 (aussi ici).
  • Lam, Tony C. M.; Allen, Gary and Green, Kathy E. (05-2010). “Is “Neutral” on a Likert Scale The Same As "Don’t Know" for Informed and Uninformed Respondents? Effects of Serial Position and Labeling on Selection of Response Options”. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Denver, CO, May 2010, 37 pp.
  • Lam, Tony C.M.; Green, Kathy E. and Bordignon, Catherine (11-2002). “Effects of Item Grouping and Position of the “Don't Know” Option on Questionnaire Response”. Field Methods, Vol. 14, No. 4, November 2002, pp. 418-432.
  • Leigh, J.H. and Martin, C.R. Jr. (1987). “Don’t Know” Item Nonresponse in a Telephone Survey: Effects of Question Form and Respondent Characteristics”. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 24, 1987, pp. 418-424.
  • Mayer, Nonna (2010). « Sociologie des comportements politiques ». Armand Colin, Collection U, 2010, 288 pp.
  • McClendon, M. J. (1986). “Unanticipated Effects of No Opinion Filters on Attitudes and Attitude Strength”. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 29, 1986, pp.:379-95.
  • McClendon, M. J., and Alwin, D. F. (1993). “No-Opinion Filters and Attitude Measurement Reliability”. Sociological Methods and Research, Vol. 21, 1993, pp. 438-464.
  • Mondak, Jeffrey J. and Anderson, Mary R. (03-2003) “A Knowledge Gap or a Guessing Game? Gender and Political Knowledge,” Public Perspective, Vol.14, No. 2, March/April 2003, pp. 6–9.
  • Mondak, Jeffrey J. and Anderson. Mary R. (05-2004). “The Knowledge Gap: A Reexamination of Gender-Based Differences in Political Knowledge.” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 66, No. 2: May 2004, pp. 492–512.
  • Mondak, Jeffery J., and Davis. Belinda Creel (2001). “Asked and Answered: Knowledge Levels When We Won’t Take ‘Don’t Know’ for an Answer.” Political Behavior, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2001, pp. 199-224.
  • Pickery, Jan and Loosveldt, Geert (1998). “The Impact of Respondent and Interviewer Characteristics on the Number of “No Opinion” Answers: A Multilevel Model for Count Data”. Quality & Quantity, Vol. 32, 1998, pp. 31-45.
  • Pickery, Jan and Loosveldt, Geert (2001). “An Exploration of Question Characteristics that Mediate Interviewer Effects on Item Nonresponse”. Journal of Official Statistics, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2001, pp. 337-350.
  • Pickery, Jan and Loosveldt, Geert (2004). “A Simultaneous Analysis of Interviewer Effects on Various Data Quality Indicators with Identification of Exceptional Interviewers”. Journal of Official Statistics, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2004, pp. 77-89.
  • Porreca, Kelsey (2012). “An Investigation of No Opinion and Don’t Know Responses”. The Ohio State University, 37th Annual Conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, “Innovations in Measuring and Understanding Public Opinion”, Chicago; IL, November 16-17, 2012, 15 pp. Slides, 14 pp.
  • Sayedi, Amin; Zadimoghaddam, Morteza and Blum, Avrim (2010). “Trading off Mistakes and Don’t Know Responses in Online Learning”. Présentation, 16 pp.
  • Schuman, Howard and Presser, Stanley (1980). “Public Opinion and Public Ignorance: The Fine Line between Attitudes and Nonattitudes”. The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 85, 1980, pp. 1214-1225.
  • Shoemaker, P.J., Eichholz, M., and Skewes, E.A. (2000). “Item Nonreponse: Distinguishing between Don’t Know and Refuse”. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Vol. 14, 2000, p. 193-201.
  • Sturgis, Patrick; Allum, Nick and Smith, Patten (2007). “An Experiment on the Measurement of Political Knowledge in Surveys”. Public Opinion Quarterly, Advance access publiqhed September 21, 2007, 13 pp. (voir ici).
  • Turner, Jill and Michael, Mike (03-1996). “What Do We Know about ‘Don’t Knows’? Or, Contexts of Ignorance,” Social Science Information, Vol. 35, March 1996, pp. 15–37.
  • Vicente, Paula and Reis, Elizabeth (06-2010). “Using Questionnaire Design to Fight Nonresponse Bias in Web Surveys”. Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, May 2010, pp. 251-267.
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