Gifford-luennot

Gifford-luennot (engl. Gifford Lectures) on luentosarja, jonka perusti Adam Lord Gifford (k. 1887) testamentillaan luonnollisen teologian tutkimuksen edistämiseksi. Luonnollisella teologialla hän tarkoitti laajassa merkityksessä (luonnon)tieteiden tukemaa teologiaa, joka ei ollut riippuvaista ihmeistä. Luentoja pidetään skotlantilaisissa yliopistoissa: näihin lukeutuvat St Andrewsin yliopisto, Glasgow'n yliopisto, Aberdeenin yliopisto ja Edinburghin yliopisto.

Luentoja on järjestetty vuodesta 1888. Nimitys Gifford-luentojen pitäjäksi on suuri akateeminen kunnianosoitus. Luennot pidetään yleensä yhden akateemisen vuoden kestävänä luentosarjana, ja luennot luennoidaan sillä tarkoituksella, että niiden sisältö julkaistaisiin kirjana. Monista Gifford-luentoja sisältävistä teoksista on tullut klassikkoteoksia teologian ja filosofian alalla sekä niiden ja luonnontieteen välisen suhteen tarkastelun kannalta.

Tunnettuja luennoitsijoita

Aberdeen

• 1906–1908 – Hans Driesch: The Science and Philosophy of the Organism 1–2
• 1936–38 – Karl Barth: The Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation
• 1951–52 – Michael Polanyi: Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, ISBN 0-226-67288-3
• 1952–54 – Paul Tillich: Systematic Theology (3 osaa): ISBN 0-226-80337-6, ISBN 0-226-80338-4, ISBN 0-226-80339-2
• 1959–61 – H. H. Price: Belief, julkaistu 1969
• 1965-1967 – Raymond Aron: La Conscience historique dans la pensée et dans l'action
• 1973 – Hannah Arendt: Life of the Mind
• 1982–84 – Richard Swinburne: The Evolution of the Soul, ISBN 0-19-823698-0
• 1984–85 – Freeman Dyson: Infinite In All Directions, ISBN 0-06-072889-2
• 1989–91 – Ian Barbour: Religion in an Age of Science, ISBN 0-06-060383-6
• 1992–93 – Jaroslav Pelikan: Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter With Hellenism, ISBN 0-300-06255-9
• 1994–95 – John W. Rogerson: Faith and Criticism in the Work of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894
• 1994–95 – M. A. Stewart: New Light and Enlightenment
• 1994–95 – Peter Jones: Science and Religion before and after Hume
• 1994–95 – James H. Burns: The Order of Nature
• 1994–95 – Alexander Broadie: The Shadow of Scotus
• 1997–98 – Russell Stannard: The God Experiment
• 2000–01 – John S. Habgood: The Concept of Nature
• 2003–04 – John Haldane: Mind, Soul and Deity
• 2003 – Eleonore Stump: Wandering in the Darkness

Edinburgh

• 1891 – George Gabriel Stokes: Natural Theology
• 1900–02 – William James: The Varieties of Religious Experience, ISBN 0-679-64011-8
• 1909–10 – William Warde Fowler: The Religious Experience of the Roman People, ISBN 0-8154-0372-0
• 1911–12 – Bernard Bosanquet: The Principle of Individuality and Value, ISBN 0-527-10036-6
• 1913–14 – Henri Bergson: The Problem of Personality
• 1915–16 – William Mitchell Ramsay: Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization, ISBN 0-89005-173-9
• 1919–21 – George Stout: Mind and Matter, julkaistu 1931
• 1921–23 – Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison: Studies in the Philosophy of Religion, ISBN 0-404-60474-9
• 1923–25 – James George Frazer: The Worship of Nature ISBN 1-56459-532-3
• 1926–27 – Arthur Eddington: The Nature of the Physical World, ISBN 0-472-06015-5
• 1927–28 – Alfred North Whitehead: Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology, ISBN 0-02-934570-7
• 1928–29 – John Dewey: The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action, ISBN 1-4179-0845-9
• 1934–35 – Albert Schweitzer: The Problem of Natural Theology and Natural Ethics
• 1937–38 – Charles Sherrington: Man on His Nature, ISBN 0-521-06436-8
• 1938–40 – Reinhold Niebuhr: The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation, (2 osaa): ISBN 0-664-25709-7
• 1947–49 – Christopher Dawson: osa 1:Religion and Culture ISBN 0-404-60498-6; osa 2: Religion and the Rise of Western Culture ISBN 0-385-42110-9
• 1949–50 – Niels Bohr: Causality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic Physics, ISBN 1-881987-14-0
• 1952–53 – Arnold J. Toynbee: An Historian's Approach to Religion, ISBN 0-19-215260-2
• 1954–55 – Rudolf Bultmann: History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity, ISBN 0-8371-8123-2
• 1973–74 – Owen Chadwick: The Secularisation of the European Mind in the 19th Century, ISBN 0-521-39829-0
• 1974–76 – Stanley Jaki: The Road of Science and the Ways to God, ISBN 0-226-39145-0
• 1978–79 – John Carew Eccles: The Human Mystery, The Human Psyche, ISBN 0-387-09954-9
• 1979–80 – Ninian Smart: "The Varieties of Religious Identity", julkaistu nimellä Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilisation, ISBN 0-06-067402-4
• 1980–81 – Seyyed Hossein Nasr: Knowledge and the Sacred, ISBN 0-7914-0177-4
• 1981–82 – Iris Murdoch: Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals, ISBN 0-14-017232-7
• 1984–85 – Jurgen Moltmann: God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God, ISBN 0-8006-2823-3
• 1986–87 – John Hick: An Interpretation of Religion, (2. painos): ISBN 0-300-10668-8
• 1987–88 – Alasdair MacIntyre: Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: ISBN 0-7156-2337-0
• 1993–94 – John Polkinghorne: Science and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker, ISBN 0-281-04714-6
• 1997–98 – Holmes Rolston III: Genes, genesis, and God: Values and their origins in natural and human history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-64108-X
• 1998–99 – Charles Taylor:, Living in a Secular Age
• 1999–2000 – David Tracy: This side of God
• 2000–01 – Onora O'Neill: Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics
• 2001–02 – Mohammed Arkoun: Inaugurating a Critique of Islamic Reason
• 2002–03 – Michael Ignatieff: The Lesser Evil – Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, ISBN 0-691-11751-9
• 2003–04 – J. Wentzel van Huyssteen: Alone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and Theology, ISBN 0-8028-3246-6
• 2004–05 – Dame Margaret Anstee, Stephen Toulmin ja Noam Chomsky – sarja Edward Saidille omistettuja luentoja; Saidin oli tarkoitus pitää vuosien 2004–05 luennot, mutta hän kuoli vuonna 2003
• 2005–06 – Jean Bethke Elshtain: Sovereign God, Sovereign State, Sovereign Self
• 2006–07 – Simon Conway Morris: Darwin's Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation ja Jonathan Riley-Smith: The Crusades and Christianity
• 2007–08 – Alexander Nehamas ja Robert M. Veatch: Hipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict

Glasgow

• 1888–92 – Friedrich Max Müller: 1888: Natural Religion 1–2; 1890: Physical Religion; 1891: Anthropological Religion: 1892: Theosophy or Psychological Religion
• 1892–96 – John Caird: The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity Vol.1&2
• 1896–98 – Alexander Balmain Bruce: The Moral Order of the World, The Providential Order of the World
• 1914 – Arthur Balfour: Theism and Humanism ISBN 1-58742-005-8
• 1916–18 – Samuel Alexander: Space, Time, and Deity, 1. osa: ISBN 0-7661-8701-2, 2. osa: ISBN 0-7661-8702-0
• 1922 – Arthur Balfour: Theism and Thought
• 1927–28 – J. B. S. Haldane: The Sciences and Philosophy, ISBN 0-404-60479-X
• 1932–34 – William Temple: Nature, Man and God
• 1952-54 – John Macmurray: The Form of the Personal; 1. osa: The Self as Agent ISBN 1-57392-337-0; 2. osa: Persons in Relation ISBN 1-57392-625-6
• 1959 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker: The Relevance of Science
• 1970 – Richard William Southern: The Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought
• 1985 – Carl Sagan: The Search for Who We Are, julkaistu vuonna 2006 nimellä The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God, ISBN 1-86320-107-2
• 1988 – Don Cupitt: Nature and Culture
• 1988 – Richard Dawkins: Worlds in Microcosm
• 1992 – Mary Warnock: Imagination and Understanding, julkaistu nimellä Imagination and Time, ISBN 0-631-19019-8
• 1993–94 – Keith Ward: Religion and Revelation ISBN 0-19-826375-9 (ISBN 978-0-19-826375-3)
• 1995–96 – John Hedley Brooke: Reconstructing Nature
• 1997–98 – R. J. Berry: Gods, Genes, Greens and Everything
• 1999–00 – Ralph McInerny: Characters in Search of Their Author
• 2001 – Lynne Baker: The Nature and Limits of Human Understanding
• 2003–04 – Simon Blackburn: Reason's Empire

St. Andrews

• 1902–04 – Richard Haldane: The Pathway to Reality, ISBN 0-404-60459-5
• 1917–18 – William R. Inge: The Philosophy of Plotinus, ISBN 1-59244-284-6
• 1921–22 – C. Lloyd Morgan: Emergent Evolution (1923) ISBN 0-404-60468-4, ja Life, Mind, and Spirit (1925)
• 1955–56 – Werner Heisenberg: Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science, ISBN 1-57392-694-9
• 1958–60 – Georg Henrik von Wright: Norm and Action ja The Varieties of Goodness (suom. Hyvän muunnelmat, ISBN 951-1-16436-8)
• 1972–73 – Alfred Ayer: The Central Questions of Philosophy, ISBN 0-03-013116-2
• 1975–77 – Reijer Hooykaas: Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science
• 1977–78 – David Stafford-Clark: Myth, Magic and Denial
• 1980–81 – Gregory Vlastos: Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher
• 1982–83 – Donald Geoffrey Charlton: New Images of the Natural, 1750-1800
• 1983–84 – John Macquarrie: In Search of Deity
• 1984–85 – Adolf Grünbaum: Psychoanalytic Theory and Science
• 1986–87 – Antony Flew: The Logic of Mortality
• 1988–89 – Walter Burkert: Tracks of Biology and the Creation of Sense
• 1990–91 – Hilary Putnam: Renewing Philosophy
• 1992–93 – Arthur Peacocke: Nature, God and Humanity:
• 1992–93 – Roger Penrose: The Question of Physical Reality
• 1995 – Nicholas Wolterstorff: Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology
• 1996–97 – Michael Dummett: Thought and Reality
• 1999 – Robert Merrihew Adams: God and Being
• 1999 – Marilyn McCord Adams: The Coherence of Christology
• 2001–02 – Stanley Hauerwas: With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural Theology, ISBN 1-58743-016-9
• 2002 – Peter van Inwagen: The Problem of Evil and the Argument from Evil
• 2004–05 – Alvin Plantinga: Science and Religion: Conflict or Concord

Kirjallisuutta

• Stanley Jaki: Lord Gifford and His Lectures: A Centenary Retrospect (1987). Scottish Academic Press, ISBN 0-7073-0465-2.

Aiheesta muualla

• Gifford Lectures Online (Arkistoitu – Internet Archive) (englanniksi)