Kartini

Raden Adjeng Kartini, ganndiraaɗo kadi Raden Ayu Kartini (21 abriil 1879 – 17 suwee 1904),[a] ko daraniiɗo hakkeeji rewɓe e jaŋde rewɓe.

Kartini

ɓii aadama

Jinsu	debbum
Ɓii-leydiyankaaku	Dutch East Indies
Innde ɓesngu	Kartini
Ɗuubi daygo	21 Seeɗto 1879
Ɗoforde	Jepara
Date of death	17 Siilto 1904
Place of death	Rembang
Manner of death	natural causes
Cause of death	puerperal disorders
Father	Raden Mas Adipati Ario Sosroningrat
Mother	Mas Ayu Ngasirah
Marude	Soesalit Djojoadhiningrat
Wolde	Dutch, Javanese
Sana'aji	women's rights activist, textile artist
Lenyol	Javanese
Social classification	noble
Diina	Diina Lislaama
Notable work	Letters of a Javanese Princess
Award received	National Hero of Indonesia
Has works in the collection	Royal Collections of the Netherlands
Copyright status as a creator	copyrights on works have expired

O jibinaa ko e nder galle Javannaaɓe aristokraasi en to Inndo-Fuɗnaange Holanndee (Indoneesi hannde). Caggal nde o naati duɗal leslesal ɗemngal Holanndee, o yiɗiino jokkude jaŋde, kono rewɓe Javannaaɓe e oon sahaa ina kaɗaa jaŋde toownde. E nder ɗuum, Kartini naatii e yonta ceertuɗo mo sukaaɓe rewɓe tokosɓe mbaɗata haa ɓe resnda. O heɓi ganndal ko e jaŋngude defte e jokkondirde e yimɓe Indoneesi e Holanndee en. Baaba makko acci mo naatde e renndo ngo fuɗɗoraade hitaande 1896, hay so tawii noon ko debbo gooto mo resndaaka.

O hawri e ardiiɓe e yimɓe heewɓe, haa arti noon e J.H. Abendanon. O fuɗɗii aada oo ko e nder miñiraaɓe makko rewɓe tato ngam sosde e huutoraade duɗe. Caggal nde o maayi, duɗe ɗee sosaa ko e fedde sosaande to Pays-Bas. Won e sehilaaɓe makko Indonesinaaɓe kadi cosi Duɗe Kartini.

Caggal nde o sankii, miñiraaɓe makko rewɓe njokki e wallitde jaŋde sukaaɓe rewɓe e rewɓe. Ɓataakeeji Kartini njaltinaa e jaaynde Holanndee, haa jooni, e hitaande 1911, ko golle ɗee : Door Duisternis tot Licht (Iwdi e niɓɓere ina ara) e mbaydi Engele, Ɓataakeeji laamɗo debbo Java. Jooni noon, ñalngu nguu ina mawninee to leydi Indoneesi, hono ñalngu Kartini ngam teddinde mo. O salii seerndude sukaaɓe rewɓe tokosɓe no Purdah nii, e dewgal rewɓe heewɓe.

Kartini ko Jaambaaro ngenndiijo leydi Indoneesi.[2]

Ɓawo

E nder nguurndam Kartini, Indoneesi wonti koloni Holanndee en teeŋtuɗo, joginooɗo ngalu keewngu nguu, hono kaɓirɗe e nebam, e peewnugol tuubaako, ko ɗum addani yimɓe Holanndee en ɓurde heewde e koloniiji Holanndee en.[3] Holanndee en njiɗnoo ko jogaade denndaangal arsipelaas Indoneesi, ko ɗum waɗi ɗum en e teeminannde 20ɓiire. E nder ɗuum, won ƴellitaare karallaagal e udditgol kanndaa Suez, e sosde laabi telegaraam, e sosde laabi njamndi, ko ɗum addani koloñaal oo e yonta hannde oo.[3] Nde yimɓe Holanndee en ɓeydii eggude to Indoneesi, ko ɓuri heewde e njulaagu keeriiɗo sosaa, kadi fartaŋŋeeji jaŋde udditaama wonande yimɓe tedduɓe Indoneesi, nde tawnoo duɗe Holanndee en udditanaama eggiyankooɓe. Ganndal dille rewɓe to Hollande fuɗɗii sarde ko e pinal gaadanteewal Indoneesi.[3] Poligny ina heewi e nder mawɓe Indoneesi. Juulɓe ina mbaawi jogaade rewɓe nayo. Rewɓe common ina njoginoo doole seeɗa e nder galleeji gorko mum en. Ɓe keewi ko wuurde koye maɓɓe, ɓe ngoni ko e galleeji ceertuɗi e jom suudu maɓɓe.[4] Rewɓe ina keewi jogaade batte seeɗa e nder renndo Indoneesi baabiraaɓe. Darnde worɓe e nder renndo ina anndiree limoore rewɓe ɓe ɓe njogii.[5]

Kartini

Kabaaru goɗɗo: Indiya fuɗnaange Holanndee § Daartol

Nguurndam

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Nguurndam adanɗam

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Kartini jibinaa ko ñalnde 21 abriil 1879, to Java, to leydi Indoneesi, to wuro wiyeteengo Mayong.[6][7] Jibnaaɓe makko ko Raden Adipati Sosroningrat,[8] jeyaaɗo e priyayi (geɗe Jawa), e Ngasirah, ɓiy ganndo diine. Baaba makko ina gollinoo e laamu koloñaal Holanndee to Inndo-Fuɗnaange Holanndee[6][7], ko kanko woni hooreejo njuɓɓudi laamu to bannge worgo-caka Java.[1] E hitaande 1880, o wonti Regent Jepara, ɗum firti ko, e kala sahaa, Kartini ina resnda Regent goɗɗo.[9]

Kartini e ɓesngu mum, 1890 haa 1904

Yumma makko, hono Ngasirah, ina yahra e duuɓi 14, ko o jom suudu nde o resi Sosroningrat. Jibnaaɓe makko ko Nyai Haji Siti Amina, mo hijjoore mum waɗi to Makka, e Kyai Modirono, ina gasa tawa ko juulɓe juulɓe.[5] Ngasirah woni debbo Sosroningrat gadano, o jibini ɓiɓɓe njeetato.[8] Debbo makko gadiiɗo oo ko Raden Ayu Sosroningrat, laamɗo leydi ndii, mo o jibini ɓiɓɓe rewɓe tato. Regents ina ɗaminanoo resde nobleeji. Kartini noddi yumma mum gorko "yumma", wonaa yumma mum jibinannde.[10]

Kartini ko ɓiɗɗo joyaɓo e ɓiɗɗo debbo ɗiɗaɓo e nder galle mo yimɓe sappo e gooto, tawi heen gooto ko miñiraaɓe. O jibinaa ko e galle jogiiɗo aadaaji hakkille tiiɗɗi. Mawniiko, hono Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, wonti regent nde o yahrata e duuɓi 25, [11] tawi mawniiko gorko, hono Sosrokartono, ko ganndo ɗemngal timmuɗo.[12]

Jaangirde

Kartini janngii duɗal Holanndee en, ko ɗum woni fuɗɗoode makko e winndere hirnaange, o fuɗɗii ko e duuɓi jeegom.[7] O jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe Indoneesi artuɓe yahde duɗal Orop, jannginooɓe e banndiraaɓe makko ina mbaɗti mo no feewi. Kono, e nder yontaaji, o anndiraa ko hakkille makko.[13] Kartini ko neɗɗo keewɗo haalde ɗemngal Holanndee. Ko ɓuri heewde e sukaaɓe rewɓe Indoneesi ina kaala ɗemngal Malawi.[14] Nde o woni e duɗal Holanndee, o janngi kadi e Marie Ovink-Soer, debbo regent goɗɗo, o rokki Kartini jaŋde sewnde, o janngini mo miijooji rewɓe.[7] O woni e duɗal Holanndee en haa o woni suka, nde o heɓi purdah-like "goonndi ɓuuɓndi ndi o yi’ata ina foti e suka debbo tedduɗo",[7][15] tuggi 1891 haa 1895.[6] E nder ooɗoo sahaa, omo ɗaminanoo wonde neɗɗo neɗɗaŋke, ɗooftotooɗo kuule pinal tiiɗɗe e jikkuuji. O janngi defde e waɗde golle galle goɗɗe. O waɗii mbaydi batik e koltu makko.[16] Nde tawnoo Kartini ina weltii e diisnondiral laamu, ina teskaa e les njiimaandi mum, o ɗaminaaki wonde gollooɓe, yimɓe heewɓe, walla sukaaɓe makko tokosɓe ina mbaɗa mo no aadaaji pinal ɗii njiɗiri nii.[17] O ɓuri mettinde ko nde rewɓe ina njuuma walla ina kaala e mbaadi cemmbinndi sukaaɓe rewɓe, ɓurɓe lesɗude e dow njuɓɓudi laamu.[17] Kartini darii darnde mum ngam rewɓe ɓee fof njaha ekkol

Ɓataake mo Kartini winndi e Rosa Abendanon (feccere)

E nder njuɓɓudi makko, Kartini ina jannga binndanɗe rewɓe e politik, haa arti noon e binndanɗe Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati. O wi'i dow kuugal ngam outcastes e rewɓe, "So wonaa rewɓe daneeji tan mbaawi toppitaade koye mum en- debbo ɓaleejo ina waawi waɗde hoore mum ndimaagu e jeytaare kadi." [17]

Nate miñiraaɓe rewɓe tato Kartini, Kardinah e Roekmini ɗi yummiraaɓe ɗiɗo ceertuɓe mbaɗi. Kartini e Kardina ko ɓiɓɓe Ngasirah rewɓe. Roekmini ko ɓiy debbo mawɗo biyeteeɗo Raden Ayu Sosroningrat.

Kartini e miñiraaɓe mum rewɓe, Kardinah e Roekmini, ina njaɓa laawol gootol ɓe mbaawi daɗde e seertude sahaa e sahaa fof. Ɓe njilliima Marie Ovink-Soer ngam heblude piyanɗe e golle juuɗe.[18]

Kartini ina anndi ɗemngal Holanndee, o dañii pen pals Holanndee en heewɓe. Gooto e maɓɓe ko suka debbo ina wiyee Rosa Abendanon, caggal ɗuum wonti sehil makko.[7] Kartini renndini miijooji mum ko fayti e feminism e kulhuli mum e golle aadaaji Java e sehilaaɓe mum ummoriiɓe to duɗal Holanndee en e Ovink-Soer. O ɓuri heen teeŋtude ko sukaaɓe rewɓe Java ina keewi haɗde jaŋde, ina ndokkee dewgal nde ɓe ngonaa sukaaɓe.[7] O sikki ko jaŋde ina jogii nafoore ngam ƴellitde hoore mum e heblanaade yumma mum, kadi ina luulndii dewgal yuɓɓinaangal e dewgal keewngal.[6] Kartini ina sikki wonde rewɓe ina poti heɓde ndimaagu mum en e waɗde feere.[7]

Raden adipati sosroningrat, baba kartini

Puɗɗagol hitaande 1896, Kartini rokkaama yamiroore e juuɗe baaba mum, sahaa e sahaa fof yaltata suudu ndu o wonnoo nduu ngam yillaade wuro jom en leɗɗe, tawtoreede ñalɗi teskinɗi e nder eklesiya protestant en, e ñalɗi teeŋtuɗi goɗɗi.[18] No o ɓeydorii anndude nguurndam caggal galle makko nii, o ɓeydii faamde ko woni ngoƴa Indonesinaaɓe woɗɓe. Won e binndanɗe makko njaltinaa e oon sahaa. Terɗe galle makko e yimɓe tedduɓe Indoneesi e Holanndee en njiyri golle Kartini ɗe resndaaka e nder renndo ngo ko huunde mettunde.[18]

E hitaande 1898, bal yuɓɓinaama ngam mawninde udditgol Wilhelmina mo Pays-Bas. Ko heewi e oon sahaa, Katrina e miñiraaɓe mum rewɓe ɗiɗo ɓurɓe ɓadaade ɓe, ɓe resndaaka, noddaama ngam tawtoreede bal e baaba mum en, ko ɗum Kartini yiyri ko no anndinde ardorde makko e no...

Batte

Ɓataakeeji

Kartini winndii ɓataakeeji keewɗi ko fayti e geɗe teeŋtuɗe e makko, ko wayi no naalankaagal, politik, jaŋde, cellal renndo, wellitaare faggudu, e binndol. Ɓataakeeji ɗii neldaama e sehilaaɓe makko Holanndee en, ina heen J.H. Abendanon, jaagorgal pinal, diine, e njulaagu to Indiya fuɗnaange, e ɓesngu mum.[23]

Kartini winnditiima e Estelle (Stella) Zeehandelaar, jaabtiiɗo advertisement mum e nder jaaynde wiyeteende Daily Lily e hitaande 1900. Stella ko debbo jahroowo e duuɓi 25, jeyaaɗo to Amsterdam, ballitooɗo hoore mum.[ 24] Kartini winndi ko fayti e miijooji mum e dewgal, e dewgal keewngal, e aadaaji, e jaŋde. O winndi kadi ko fayti e jokkondiral makko e baaba makko e no o yiɗiri moƴƴinde hoore makko.[25] O hawri e Abendanon, jiɗɗo ɓamtude fartaŋŋeeji jaŋde sukaaɓe rewɓe, kadi e hitaande 1900.[25] O woni e winnditaade e Mevrouw (Mrs.) Abendanon-Mandri. Ɓataakeeji maɓɓe ina ndokka heen humpitooji e waylooji nguurndam makko e nder nguurndam koloñaal Indoneesi.[26]

Duuɓi jeeɗiɗi caggal maayde Kartini, Abendanon moofti, ƴetti, yaltini ɓataakeeji mum. Deftere wiyeteende Door Duisternis tot Licht (Niɓɓere ina ara annoore) yalti ko e hitaande 1911.[27] Ko kanko woni Indoneesiyanke gadano mo miijooji mum njaltinaa e ɗemngal Nederland, kadi ina yiɗaa e Indoneesi e Oropnaaɓe haalooɓe Nederland.[23] Ndee winndannde feewnaama ngam ittude ko yowitii e limooje koloñaal, e goongɗingol lislaam, e pinal Java, firo Engele waɗii waylooji goɗɗi.[28] Deftere nde ko Agnes L. Symmers firti ɗum e ɗemngal Engele, hono ɓataakeeji laamɗo debbo Java[29] yaltunde e hitaande 1920.[28] Deftere Engele ndee ina teskaa e miijo Symmers e debbo Fuɗnaange-rewo e nder giɗli, ina teskaa e nguurndam mum keeriɗam, ina woppira kadi ɓataakeeji kollitooji wonde ko debbo jom hakkille, miijotooɗo yeeso.[30] Defte peeñninaama ngam Indoneesi’en, mbaydi e ɗemngal Malawi e hitaande 1922 e mbaydi Malawi goɗɗo e hitaande 1951 nde Armijn Pane winndi, tawa ina woɗɗi yoga e ɓataakeeji Kartini ɓurɗi teeŋtude.[1] E hitaande 1960, UNESCO yaltinii 19 ɓataakeeji Kartini e ɗemngal Farayse.[30] Ɓataakeeji ɗii ina tawee e defte duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leiden, ina mbaawi kadi ƴeewteede e nder dijital.[31] Firo timmungo e ɗemngal Engele ɓataakeeji Kartini ɗii fof yaltinaama e hitaande 2014 e juuɗe Joost Coté e nder Kartini: Binndi timmuɗi 1898-1904 wondude e binndanɗe e binndanɗe goɗɗe ɗe o winndi.[32]

Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange

Leɗɗe teek ina keewi wonde e nder galleeji alɗuɓe, haa arti noon e mobelaaji e dame. Fedde jom en leɗɗe ummoriiɓe Jepara ina ngondi e golle

Kartini yuɓɓinii golle hakkunde fedde naalankooɓe Indoneesi e Oropnaaɓe e nder fedde Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange. Oropnaaɓe ndokki kaalis ngam waɗde yeeyirdu naalankaagal ngam sosde leɗɗe cewɗe. Kartini ina joginoo duɗal.[30]

Duɗe

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Kartini ina sikki wonde rewɓe ina njogii darnde tiiɗnde e nder golle moƴƴitingol nguurndam worɓe e rewɓe Indoneesi, sabu ɗuum, o ƴetti peeje jaŋde sukaaɓe rewɓe tawa ina njogii jaŋde e jaŋde mahngo jikkuuji no sukaaɓe worɓe nii kono kadi ina jeyaa heen laaɓal, ko adii fof ballal, e njuɓɓudi kaalis.[33] Kartini ɓuri teeŋtude ko e ŋakkeende safaara wonande Indonesinaaɓe, haa teeŋti noon e rewɓe Indonesinaaɓe. Haa o miijii yahde duɗal safaara.[33]

Kartini hollitaama e Henri van Kol, tergal parlemaa, e lewru ut 1902, o wiyi ina waawi wallude mo e heblude peeje makko ngam janngude janngingol e ballal gadanal to Pays-Bas. Faandaare nde wonnoo ko jogaade ganndal ngam udditde duɗal, janngina, e wonde gardiiɗo duɗal ngal. O jokkondiri e Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e innde makko. Kartini heɓi bursi, kono yimɓe heewɓe e nguurndam makko ina ngondi e caɗeele e yaltude Java.[34]

Kartini, e ballal gorko mum, udditi duɗal rewɓe e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Regency Rembang.[7] O ardii duɗal ngal e hoore makko, omo janngina sukaaɓe rewɓe 10 balɗe nay e nder yontere.[35] E hitaande 1903, o winndi ciimtol feewde e laamu nguu, o wiyetee ko Educate the Javanese Now, o yeewtidi e nafoore heɓde jaŋde moƴƴere, o rokki kadi won e laabi wasiyaaji ngam heɓde ɗum.[15]

Caggal maayde Kartini, fedde sosaa to Pays-Bas ngam jokkude yiɗde Kartini mahde e golloraade duɗe. Rewɓe Indoneesi kadi udditi Duɗe Kartini gila 1913 haa e kitaale 1930 to Java.[22] Almuɓɓe duɗe ɗee ina njeyaa heen debbo Java gadano heɓde dipolomaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde safaara, debbo goɗɗo kadi ko gadiiɗo heɓde dipolomaaji to bannge sariya. Rewɓe ina cemmbina koye mum en ngam sosde nguurndam moƴƴam e koye mum en. E hitaande 1945, potal hakkeeji rewɓe winndaama e doosɗe leydi Indoneesi gadane.[36]

Miñiraaɓe makko rewɓe njokki e doggol duɗe gollorɗe, haa arti noon e Rockmini. Kardinah kadi winndii defte janngirɗe, o sosi duɗal cafrirɗe. Soematri kadi teeŋtinii ko fayti e jaŋde karallaagal wonande rewɓe. [36]

Lefol e teddeendi

Siftorde ñalawma Kartini e hitaande 1953

Sifaa Kartini to nokku fuɗnaange nokku biyeteeɗo Merdeka, to Jakarta

Duɗe Kartini ngudditaama to Bogor, Jakarta, e Malang. Renndo kadi sosaa e innde makko to Pays-Bas.[37]

Kartini ko Jaambaaro ngenndiijo leydi Indoneesi.[2]

Kartini ko ganndo toowɗo darnde rewɓe Indoneesi e neɗɗo ngenndiijo jogiiɗo miijooji jamaanu, ƴaañoowo e innde leñol mum, jogiiɗo darnde e nder hare ngenndi ngam jeytaare.[38] O jeyaa ko e annduɓe hannde adanɓe e nder leydi Indoneesi.[27]

O feeñii laabi ɗiɗi e nder kaayitaaji rupiah Indoneesi, e nder 5 rupiah (bayyinaango 1952, yaltungo e hitaande 1953) e 10 000 rupiah (bayyinaango 1985).[39][40]

Dowla Sukarno mo Old Order bayyini ñalnde 21 abriil ko ñalngu Kartini e hitaande 1963[1] ngam siftinde rewɓe wonde ina poti tawtoreede "haala dowla hegemonic develop (ƴellitaare)".[41] Kono caggal hitaande 1965, dowla Suharto mo New Order waylitii natal Kartini gila e natal rewɓe radikal en, haa e natal hollirngal mo wonde debbo golloowo e ɓiɗɗo debbo ɗooftotooɗo, "hono debbo tan ɓoorniiɗo kebaya baawɗo defde."[42] E oon sahaa, mo yimɓe fof nganndi ko Hari Ibu Kartini walla ñalawma Yumma Kartini, "sukaaɓe rewɓe ina poti ɓoornaade comci juutɗi, ɓutti, comci batik, comci daneeji, e jeewte ɓutte ngam yahde ekkol, ina sikkaa ina nanndi e comci Kartini kono e goonga, ina ɓoornoo comci cifaaɗi e... Ko ɓuri tiiɗde e ko o meeɗi waɗde."[43]

Ɗemngal "Ibu Kita Kartini" (Yumma men Kartini) mo W. R. Supratman:[44]

X:173

L:1/4

M:4/4

K:C

Abdullaah:1/4=120

C3/2D/2EF|G3/2E/2C2|A3/2c/2BA|G3|\

F3/2A/2GF|E2C2|D3/2F/2ED|C3|\

F3/2E/2FA|G/2A/2G/2E/2CE|DEFG|E3|\

F3/2E/2FA|G/2A/2G/2E/2CE|DFB,D|C3|

Ñalnde 21 saawiyee 2016, Google mawninii duuɓi mum 137 e Google Doodle.[45].

Ƴeew kadi

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bannge portal Indoneesi

  Portal nguurndam

Gerwani, ko fedde rewɓe Indoneesi

Teskorɗe

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^ Raden Adjeng ko tiitoonde nde rewɓe priyayi walla mawɓe Javanaaɓe e nder fedde Robe njoginoo.[1]

Ciimtol

Juppude haa: a b c d Taylor 1976, p. 643.

^ Jump up to: a b "Indoneesi: Koolol 'Bataakeeji sosɓe ngenndi'". pinal hollande.nl. 19 lewru feebariyee 2019. Ƴeewtaa ko 18 lewru juko 2023.

^ Diwtu haa: a b c Taylor 1976, pp. 643-644.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 645.

^ Diwtu haa: a b Taylor 1976, pp. 644-645.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d Ramusaak 2005, p. 128.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Raden Adjeng Kartini - Haalaaji, ɓataakeeji e geɗe". Nguurndam. 21 lewru abriil 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko 17 lewru suwee 2023.

^ Juppude haa: a b Taylor 1976, p. 647.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 644.

Taylor 1976, kelle 644-645, 647.

^ Jansz, Piyeer (1997). Tot heil van Java's arme bevolking: gooto e maɓɓe fof ina huutoroo Dagboek (1851-1860) van Pieter Jansz, doopsgezind zendeling to Jepara, Midden-Java (e ɗemngal Holanndee). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 38. ISBN 978-90-6550-156-1.

^ "Miñiiko R. A. Kartini jom hakkille: R.M.P. Sosrokartono". ID ƴeewoowo. 30 abriil 2021. Ƴeewtaa ko 17 suwee 2023.

^ Taylor 1976, kelle 648-649.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 648.

^ Juppude haa: a b Taylor 1976, p. 641.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 649.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Taylor 1976, p. 651.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Taylor 1976, p. 652.

^ Juppude haa: a b Taylor 1976, p. 653.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 646.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 658.

^ Juppude haa: a b Taylor 1976, p. 659.

^ Diwtu haa: a b Taylor 1976, pp. 639, 641.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 654.

^ Juppude haa: a b Taylor 1976, p. 655.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 656.

^ Juppude haa: a b Taylor 1976, p. 640.

^ Juppude haa: a b Kartini, Raden Adjeng (2014). Kartini : binndanɗe timmuɗe 1898-1904. Kelayton, to leydi Wiktooriya. p. xiv. ISBN 978192235107.

^ Taylor 1976, kello 641-642.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Taylor 1976, p. 642.

^ Ɓataakeeji Kartini (KITLV) Ɓataakeeji feewde e Jak Henri Abendanon e debbo mum Rosa Manuela Abendanon-Mandri ummoriiɗo Kartini e woɗɓe, Koolol dijital, defte duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leiden

^ Bijl, ko Pool; Chin, Moƴƴere V.S. (2020). "1. Naatgol". Jaɓɓaade Kartini: Siftorde koloñaal, ngenndi e hakkunde leyɗeele e Ikon Indoneesi. ISEAS–Duɗal Yuusuf Ishak. ISBN 978-981-4843-92-8.

^ Juppu haa: a b Taylor 1976, pp. 653-654.

^ Taylor 1976, hello 656-657.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 657.

^ Juppude haa: a b Taylor 1976, p. 660.

^ Kirista, Clive J. (6 lewru Duujal 2012). Miijooji e mbayliigu e nder Asii fuɗnaange-rewo 1900-1980. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-136-60282-5.

^ Taaylo 1976, p. 639.

^ Liputan6.com (21 abriil 2021). "Mengenang Perjuangan Kartini Lewat Uang Kertas Rupiah Emisi 1952 e hitaande 1985". liputan6.com (e ɗemngal Indoneesi). Keɓtinaama ñalnde 24 abriil 2021.

^ Agency, Kabaaru ANTARA. "Pahlawan Kartini ko natal nder uang kertas rupiah dua kali". ANTARA Kabaaru Jawa Barat. Keɓtinaama ñalnde 24 abriil 2021.

^ Bulbek, Killa (2009). Sex, giɗli e feminism e nder Asii Pasifik : wiɗto hakkunde pine e jikkuuji sukaaɓe. ASAA rewɓe e nder Aasi. Londres New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415470063. Yiyngo.

↑ Yuliyanto, Visiya Ita (21 abriil 2010). "Mbele mawninde ñalawma Kartini ina jokki haa hannde?". Posto Jakarta. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 7 lewru bowte 2013. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 15 lewru marse 2013.

^ Ramusaak 2005, p. 129.

↑ Mayasari-Hoffert, Silviya (14 feebariyee 2023). "R. A. Kartini e jeese keewɗe e fannu debbo koloñaal". Nokku mo ɓe ngoni (1 ed.). Routledge. 143 haa 157. Doi:10.4324/9781003270102-15. ISBN 9781003270102.

^ "R.A. Kartini ina yahra e duuɓi 137". Google. 21 abriil 2016.

Janngugol jokkungol

Iwdiiji adanɗi

windugo

Anndaaka [Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1898), "Binndi Jepara." Kolliraama to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi ndii e hitaande 1898.

Nde winndaa e nder Rouffaer e Juynboll (1912), De Batik-Kunst e nder leydi Nederland e nder leydi Nederland.

Anonyme [Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1899), "On ɗon mari haaje Kodja." Bijdragen tot de Taal, Leydi, e nder leydi Nederland, vol. 6, No.1.

Tiga Saudara [innde fenaande Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1899), "Een Gouverneur Generals Dag." De Echo: ñalngu ñalngu nguu e nder leydi Indiya, 2 lewru Seeɗto haa 18 lewru Noowammbar 1899.

Tiga Saudara [innde fenaande Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1900), "Een Oorlogsschip op de Ree." De Echo: ñalngu ñalngu nguu e nder leydi Indiya, 5 abriil haa 10 lewru juko hitaande 1900.

Kartini (1903), "Wiɗde e nder njuɓɓudi laamu." Eigen Haard (Amsterdam), alaa. 1.

Binndanɗe caggal maayde:

Kartini (1904). "Ontgoocheling." Yontere nde Indiya (Surabaya), 2 oktoobar 1904.

Raden Adjeng Kartini (1912), Damal gonngal e mbaydi teskinndi, e konngol J.H. Abendanon, to La Haye

Firo feccere e ɗemngal Engele, 1920: Ɓataakeeji laamɗo debbo Java, firo mum ko Agnes Louise Symmers e konngol Louis Couperus, to New York: Alfred A. 5105-2 (bayyinaango hitaande 2005)

Firo feccere e ɗemngal Indoneesi, 1938: Habis gelap tributlah terang, Balai Pustaka

Raden Adjeng Kartini (1987), R.M. Abendanon-Mandri e haar echtgenoot : hawri e binndanɗe. Dordrekt: Foris.

Firo Indoneesi, 1989: Kartini surat-surat kepada Ny. R.M Abendanon-Mandri e suaminya. Jakarta: Jambaan.

Firo Engele, 1992: Ɓataakeeji diga Kartini: debbo mo Indonesiya, 1900-1904. Clayton, Vik.: Duɗal Monash Asii.

Raden Adjeng Kartini (1995), dow rewɓe e ngenndiyaŋkaagal: ɓataakeeji Kartini feewde e Stella Zeehandelaar 1899-1903. Clayton, Vik.: Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Monash.

Firo Indoneesi, 2004: "Aku Mau ... Feminism e Nationalisme.

Raden Adjeng Kartini (2014), Kartini : binndi timmuɗi 1898-1904. Clayton, Viktoriya: Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Monash.

Fuɗɗoode ɗiɗmere

M.C. Van Zeggelen (1945), « Kartini », J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam (e ɗemngal Nederland)

M.Vierhout (1942), "Raden Adjeng Kartini", Oceanus, Den Haag (e ɗemngal Holanndee)

Elisabeth Keesing (1999), Ɓiɓɓe leydi ndii; Hidup, suratan dan karya Kartini. Jakarta: Jambatan, v 241 p.

J. Anten (2004), ko feewti e njuɓɓudi laamu ; Leydi Indonesiya jogaaɗi nder beeld, Fotogenootsp 43: 6–9.

Jokkondire yaajɗe

windugo

Resooji defterdu ko faati e

Kartini

Defte internet

Resooji e nder defterdu maa

Resooji e nder defte goɗɗe

Ko Kartini

Defte internet

Resooji e nder defterdu maa

Resooji e nder defte goɗɗe

Jaayɗe jowitiiɗe e Kartini to Wikimedia

Logo Wiki Fuɗɗoode Golle ko e Kartini walla ko fayti e mum to Wikifuurde

Golle Kartini to Eɓɓoore Gutenberg

Golle ɗe Kartini waɗi walla ko fayti e mum to Arsiif Enternet

Innde Jacques Henry Abendanon, ɓataakeeji Kartini defterdu duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leiden

Ɓataakeeji Kartini: Ɓataakeeji feewde e Jak Henri Abendanon e debbo mum Rosa Manuela Abendanon-Mandri ummoriiɓe Kartini e woɗɓe Kollirɗe Dijital Defte Duɗe Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Leiden