Anndoora

Anndoora
Principat d’Anndoora


(Flag)	(Coat of Arms)

Hymne National [1]

Anndoora, e dow laabi laamu Anndoora,[1] ko leydi ndi alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa maayo, e nder duunde Iberi, to fuɗnaange Pireneeji, ndi Farayse to bannge worgo, Espaaniya to bannge worgo. Ina sikkaa ko Charlemagne tagi ɗum, Anndoora laaminoo ko konte Urgell haa hitaande 988, nde o artiraa e juuɗe diiwaan katolik Roman Urgell. Laamu hannde nguu sosaa ko e sarɗiiji e hitaande 1278. Jooni noon, ko laamɓe ɗiɗo ardii ɗum : bismaango Urgell to Katalan, Espaaniya e hooreejo leydi Farayse. Laamorde mayri e wuro ɓurngo mawnude wiyetee ko Anndoora la Vella.

Anndoora woni leydi go’aɓiri ɓurndi famɗude e nder Yuroopu, ina waɗi 468 kiloomeeteer kaaree (181 mi kaaree) e yimɓe mum ko ina tolnoo e 79 034 neɗɗo.[15][16] Yimɓe Anndoora ko leñol Romance en ɓadtiiɓe Katalan en.[17] Anndoora woni leydi 16ɓiri ɓurndi famɗude e winndere nde to bannge leydi, 11th ɓurndi famɗude e yimɓe.[18] Laamorde mayre, Anndoora la Vella, woni laamorde ɓurnde toowde e nder Yuroopu, toownde mum ko 1 023 meeteer (3 356 meeteer) dow geec.[19] Ɗemngal laawɗungal ngal ko Katalan, kono Españool, Purtugeec, e Farayse kadi ina keewi haaleede.[3][20]

Turismo e nder Anndoora ina addana leydi ndi fotde miliyoŋaaji 10,2 hitaande kala.[21] Anndoora wonaa leydi jeyaandi e Dental Yuroopu. Nde jeyaa ko e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe gila 1993.[22]

Etimoloji

Iwdi helmere Anndoora ndee anndaaka, hay so tawii noon miijooji keewɗi ina ngoodi. Ɓurɗo ɓooyde oo ko mo daartoowo Gerek biyeteeɗo Polibiyus (The Histories III, 35, 1) holliti, o siftini Andosin en, leñol Iberiyankeewol ko adii Roomnaaɓe, tawi ina woni e taariindi mum e nder falndeeji Anndoora, ina fadi konu Kartaago e nder yahdu mum Pireneeji e nder hareeji Punik. Konngol Andosini walla Andosins (Ἀνδοσίνοι) ina waawi iwde e ɗemngal Basque handia, maanaa mum ko “mawɗo” walla “mawɗo”.[23] Toponimi Anndoora holliri seedanteeje ɗemngal Basque nder nokkuure nden. Miijo ngoɗngo hollitii wonde helmere Anndoora ina waawi ummoraade e helmere ɓooynde Anorra nde ina waɗi helmere Basque ur ("ndiyam").[24]

Miijo woɗngo hollitii wonde Anndoora ina waawi ummoraade e ɗemngal aarabeeɓe ad-dārra (الدَّارَة), ko ɗum hollirta leydi yaajndi ndi woni ko hakkunde koɗli walla nokku keewɗo leɗɗe[25] (tawi ko ad- woni winndannde laaɓtunde). Nde Moor en keɓti duunde Iberi, falndeeji Pireneeji toowɗi ɗii ngoni ko e laddeeji mawɗi. Ɗee diiwanuuji juulɓe njuɓɓinaaka, sabu caɗeele geɗe leydi laamu toowngu.[26]

Miijooji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde helmere ndee ummorii ko e Navarro-Aragonese "andurrial", firti ko "leydi ɓuuɓndi" walla "leydi ɓuuɓndi".[27]

Etimoloji leñol ina hollita wonde Charlemagne inniri diiwaan oo ko e tuugnaade e falnde Endor walla Andor (ɗo Madiyaninaaɓe fooli), innde nde ronooɓe makko e ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Louis the Pious rokki ɗum caggal nde fooli Moor en e nder "ladde". waalooji Jahannama".[28]

Tariya

Ko adii daartol

La Balma de la Margineda, mo arkewolosi en njiyti to Sant Julià de Lòria, koɗnooɗo e hitaande 9 500 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ko nokku jahoowo hakkunde banngeeji ɗiɗi Pirenee. Kampaañ seasonal oo ina moƴƴi no feewi ngam fiyde e liggaade e pelle fiyooɓe-mooftuɓe ummoriiɓe Ariege e Segre.[29]

E jamaanu Neolitik, fedde yimɓe ummiima e Falnde Madriu (Parc Naturel hannde gonɗo to Escaldes-Engordany bayyinaango UNESCO wonde nokku taariindi aduna) ngam wonde nokku duumotooɗo e hitaande 6640 ko adii jibineede Iisaa. Yimɓe falnde ndee ina ndema cereeli, ina ndema jawdi galleeji, ina ƴellita njulaagu e yimɓe ummoriiɓe Ségre e Occitania.[30][31]

Ko heddii e geɗe taariindi ina jeyaa heen yanaande Segudet (Ordino) e Feixa del Moro (Sant Julià de Lòria), ɗiin ɗiɗi fof ko e hitaande 4900–4300 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ko ɗum yeru pinal Urn to Anndoora. Model koɗorɗe tokoose puɗɗii ƴellitaade haa wonti urbanism caɗtuɗo e nder jamaanu njamndi. Geɗe njamndi, kaalis ɓooyɗo, e relik ina tawee e nokkuuji ceniiɗi ɓooyɗi cakkitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii.

Sanctuaire Roc de les Bruixes (Hayre jaayndeeji) ina gasa tawa ko nokku ɓurɗo teeŋtude e arkewolosi e oo yonta e nder Anndoora, tawaa e nder parroisse Canillo, ko fayti e laabi wirwirnde, binndi ɓooyɗi e nate kaaƴe gonɗe e ŋoral.[32][ 31]

Anndoora Iberi e Room

Hoɗɓe e waalooji ɗii ina njokkondiri e aadaaji e Iberiyankooɓe, e nder daartol, ina tawee e Anndoora ko leñol Iberiyankeewol Andosins walla Andosini (Ἀνδοσίνους) e nder teeminannde 7th e 2th ko adii jibineede Iisaa. E nder semmbe ɗemɗe Aquitanian, Basque e Iberian, yimɓe nokkuure ndee ƴettii won e inɗe leydi hannde. Binndi e binndanɗe gadane jowitiiɗe e ndee fedde yimɓe ina njahdi e teeminannde ɗiɗmere ko adii jibineede Iisaa, winndiyanke Gerek biyeteeɗo Polybius e nder daartol mum e nder hareeji Punic.[33][34][31][35]

Won e ko ɓuri maantinde e ko heddii e oo sahaa ko galle laamorɗo Roc d’Enclar (feccere e fuɗɗoode Marca Hispanica), [36] l’Anxiu to Les Escaldes e Roc de L’Oral to Encamp ]

Heɓde semmbe Room ina winndaa gila e teeminannde 2th ko adii jibineede Iisaa haa e teeminannde joyaɓere ko adii jibineede Iisaa. Nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde Roomnaaɓe ko to Kamp Vermell (Ladde boɗeere) to Sant Julià de Lòria, e won e nokkuuji to Encamp e nder Roc d’Enclar. Yimɓe ina njokki e njulaagu, ko ɓuri heewde e diƴƴe e cereeli, e gure Roomnaaɓe Urgellet (La Seu d’Urgell hannde) e sara Segre rewrude e laawol romaan Strata Ceretana (anndiraaɗo kadi Strata Confluetana). [36]

Wisigot en e Karoling en : lefol Karl mawngol

Caggal nde laamu Room yani, Anndoora naati e les njiimaandi Visigoth en, Laamu Toledo, e Diocese Urgell. Visigoth en ngoni e nder falndeeji ɗii duuɓi 200, e nder ɗuum diine kerecee en saaktii. Nde laamu juulɓe Al-Andalus lomtii Visigoth en laamiiɓe e nder ko ɓuri heewde e duunde Iberia, Anndoora ina reeni e ɓeeɗoo aarabeeɓe njiimaandi Frank en.[38]

Aadaaji ina mbiya wonde Karl mawɗo (Karl mawɗo) rokkii leñol Anndoora yamiroore ngam waɗde konu 5 000 soldaat e gardagol Marc Almugaver, ngam haɓde e Moor en sara Porté-Puymorens (Cerdanya).[39]

Anndoora heddii e nder Marca Hispanica Frank en, nokku gonɗo hakkunde Laamaandi Frank en e leyɗeele juulɓe, Anndoora ina jeyaa e leydi ndi Konte Urgell laaminoo, haa jooni ko bismaango Diocese Urgell. Aadaaji ina mbiya kadi wonde ko ɓiy Karl mawɗo, hono Luwis Piyoŋ, winndi Carta de Poblament walla sarɗiiji municipaal nokku oo c.805.[40]

E hitaande 988, konte Borrell II mo Urgell rokki diiwaan Urgell falndeeji Anndoora ngam waylude leydi to Cerdanya.[41] Gila ndeen, bismaango Urgell, jooɗiiɗo to Seu d’Urgell, woni laamɗo Anndoora.[42]

Winndannde adannde siftornde Anndoora wonde leydi ko Acta de Consagració i Dotació de la Katedraal de la Seu d’Urgell (Deftere teskinnde e dokkal Katedraal de la Seu d’Urgell). Winndannde ndee, nde hitaande 839, ina hollita parwisaaji jeegom ɓooyɗi e nder falndeeji Anndoora ɗi mbaɗnoo ko feccere njuɓɓudi leydi ndii.[43]

Duuɓi hakkundeeji: Paréages e sosde laamu nguu

Ko adii hitaande 1095, Anndoora alaa ndeenka konu, bismaango Urgell, gannduɗo wonde konte Urgell ina njiɗi heɓtude falndeeji Anndoora,[42] naamndii joom mum Caboet ballal e ndeenka. E hitaande 1095, joom Caboet e bismaango Urgell ciifi e les hunnde bayyinaango njiimaandi mum en e dow Anndoora. Arnalda de Kaboet, ɓiy Arnau mo Kaboet, resii jom suudu Kastellbò. Ɓiɗɗo maɓɓe debbo biyeteeɗo Ermessenda de Castellbò [44] resii konte Foix biyeteeɗo Roger-Bernard II. Roger-Bernard II e Ermessenda ndenndini laamu Anndorra e bismaango Urgell.

E teeminannde 13th, luural konu ummii hakkunde bismaango Urgell e konte Foix caggal wolde Cathar. Hare ndee safraama e hitaande 1278 e ballal laamɗo Aragon, hono Piyeer III, hakkunde bismaango e konte, e siynude paréage gadano, baɗɗo ko yo njiimaandi Anndoora renndine hakkunde konte Foix[42] (mo... tiitoonde ndee maa waɗtu e gardagol hooreejo leydi Farayse) e bismaango Urgell, to Katalan. Ɗum rokki laamu nguu leydi mum e mbaadi politik mum.[43][45]

Paréage ɗiɗaɓo siynaama e hitaande 1288 caggal luural nde konte Foix yamiri mahngo galle laamorɗo to Roc d’Enclar.[43][45] Winndannde ndee ko notari tedduɗo Jaume Orig mo Puigcerdà jaɓi ɗum, mahngo njuɓɓudi konu e nder leydi ndii haɗaama.[46][43]

E hitaande 1364, fedde politik leydi ndii innitiri limre sindikaa (jooni ko kaaloowo e hooreejo parlemaa) wonde wakiliijo Andoranaaɓe e laamɓe mum en, ɗum addani ɗum sosde departemaaji nokkuuji (comuns, quartuuji e ƴiye). Caggal nde Bishop Francesc Tovia e Konte Jean I njaɓi ɗum, Konseel de la Terra walla Konseel Jeneral de les Valls (Konseel mawɗo falndeeji) sosaa ko e hitaande 1419, woni parlemaa ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo ɓooyde e Yuroopu. Sindiik Andreu d’Alàs e Diisnondiral mawngal yuɓɓinii sosde Ñaawirɗe Ñaawooje (La Cort de Justicia) e hitaande 1433 e laamɓe wonduɓe e mum en e mooftude njoɓɗeele hono foc i lloc (e ɗemngal "yiite e nokku", njoɓɗeele ngenndiije ina golloo gila ndeen).[47][38]

Hay so tawii won heddiiɓe e golle eklesiyaaji ko adii teeminannde 9th (Sant Vicenç d’Enclar walla Església de Santa Coloma), Anndoora ƴellitii ñeeñal Romanesque laaɓtungal e nder teeminannde 9th haa 14th, haa teeŋti noon e mahngo ekkolaaji, ponti, diineeji e statu e Debbo e Cukalel (Laamɗo men Meritxell woni ɓurɗo teeŋtude).[38] Hannde, mahaaɗe Romanesque jeyaaɗe e ndonu pinal Anndoora ina ceerti e mbaadi teskinndi, teeŋti noon e Duɗal Sant Esteve, Sant Joan de Caselles, Duɗal Sant Miquel d’Engolasters, Sant Martí de la Cortinada e pontooji yontaaji hakkundeeji e Margineda e Eskaal e nder woɗɓe heewɓe.[49][50]

Pireneeji Katalan ko ɓiɗɓe ɗemngal Katalan e darorɗe teeminannde 11th. Anndoora ina joginoo semmbe e ngal ɗemngal, ngal huutoraa e nokku hee duuɓi capanɗe hade ngal yaajde e heddiiɓe e Koronaawiris Aragon.[51]

Faggudu nokku oo e yontaaji hakkundeeji tuuginoo ko e jawdi, ndema, daneeji e njulaagu. Caggal mum, e darorɗe teeminannde 11th, njamndiiji gadani puɗɗii feeñde e nder Pariiji Fuɗnaange hono Ordino, ɗi teskini no feewi e mawɓe artisaneeɓe ƴellitɓe naalankaagal forgooji, golle faggudu teeŋtuɗe e nder leydi ndii gila e teeminannde 15th.[ 38]

Teeminannde 16th haa 18th

E hitaande 1601, Tribunal de Corts (Suudu Toowndu) sosaa ko e batte murto Huguenot en to Farayse, ñaawirɗe Inquisition ummoriiɗe Espaañ e geɗe jowitiiɗe e jaagorɗe jeyaaɗe e nokku hee, e nder ngonka Reformaasiyoŋ e Kontre-Reformaasiyoŋ.[ 52 [53] [54]

Nde jamaanu yahri, tiitoonde wonnde e Andorra ndee, artiri ko laamɓe Navarre. Caggal nde Henri III mo Navarre wonti laamɗo Farayse, o yaltini yamiroore e hitaande 1607, nde sosi hooreejo leydi Farayse e bismaango Urgell ngam wonde Co-Princes Andorra, ko ɗum woni peeje politik jowitiiɗe haa jooni.

E nder hitaande 1617, dipiteeji kominaaji mbaɗi sometent (milisaaji walla konu) ngam haɓaade ƴellitaare bandolerisme (brigandage) e Consell de la Terra siifaama e yuɓɓinaama to bannge njuɓɓudi, yuɓɓo e mbaawkaaji mum hannde.[55]

Andorra jokki e mbaydi faggudu ndi wonnoo e teeminannde 12th–14th e peewnugol njamndi mawndi (fargues, mbaydi nanndundi e Farga Catalana) e naatgol tuuba hedde 1692 e njulaagu naatgol. E hitaande 1371 e 1448, laamɓe ɓee njaɓii fedde Andorra la Vella, fedde ngenndiire ɓurnde teeŋtude e hitaande kala to bannge njulaagu gila ndeen.[56][57][58]

Leydi ndii ina joginoo fedde wiyeteende « Confraria de Paraires i Teixidors » keeriiɗo, keewɗo humpito, to Escaldes-Engordany. Sosaa ko e hitaande 1604, nde huutoriima ndiyam ngulɗam nokku oo. E oon sahaa, leydi ndii ina sikkaa ko renndo prohoms (renndo alɗuɓe) e casalers (heddiiɓe e yimɓe ɓe ngalaa faggudu ɓurndu famɗude), ummoriiɓe e aadaaji pubilla e hereu.[60][61][62][62] 63]

Teemedde tati caggal nde sosaa, Consell de la Terra joɗɗini jooɗorde mum e Ñaawirde Toownde to Casa de la Vall e hitaande 1702. Galle manor mahaaɗo e hitaande 1580 wonnoo ko nokku tedduɗo galle Busquets. E nder parlemaa oo, ko Closet (Closet) kuutorɗe jeegom (Armari de les sis claus), wakiliijo kala parsel Andorra, ɗo doosɗe leydi Andorra e kaayitaaji e sariyaaji goɗɗi njooɗinoo caggal ɗuum.[64][65]

E nder wolde Reapers e wolde lomto Espaañ fof, leñol Andorra (nde wonnoo ina wiya wonde ko leydi ndi alaa ko woni e mum) ina wallita Katalannaaɓe yiyɓe hakkeeji mum en ina ustoo e hitaande 1716. Jaabawol ngol ko ƴellitgol binndi Katalannaaɓe e nder Andorra, tawa ina waɗi pinal golle ko wayi no Deftere martabaaji (Deftere martabaaji hitaande 1674), Deftere martabaaji (1748) nde Antoni Fiter i Rossell winndi walla Polità andorrà (1763) nde Antoni Puig winndi.[66][67]

Demography

Demography: Anndoora 1947-2014

Yimɓe taariindi

Yimɓe leydi Andorra ina limtee e 79 034 neɗɗo (2021).[15][16] Andorra en ko leñol Romance en, iwdi mum en ko Katalan en.[17] Yimɓe leydi ndii ɓeydiima gila e 5 000 neɗɗo e hitaande 1900.

Tataɓe ɗiɗi hoɗɓe heen ɓee ngalaa ngenndi Andorra, ɓe ngalaa hakke suɓaade e wooteeji kominaaji. Yanti heen, ɓe njaɓataa suɓaade gardiiɗo jaagorɗe[176] walla jogaade ko ɓuri 33% e kaalis sosiyetee keeriiɗo.[177][178][179][180]

Leƴƴi ɓurɗi mawnude e nder Andorra ko Andorranaaɓe 36 526 (45,5%), Españool en 21 348 (26,6%), Purtugeec en 10 352 (12,9% teemedere) e Faraysenaaɓe 4 200 (5,2%). Minorités e nder Andorra ina njeyaa heen Biritaannaaɓe, Holanndee en, Almaañnaaɓe, Itaalinaaɓe e Oropnaaɓe woɗɓe, kam e Arjantiinnaaɓe, Siilinaaɓe, Inndonaaɓe, Maruknaaɓe e Uruguwaaynaaɓe.[181]

Ɗemɗe

E wiyde limtooji teemedere ɗemɗe neenirɗe ɗe laamu Andorra yaltini e hitaande 2018:

Ɗemngal neeniwal Fuɗɗoode: Jokkondire e kuutoragol ɗemɗe leñol Andorra (1995-2022)^[3]^[4]^[5]

Katalan (44.0%)

Españool (40.3%)

Purtugeec (13.5%)

Farayse (10.0%)

goɗɗo (4.9%)

Ɗemngal daartol e laawɗungal ko Catalan, ɗemngal Romance. Laamu Andorra ina hirjina huutoraade ɗemngal Catalan. Ina rokka Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e Toponimi Katalan to Andorra (Katalan : Komisiyoŋ de Toponimi d’Andorra), ina rokka kadi janngirɗe Katalan ɗe ngalaa njoɓdi ngam wallitde eggiyankooɓe. Teleeji e rajooji Andorra ina kuutoroo catalan.

Sabu immigration, jokkondiral daartol, e ɓadtaade nokkuuji, Españool, Purtugeec e Farayse ina keewi haaleede. Ko ɓuri heewde e hoɗɓe e Andorra ina mbaawi haalde heen gootel walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko jiidaa e ɗemngal Katalan. Engele ina famɗi haaleede e nder yimɓe heewɓe, hay so tawii noon ina faamniree no feewi e nder nokkuuji mawɗi turisma.[citation needed] Andorra ina jeyaa e leyɗeele Orop nay tan (e wondude e Farayse, Monako, e Turki)[185] jogiiɗe meeɗaa siynude nanondiral jowitiingal e leƴƴi pamari ɗi Diiso Orop waɗata.[186]

Dina

Diine leydi Andorra

Katolik en (88.2%)

goɗɗo (11.8%)

Limle laamuyankooje seeɗa ina ngoodi e diine ; limtooji keewal katolik en e hitaande 2020 ina tolnoo e 89,5%[187] e 99,21%.[188] Patron oo ko Laamɗo men Meritxell. Won kadi terɗe diineeji Protestan en ceertuɗi e Hindu en seeɗa, e Bahá'í en,[189][190] E hitaande 2022 ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 2000 juulɗo e ko ina tolnoo e 100 yahuud en.[191][192]