پارسی‌سازی

ایرانی‌سازی یا پارسی‌سازی، یک فرایند دگرگونی فرهنگی و/یا زبانیِ یک چیز غیر ایرانی به ایرانی است. مردمان نیز ممکن است فرایند ایرانی‌شدن را تجربه کنند؛ هنگامی که یک مهاجر به ایران می‌رود و با فرهنگ این کشور خو می‌گیرد، ایرانی‌سازی می‌شود. به‌طور تاریخی، این اصطلاح معمولاً در مورد جذب فرهنگ و آداب و رسوم ایرانی توسط سلسله‌های با منشأ ابتدایی خارجی کاربرد دارد ^{^{[نیازمند منبع]}}، به مانند غزنویان، سلوکیان و ایلخانان مغول.

تاریخچه

دوره پیش از اسلام

نخستین تاریخ ثبت شده از ایرانی‌سازی به اسکندر مقدونی بازمی‌گردد، که در قرن چهارم پیش از میلاد، پوشاک ایرانی، رسوم، ضیافتها و آداب درباری را از طریق شاهدخت ایرانی که با او ازدواج کرده بود و زیردستانش پذیرفت. همچنین رسم بوسه ادب (بوسه فرستادن نمادین با پشت دست که ایرانیان در مورد فرادستان اجتماعی انجام می‌دادند) نیز از همین سبب به یونانیان راه یافت. یونانیان آن را پروسکونسیس (فراپیش‌بوسی) نامیدند. برخی از ساتراپ‌ها نیز عادات ایرانیان را پذیرفته بودند. مانند پوکستاس «Peucestas» ساتراپ پارس که به محض گمارش، پوشاک ایرانیان را بر تن کرد و زبان و عادات آنان را فرا گرفت.^[۱]

دوره آغازین اسلامی

پس از سقوط ساسانیان در سال ۶۵۱ میلادی، خلفای عرب بنی‌امیه بسیاری از رسوم ایرانی، بویژه آداب حکومتی و درباری را پذیرفتند. هر کدام از فرمانداران ایالتی عرب، بی‌شک از آرامی‌های ایرانی‌سازی شده یا اقوام ایرانی بودند؛ مطمئناً پارسی بعنوان زبان رسمی و دفتری خلافت تا بکارگیری عربی در اواخر قرن هفتم میلادی باقی‌مانده بود، تا هنگامی که در سال ۶۹۲ میلادی، ضرب سکه‌ها در دمشق پایتخت امویان آغاز شد. سکه‌های اسلامی جدید به تقلید از سکه‌های ساسانی تکامل یافتند (همانند سکه‌های بیزانسی)، و دبیره پهلوی روی سکه‌ها جایش را به حروف عربی داد. عباسیان (پس از ۷۵۰) پایتختشان را در عراق و سرانجام بغداد مستقر کردند. یک جابجایی که گرایش به سوی شرق (ایران) در آن آشکار بود و به دلیل نفوذ فرهنگ ایرانی/پارسی و ریشه‌های شکل‌گیری عباسی در خراسان، صورت گرفت.

حکومت‌های ایرانی شده

پانویس

↑ رایزنی فرهنگی جمهوری اسلامی ایران - مادرید^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}
↑ Ulrich Wilcken (1967). Alexander the Great. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-393-00381-9.
↑ Bosworth 1968, p. 36.
↑ Bhatia, Tej K. , The handbook of bilingualism, (2004), p.788-9
↑ Ravandi, M. , The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005) , pp157-69
↑ Finbarr Barry Flood, Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter, (Princeton University Press, 2009), 13.
↑
* "Aḥmad of Niǧde's al-Walad al-Shafīq and the Seljuk Past", A. C. S. Peacock, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; "With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the Persianate culture of the Great Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia."
- Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143; "Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model&nbsp k..."
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Šahrbānu", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkmen heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2005, p. 399
- Michael Mandelbaum, Central Asia and the World, Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79
- Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
- Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran." "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
- Wendy M. K. Shaw, Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire. University of California Press, 2003, شابک ‎۰−۵۲۰−۲۳۳۳۵−۲, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰−۵۲۰−۲۳۳۳۵−۵; p. 5.
↑ Bhatia, Tej K. , The handbook of bilingualism, (2004), p.788-9
↑ Ravandi, M. , The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005) , pp157-69
↑ Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; شابک ‎۸۱−۷۵۴۱−۲۴۶−۱
↑ C. E. Bosworth, "Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs." (LINK)
↑ Danilenko, Nadja (2020). "In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms". Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms. Brill. pp. 94–95.
↑ B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006
↑ Maria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." pg 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture." Jump up ^
↑ آژند ۱۰۲
↑ Maria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." pg 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture." Jump up ^
↑ B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006
↑ "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650)". SOAS. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
↑ DELHI SULTANATE از دانشنامه ایرانیکا
↑ Bhatia, Tej K. , The handbook of bilingualism, (2004), p.788-9
↑ Ravandi, M. , The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005) , pp157-69

جستارهای وابسته

منابع

ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی

[آمار-1] رایزنی فرهنگی جمهوری اسلامی ایران - مادرید^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}

[Ulrich-2] Ulrich Wilcken (1967). Alexander the Great. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-393-00381-9.

[3] Bosworth 1968, p. 36.

[4] Bhatia, Tej K. , The handbook of bilingualism, (2004), p.788-9

[5] Ravandi, M. , The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005) , pp157-69

[6] Finbarr Barry Flood, Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter, (Princeton University Press, 2009), 13.

[7] * "Aḥmad of Niǧde's al-Walad al-Shafīq and the Seljuk Past", A. C. S. Peacock, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; "With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the Persianate culture of the Great Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia."
Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143; "Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model&nbsp k..."

Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Šahrbānu", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkmen heroes or Muslim saints ..."

Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2005, p. 399

Michael Mandelbaum, Central Asia and the World, Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79

Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."

Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran." "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."

Wendy M. K. Shaw, Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire. University of California Press, 2003, شابک ‎۰−۵۲۰−۲۳۳۳۵−۲, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰−۵۲۰−۲۳۳۳۵−۵; p. 5.

[8] Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143; "Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model&nbsp k..."

[9] Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Šahrbānu", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkmen heroes or Muslim saints ..."

[10] Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2005, p. 399

[11] Michael Mandelbaum, Central Asia and the World, Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79

[12] Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."

[13] Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran." "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."

[14] Wendy M. K. Shaw, Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire. University of California Press, 2003, شابک ‎۰−۵۲۰−۲۳۳۳۵−۲, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰−۵۲۰−۲۳۳۳۵−۵; p. 5.

[8] Bhatia, Tej K. , The handbook of bilingualism, (2004), p.788-9

[9] Ravandi, M. , The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005) , pp157-69

[10] Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; شابک ‎۸۱−۷۵۴۱−۲۴۶−۱

[11] C. E. Bosworth, "Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs." (LINK)

[12] Danilenko, Nadja (2020). "In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms". Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms. Brill. pp. 94–95.

[13] B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006

[14] Maria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." pg 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture." Jump up ^

[15] آژند ۱۰۲

[16] Maria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." pg 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture." Jump up ^

[17] B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006

[18] "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650)". SOAS. Retrieved 28 November 2012.

[19] DELHI SULTANATE از دانشنامه ایرانیکا

[20] Bhatia, Tej K. , The handbook of bilingualism, (2004), p.788-9

[21] Ravandi, M. , The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005) , pp157-69

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