stumt

Latvian

There are different theories about this word. Some derive it from Proto-Baltic *stum-, from the zero grade *stm̥- of Proto-Indo-European *stem- (“to push; to stutter”), whence also Old Norse stemma (“to press, to hinder”), Middle High German stemmen (“to halt; to make stiff”), German stemmen (“to lift, to press, to hinder”); but note that the “push” meaning is attested only in Baltic languages. Others claim that it comes from Proto-Indo-European *tew-, *tu-, *stew-, *stu- (“to push, to hit”), whence also Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan), Old High German stōzan, German stoßen (“to push, to shove”), and, with an extra m, also the Baltic terms and Russian unattested *стумать (*stumatʹ, “to push”), from which dialectal зату́мный (zatúmnyj, “dark; far (e.g., region)”), засту́ма (zastúma) “sad person” (< “repulsed, pushed away by something”), Ukrainian за́стум (zástum, “remote area”). It is also possible that both sources have contributed to the formation of this word. Cognates include Lithuanian stùmti.^[1]

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stumt (transitive, 1st conjugation, present stumju, stum, stumj, past stūmu)

to push, to pull (to apply force to the front of something in order to make it move)
stumt ratiņus ― to push the cart

stumt galdu pie sienas ― to push the table (close to) the wall

lokomotīve stumj vagonu ― the locomotive pulls the wagon, train car

ceļš ir izdangāts, un man jānokāpj no velosipēda; tālāk stumju velosipēdu pie rokas ― the road is potholed, and I had to get off the bike; further I carried (lit. pulled) the bike by hand

(figuratively) rīta saule stūma gājējiem pa priekšu garu, tumšu enu — the morning sun pulled a long, dark shadow in front of the passers-by
to push, to pull (to make a person or animal move by force)
Toms nikni sakampa brāli un stūma uz priekšu ― Toms angrily grabbed (his) brother and pulled him forward

pats kāpj debesīs, citus stumj ellē ― himself (he) goes up to heaven, the others (he) pushes into hell

neko tu nezini, tu ej, kur dzīvi tevi stumj ― you don't know anything, you go where life pulls, pushes you
to push into (something), to shove (usually with difficulty)
stumt roku kabatā ― to shove (one's) hand into (one's) pocket

stumt kāju zābakā ― to shove (one's) foot into (one's) boot

conjugation of stumt

	INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme)				IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme)
		Present (tagadne)	Past (pagātne)	Future (nākotne)	IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme)
1st pers. sg.	es	stumju	stūmu	stumšu	—
2nd pers. sg.	tu	stum	stūmi	stumsi	stum
3rd pers. sg.	viņš, viņa	stumj	stūma	stums	lai stumj
1st pers. pl.	mēs	stumjam	stūmām	stumsim	stumsim
2nd pers. pl.	jūs	stumjat	stūmāt	stumsiet, stumsit	stumiet
3rd pers. pl.	viņi, viņas	stumj	stūma	stums	lai stumj

RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme)			PARTICIPLES (divdabji)
Present	stumjot		Present Active 1 (Adj.)		stumjošs
Past	esot stūmis		Present Active 2 (Adv.)		stumdams
Future	stumšot		Present Active 3 (Adv.)		stumjot
Imperative	lai stumjot		Present Active 4 (Obj.)		stumjam
CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme)			Past Active		stūmis
Present	stumtu		Present Passive		stumjams
Past	būtu stūmis		Past Passive		stumts
DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme)			NOMINAL FORMS
Indicative	(būt) jāstumj		Infinitive (nenoteiksme)		stumt
Conjunctive 1	esot jāstumj		Negative Infinitive		nestumt
Conjunctive 2	jāstumjot		Verbal noun		stumšana

prefixed verbs:

other derived terms:

^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “stumt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎^[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN