s-

See also: S-, ś-, and Appendix:Variations of "s"

English

Etymology 1

Abbreviation of scalar (“particle with spin 0”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s/

Prefix

s-

1. (physics) Subatomic particles with a spin (quantum angular momentum) of 0, predicted by supersymmetry; the bosonic equivalent of known fermions.

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with s-

Etymology 2

Abbreviation of sec- (“secondary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Prefix

s-

1. (organic chemistry) secondary form

   Synonym: sec-

   Coordinate terms: (normal form) n-, (tertiary form) t-

Albanian

Prefix

s-

1. intensifier

Cayuga

Alternative forms

• -hs-

Prefix

s-

1. second person agent pronominal prefix; you

References

• Marianne Mithun, Reginald Henry (1982) Wadęwayę́stanih - A Cayuga Teaching Grammar, 3rd edition, Woodland Cultural Centre, published 2015, page 54

Czech

Etymology

s used as a prefix.

Prefix

s-

1. a prefix, usually indicating either movement together or movement downwards
2. direction from top down

   ‎s- ‎jít → ‎sejít

   Sešel dolů. ― He came down.

3. direction toward the middle

   ‎s- ‎jít → ‎sejít

   Sejdeme se zítra. ― We will gather tomorrow.

Antonyms

• roz-

Derived terms

Czech terms prefixed with s-

• se-
• shromáždit
• sklidit
• skrýt
• slézt
• sloučit
• spojit
• srocený

 

Related terms

• s

Further reading

• “s-”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• s(e)- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Egyptian

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *s- (causative prefix).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛ/
  • Conventional anglicization: se-

Prefix

1. Used to form a causative verb from a non-causative verb.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of s-  

s

Derived terms

Egyptian terms prefixed with s-

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 157.

Italian

Etymology

In most cases, this prefix stems from Latin ex- (see ex). In some cases, it stems from Latin dis-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s/ (before voiceless consonants)
• IPA^(key): /z/ (before voiced consonants)

Prefix

s-

1. used to form words that have an opposing sense: un-, in-

   ‎s- ‎fatto (“done”, “made”) → ‎sfatto (“(of a bed) unmade”)

2. used to form verbs that have a sense of undoing an action: de-, dis-, un-

   ‎s- ‎gancio (“hook”) → ‎sganciare (“to unhook”)

   ‎s- ‎borsa (“bag”) → ‎sborsare (“to disburse”)

3. used to express a pejorative sense

   ‎s- ‎bocca (“mouth”) → ‎sboccato (“foul-mouthed”)

4. used to form verbs with a sense of exit, separation: dis-, ex-, trans-

   ‎s- ‎buco (“hole”) → ‎sbucare (“to pop out”)

   ‎s- ‎confine (“boundary”) → ‎sconfinare (“to stray away from”)

5. used in a privative sense: a-, de-, un-

   ‎s- ‎buccia (“skin”, “peel”) → ‎sbucciare (“to peel”)

   ‎s- ‎fame (“hunger”) → ‎sfamare (“to feed”, “to satiate”)

6. used to derive verbs from a noun, adjective or verb

   ‎s- ‎bianco (“white”) → ‎sbiancare (“to whiten or bleach”)

   ‎s- ‎gocciola (“droplet”) → ‎sgocciolare (“to drip”)

7. used as an intensifier

   ‎s- ‎cacciare (“to hunt”, “to drive away”) → ‎scacciare (“to expel”, “to drive away”)

8. reduced form of dis-

   discendere (“to descend”) → scendere

Usage notes

• Often used to prefix words beginning with a consonant. Dis- rather than s- is often preferred before vowels.

Derived terms

Italian terms prefixed with s-

See also

• dis-

Javanese

Etymology

Inherited from Old Javanese sa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/, /sə/

Prefix

s-

1. one

Alternative forms

• ꦱ- (sa-)
• ꦱꦼ- (se-)

Derived terms

Javanese terms prefixed with s-

Lushootseed

Prefix

s-

1. Added to a verb to form a noun.

   ‎s- ‎ʔəɬəd (“eat”) → ‎sʔəɬəd (“food”)

Maltese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s/

Article

s-

1. Alternative form of il-

Usage notes

• Used after a vowel and before the letter s. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Mohawk

Alternative forms

• se- (before n-, r-, w-, and ’-stems)

Prefix

s-

1. pronominal prefix for

   you _____

Alternative forms

-	Initial consonant
Environment	t/s/h/k	n/r/w/’	a	e/en	o/on	i	y
Word-Initial	s-	se-	s-	s-	s-	ts-	ts-

Prefix

s-

1. singulative noun prefix
2. iterative verb prefix

References

• Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9
• Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, pages 146, 344

Neapolitan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin ex-.

Prefix

s-

1. privative or negative affix that attaches to verbs

Derived terms

Neapolitan terms prefixed with s-

Old Irish

Prefix

s- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others)

1. her (object pronoun)
2. them

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with s-

See also

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person	Infixed			Suffixed
	Class A	Class B	Class C
1 sing.	m-L	dom-L, dam-L		-um
2 sing.	t-L	dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L		-ut
3 sing. m.	a-N, e-N	d-N	id-N, did-N, d-N	-i, -it
3 sing. f.	s-(N)	da-		-us
3 sing. n.	a-L, e-L	d-L	id-L, did-L, d-L	-i, -it
1 pl.	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl.	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl.	s-(N)	da-		-us
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Old Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /s/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /s/

Prefix

s-

1. Alternative form of z-

Derived terms

Old Polish terms prefixed with s-

Oneida

Prefix

s-

1. second person agent pronominal prefix; you

References

• Floyd Lounsbury (1953) Oneida Verb Morphology, Yale University Press, pages 59-60

Polish

Alternative forms

• z-, ś-, ze-

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -s
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
• Homophones: z, z-

Prefix

s-

1. used before voiceless consonants to form a verb in a perfective aspect from a verb in an imperfective aspect

   ‎s- ‎całkować → ‎scałkować

   ‎s- ‎chłodzić → ‎schłodzić

2. used before voiceless consonants to mean "in a downward direction"

   ‎s- ‎chodzić → ‎schodzić

3. used before voiceless consonants to mean "off, off the surface of", "away from", or "out of"

   Antonym: na-

   ‎s- ‎chodzić → ‎schodzić

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with s-

Further reading

• s- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

• sa- (before affricates, fricatives and certain consonant clusters)

Prefix

s- (Cyrillic spelling с-)

1. Prepended to verbs, usually forming a perfective from an imperfective verb.

   ‎s- ‎pùstiti → ‎spùstiti

   ‎s- ‎znȁti → ‎sàznati

   ‎s- ‎lòmiti → ‎slòmiti

   ‎s- ‎glȅdati → ‎sàgledati

   ‎s- ‎kȕpiti → ‎skȕpiti

   ‎s- ‎klòniti → ‎sklòniti

   ‎s- ‎náći → ‎snȃći

Derived terms

Serbo-Croatian terms prefixed with s-

References

• “s-”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024