raz
Breton
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]raz m
Czech
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]raz
Numeral
[edit]raz
French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from Old Norse rás.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]raz m (plural raz)
- current, race (only known to be standardly used in the expression raz-de-marée, meaning tsunami)
Further reading
[edit]- “raz”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Norman
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Old Norse rás (“current, channel”).
Noun
[edit]raz m (plural raz)
Old Polish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *razъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from razić. Sense 2 is from a generalization of sense 1, as historically one would count by making physical marks on a stick, and this sense displaced -kroć.[1] First attested in the 15th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]raz m inan
- (attested in Masovia) hit (blow; punch; striking against; the collision of one body against another; the stroke that touches anything)
- 1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 58:
- Gdzye swyerzepycza oth razv abo oth vrazenya (ictu vel plaga) lvbo vyną czyią porzvczy, polthori grzywny... zaplaczycz ma * vszladzayączy skodą czirzpyączemv
- [Gdzie świerzepica ot razu abo ot urażenia (ictu vel plaga), lubo winą czyją porzuci, połtory grzywny... zapłacić ma uszkadzający szkodę cirzpiącemu]
- (attested in Greater Poland) time (occurrence, instance)
- 1960 [1427], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty pyzdrskie, volume II, number 860, Pyzdry:
- Yakom zayøl... na crolewske dzedzine... po dwa rasy osmdzeszanth y osmyoro dobitka
- [Jakom zajął... na krolewskie dziedzinie... po dwa razy ośmdziesiąt i ośmioro dobytka]
- (attested in Greater Poland) time (period in which something happened)
- 1967 [1419], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kościańskie, volume III, number 742, Kościan:
- Jako ludze ss Koszkowa sly na xandza biscupyø dzedziną... y otbily dobitek prima vice, a wtorim razem szly y ranily xandza biskupy lud
- [Jako ludzie s Koszkowa szli na księdza biskupią dziedzinę... i otbili dobytek prima vice, a wtorym razem szli i ranili księdza biskupi lud]
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Masurian: ráz
- Polish: raz, raza (Middle Polish)
- Silesian: rŏz
References
[edit]- ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “raz 2”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “raz”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “raz 1”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “raz”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ras/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /rɒs/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -as
- Syllabification: raz
- Homophone: ras
Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish raz. By surface analysis, deverbal from razić. Sense 1 is a generalization of sense 1, for which see Old Polish raz.[1] For this use, compare Russian раз (raz). Sense 1 is a semantic narrowing of sense 1.[2] The genitive plural form razy is suppletive from the alternative form raza.[1]
Noun
[edit]raz m inan
- time (instance, occurrence)
- dwa, trzy, cztery i dziesięć razy ― two, three, four and ten times
Declension
[edit]Noun
[edit]raz m inan
- case
- (dated, in the plural) hit, blow
- (Middle Polish) scar
- Synonym: blizna
- (Middle Polish) lightning strike
- (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.
- 1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon[1], page 493b:
- Vices, Rázy też odmienność/ przemiennośc/ ſzkodá/ przigodá.
- [Vices, Razy też odmienność/ przemienność/ szkodá/ przygoda.]
Declension
[edit]Numeral
[edit]raz m inan
- (colloquial) one
- Raz, dwa, trzy... ― One, two, three...
Usage notes
[edit]Only ever used when counting from one. For counting objects it is interchangeable with jeden, but for abstract counting (such as counting to ten or in music) raz is universally used.
Derived terms
[edit]- co i raz
- jak dwa razy dwa
- na raz
- na razie
- naraz
- nie raz i nie dwa
- nieraz
- od razu
- pewnego razu
- pi razy oko
- po raz drugi
- po raz pierwszy
- po raz pierwszy i ostatni
- po raz wtóry
- raz a dobrze
- raz a porządnie
- raz czy dwa
- raz i drugi
- raz koło razu
- raz na zawsze
- raz po raz
- raz za razem
- raz, raz
- razem
- teraz
- w razie czego
- w sam raz
- wraz
- za każdym razem
- zaraz
- zrazu
Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Back-formation from pewnego razu.[3] First attested in the 16th century.[4]
Adverb
[edit]raz (not comparable)
- once (one time)
- Powiem ci tylko raz, nie zapominaj! ― I'm going to tell you only once, don't forget!
- once (ultimately, definitively)
Etymology 3
[edit]Adverb
[edit]raz (not comparable)
- used in the construction raz... raz... sometimes, once (at some point)
- Czemu raz działa, i raz nie? ― Why does it work sometimes, but not other times?
Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), raz is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 72 times in scientific texts, 66 times in news, 43 times in essays, 103 times in fiction, and 137 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 421 times, making it the 112th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[5]
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “raz 2”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “raz 3”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “raz 4”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- ^ Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “raz, raza”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “raz”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 485
Further reading
[edit]- raz I in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- raz in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- “RAZ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2021 August 24
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “raz”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “raz”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1912), “raz”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 5, Warsaw, page 481
Slovak
[edit]10 | ||||
1 | 2 → | 10 → | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardinal: jeden Ordinal: prvý Adverbial: raz Multiplier: jeden jediný, jednotný Qualitative: jednaký |
Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *razъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]raz
Numeral
[edit]raz
Further reading
[edit]- “raz”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
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