lügen
German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German liegen, from Old High German liogan, from Proto-West Germanic *leugan, from Proto-Germanic *leuganą, from Proto-Indo-European *lewgʰ-. Cognate with Bavarian liagn, Dutch liegen, Low German legen, lögen, English lie, Danish lyve, Swedish ljuga.
The expected form is Early Modern German liegen; that with -ü- has been standardized to avoid homophony with unrelated liegen (“to lie, be in a horizontal position”). The vowel was transferred from the noun Lüge, where it is original, facilitated by a phonetic merger of these vowels in some dialects. A reinforcing influence may have been the inherited 2nd and 3rd person-singular forms (from Middle High German liuges, liuget), which had /yː/ in non-diphthongising dialects (such as Alemannic German).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]lügen (class 2 strong, third-person singular present lügt, past tense log, past participle gelogen, past subjunctive löge, auxiliary haben)
- (intransitive) to tell a lie; to lie (to intentionally give false information)
- (intransitive, less often) to give false information (unintentionally)
- Wie alt sind Sie? — Ehm... lassen Sie mich nicht lügen... Zweiunddreißig.
- How old are you? — Er... don’t let me tell you something wrong... Thirty-two.
Conjugation
[edit]infinitive | lügen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | lügend | ||||
past participle | gelogen | ||||
auxiliary | haben | ||||
indicative | subjunctive | ||||
singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
present | ich lüge | wir lügen | i | ich lüge | wir lügen |
du lügst | ihr lügt | du lügest | ihr lüget | ||
er lügt | sie lügen | er lüge | sie lügen | ||
preterite | ich log | wir logen | ii | ich löge1 | wir lögen1 |
du logst | ihr logt | du lögest1 du lögst1 |
ihr löget1 ihr lögt1 | ||
er log | sie logen | er löge1 | sie lögen1 | ||
imperative | lüg (du) lüge (du) |
lügt (ihr) |
1Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German verbs
- German strong verbs
- German class 2 strong verbs
- German verbs using haben as auxiliary
- German intransitive verbs
- German terms with usage examples