elver
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See also: êl'ver
English
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Variant of eelfare, originally "brood of young eels", from Middle English *elfare, *elvare, from el (“eel”) fare (“group of journeyers”). Equivalent to eel fare.
Liberman instead connects the second element of this word to a putative Old English suffix *-for(e),[1] but there is no need to posit such a suffix when the traditional etymology suffices. Furthermore, such a suffix is not securely attested, and the spelling of the word's earliest attestation (as yele fare, ell vare) implies Middle English /aː/.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈɛlvə(ɹ)/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
Noun
[edit]elver (plural elvers)
- A young eel.
- 2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 69:
- When these glass eels enter freshwater they transform again into elvers – miniature versions of the adult eels.
Translations
[edit]a young eel
|
References
[edit]- ^ Anatoly Liberman (2008) “heifer”, in An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pages 101-5.
Anagrams
[edit]Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]elver
- (transitive) to thrash, whack, trounce, to defeat utterly
- A hazai csapat elverte a vendégeket. ― The home team thrashed the visitors.
- Synonym: legyőz
- (transitive) to thrash, beat up, to beat mercilessly
- 1851, Mór Jókai, “The Two Saxons”, in A két szász[1]:
- De János mester sem volt rest, hanem előkapott egy fokosbaltát a szegletből, s miután a vadászkést kiütötte ellene kezéből, nekiesett a fokossal, s úgy elverte, úgy elpáholta azt, mint a kétfenekű dobot, míg csak a fullajtár, bornak és ütlegeknek sokasága miatt le nem esett a lábáról, akkor aztán szépen lefektette az ágyba, s reggelig ott hagyta nyugodni a műhelyben.
- But Master John was not idle either, but took an axe from the corner, and having knocked the hunting-knife out of his enemy’s hand, he struck at him with the axe, and beat him and whipped him like a double-headed drum, until the outrider fell off his feet due to the multitude of wine and clubs, and then he nicely laid him down in bed, and let him rest in the workshop till morning.
- Synonyms: elagyabugyál, eltángál, elfenekel, elkalapál, elpáhol, helybenhagy
- (transitive) to squander, waste, throw away (money, wealth)
- (transitive) to drive off violently
- (transitive, archaic) to play (to produce music using a musical instrument)
- Synonym: eljátszik
- (transitive, dated) to pass (time) while being bored, to kill time
- 1986, Anna Dániel, Teréz küldetése[2] (“Teréz’s Mission”), chapter 2, page 18:
- A veszprémi hegyeket megkerülve érkeztek Zalaegerszegre, s ott értesültek róla, hogy az ifjú Brunszvik Nagykanizsán táborozik. Ott rá is találtak; az inszurgens a városban vett ki szállást, és kártyázással verte el az időt.
- They arrived in Zalaegerszeg bypassing the Veszprém hills, and there they learned that young Brunszvik was camping in Nagykanizsa. There they found him; the insurgent had taken lodgings in the town and passed the time by playing cards.
- 1986, Anna Dániel, Teréz küldetése[2] (“Teréz’s Mission”), chapter 2, page 18:
- (of a clock) to strike, announce (an hour of the day)
- Elverte a tizenkettőt. ― The clock struck twelve.
- Synonym: elüt
- (transitive, slightly literary) to appease, allay, quench, still, stop, end (dream, thirst, hunger etc.)
- 1847, János Arany, Toldi,[3] canto 4, stanza 7, lines 1–4; trans.[4] by Watson Kirkconnell:
- Vadmadár-tojással éh-szomját elvervén, / Szörnyen hányta a hab a jövőnek tervén: / Merre menjen? mihez fogjon? uramfia! / Nincsen hő lelkének hová fordulnia.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- Having with eggs allayed his hunger’s pains, ¶ In making future plans he racked his brains. ¶ Where should he go? What should he start? My God ¶ His ardent soul alone its pathway trod.
- 1847, János Arany, Toldi,[3] canto 4, stanza 7, lines 1–4; trans.[4] by Watson Kirkconnell:
- (transitive, of hail or rain) to destroy
- 1844, Sándor Petőfi, “I drink water”, in Vizet iszom[5], stanza 2, lines 1-4:
- A szőlőket tavaly / Elverte tán a jég? / Vagy a dér csipte meg / S bor nem termett elég?
- Did the vines get hit by ice last year, perhaps? Or was it white frost and not enough wine produced?
- 1872, Mór Jókai, Az arany ember[6] (Timar’s Two Worlds),[7] part 4, chapter 4, translated by Mrs. Hegan Kennard:
- Hanem egyet nem tudtak az orvosok, ennek elfeledtek utánajárni: – azt, hogy a nyár végén az egész Balaton környékét elverte a jég.
- But they had forgotten that toward the end of the summer hail-storms had laid waste the whole district;
- 1962, Ferenc Móra, “Szeptemberi emlék” (“A Memory from September”), in Tápéi furfangosok,[8] volume 1:
- Szent István délutánján elverte a jég a szőlőt. Azaz dehogy elverte: széthasogatta még a tőkéket is. Még másnap reggel is marékszámra lehetett szedni a jeget a laposokon, ahol a víz összesodorta.
- On the afternoon of St Stephen’s Day, the vineyard was hit by ice. Or rather, it wasn’t only hit: the vine stocks were actually cracked into pieces. The next morning one could still pick the ice by the handful on the flats where the water had washed it away.
- A jégeső elverte a vetést. ― The hail destroyed the corn.
- (transitive, of the sun or wind) to disperse, drive away
- 1872, Mór Jókai, Az arany ember[9] (Timar’s Two Worlds),[10] part 1, chapter 14, translated by Mrs. Hegan Kennard:
- Egy este elverte a szél a felhőket, s amint Timár kabinja ablakából kitekintett, meglátta a nyugati láthatáron az újholdat.
- One evening the wind dispersed the clouds, and when Timar looked out of his cabin window he saw on the western horizon the crescent moon [in the original: "new moon"].
- 1889, Mór Jókai, Utazás egy sírdomb körül[11] (“A Journey Around a Burial Mound”), chapter 13:
- Reggelre azonban nem hogy megenyhült vagy megfordult volna a szél, hanem még erősebb lett, s egészen keletinek nyilatkozott. Az a jó azonban volt benne, hogy az esőfelhőket mind elverte az égről a hegyek mögé.
- By morning, however, the wind did not die down or change, but became even stronger, and appeared quite easterly. But the good thing was that it beat all the rain clouds out of the sky and behind the mountains.
- A nap elverte a ködöt. ― The sun dispersed the fog.
- 1872, Mór Jókai, Az arany ember[9] (Timar’s Two Worlds),[10] part 1, chapter 14, translated by Mrs. Hegan Kennard:
- (transitive, of wind or waves) to propel, blow away
- A szél elverte a csónakot. ― The wind blew the boat away.
- (transitive, dialectal) to thresh (to separate the grain from the straw or husks)
- Synonym: elcsépel
Conjugation
[edit]conjugation of elver
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | elverek | elversz | elver | elverünk | elvertek | elvernek | |
Def. | elverem | elvered | elveri | elverjük | elveritek | elverik | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverlek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | elvertem | elvertél | elvert | elvertünk | elvertetek | elvertek | ||
Def. | elvertem | elverted | elverte | elvertük | elvertétek | elverték | |||
2nd-p. o. | elvertelek | ― | |||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. el fog verni. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | elverék | elverél | elvere | elverénk | elverétek | elverének | ||
Def. | elverém | elveréd | elveré | elverénk | elverétek | elverék | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverélek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. elver vala, elvert vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | elverendek | elverendesz | elverend | elverendünk | elverendetek | elverendenek | ||
Def. | elverendem | elverended | elverendi | elverendjük | elverenditek | elverendik | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverendelek | ― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | elvernék | elvernél | elverne | elvernénk | elvernétek | elvernének | |
Def. | elverném | elvernéd | elverné | elvernénk (or elvernők) |
elvernétek | elvernék | |||
2nd-p. o. | elvernélek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. elvert volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | elverjek | elverj or elverjél |
elverjen | elverjünk | elverjetek | elverjenek | |
Def. | elverjem | elverd or elverjed |
elverje | elverjük | elverjétek | elverjék | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverjelek | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. elvert légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | elverni | elvernem | elverned | elvernie | elvernünk | elvernetek | elverniük | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
elverés | elverő | elvert | elverendő | elverve (elvervén) | elveret | ||||
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular (and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs). | |||||||||
The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem ver el or el is ver. |
potential conjugation of elver
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | elverhetek | elverhetsz | elverhet | elverhetünk | elverhettek | elverhetnek | |
Def. | elverhetem | elverheted | elverheti | elverhetjük | elverhetitek | elverhetik | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverhetlek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | elverhettem | elverhettél | elverhetett | elverhettünk | elverhettetek | elverhettek | ||
Def. | elverhettem | elverhetted | elverhette | elverhettük | elverhettétek | elverhették | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverhettelek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | elverheték | elverhetél | elverhete | elverheténk | elverhetétek | elverhetének | ||
Def. | elverhetém | elverhetéd | elverheté | elverheténk | elverhetétek | elverheték | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverhetélek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. elverhet vala, elverhetett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | elverhetendek or elverandhatok |
elverhetendesz or elverandhatsz |
elverhetend or elverandhat |
elverhetendünk or elverandhatunk |
elverhetendetek or elverandhattok |
elverhetendenek or elverandhatnak | ||
Def. | elverhetendem or elverandhatom |
elverhetended or elverandhatod |
elverhetendi or elverandhatja |
elverhetendjük or elverandhatjuk |
elverhetenditek or elverandhatjátok |
elverhetendik or elverandhatják | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverhetendelek or elverandhatlak |
― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | elverhetnék | elverhetnél | elverhetne | elverhetnénk | elverhetnétek | elverhetnének | |
Def. | elverhetném | elverhetnéd | elverhetné | elverhetnénk (or elverhetnők) |
elverhetnétek | elverhetnék | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverhetnélek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. elverhetett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | elverhessek | elverhess or elverhessél |
elverhessen | elverhessünk | elverhessetek | elverhessenek | |
Def. | elverhessem | elverhesd or elverhessed |
elverhesse | elverhessük | elverhessétek | elverhessék | |||
2nd-p. o. | elverhesselek | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. elverhetett légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (elverhetni) | (elverhetnem) | (elverhetned) | (elverhetnie) | (elverhetnünk) | (elverhetnetek) | (elverhetniük) | ||
Positive adjective | elverhető | Neg. adj. | elverhetetlen | Adv. part. | (elverhetve / elverhetvén) | ||||
The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem verhet el or el is verhet. |
Further reading
[edit]- elver in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- elver in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (‘A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2024)
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Noun
[edit]elver m or f
- indefinite plural of elv
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]elver m
- indefinite plural of elv
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]elver f
- indefinite plural of elv
Etymology 2
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]elver m
- indefinite plural of elv
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