castro

See also: Castro, castró, and castrò

Catalan

Verb

castro

1. first-person singular present indicative of castrar

Galician

Castro de Viladonga, aerial view

Castro de Baroña

Alternative forms

• crasto

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese castro, from Latin castrum. Cognate with Portuguese castro, Spanish castro. See also alcázar, borrowed from Spanish, which entered through Arabic.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkastɾo/ [ˈkɑs̺.t̪ɾʊ]
• Rhymes: -astɾo
• Hyphenation: cas‧tro

Noun

castro m (plural castros)

1. a local fortified Iron Age village, of which some 3,000 are known in Galicia
2. (by extension) any fortified archaeological site

Derived terms

• castrexo
• Castrelo
• Castrelos
• Castrillón
• Castro
• Castro Bo
• Castro Caldelas
• Castrobó
• Castromaior
• Castromao
• Castroverde

See also

• Castro (poboado) on the Galician Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^gl

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “castro”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “castro”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “castro”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “castro”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “castro”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Italian

Verb

castro

1. first-person singular present indicative of castrare

Anagrams

• crosta, scarto, scartò, scorta, storca

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kastrāō, denominative in -ō perhaps from a lost instrumental noun, Proto-Italic *kastrom (“knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱos-tróm (“cutting tool, knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut up, to slaughter”); compare Sanskrit शस्त्र (śastra, “sword, dagger”). See also castrum, careō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈkas.troː/, [ˈkäs̠t̪roː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈkas.tro/, [ˈkäst̪ro]

Verb

castrō (present infinitive castrāre, perfect active castrāvī, supine castrātum); first conjugation

1. to prune
2. to amputate
3. to punish
4. to purge
5. to castrate or spay
   • Late 8th century, unknown author, Lex Frisionum:

     Qui fanum effregerit, et ibi aliquid de sacris tulerit, ducitur ad mare et in sabulo quod accessus maris operire solet, finduntur aures eius et castratur, et immolatur diis quorum templa violavit.

     The person who breaks into a temple and takes away some of its holy contents shall be taken to the sea, to that part of the sand that is covered during flood, where his ears shall be torn and he shall be castrated and be sacrificed to the gods whose temple he violated.

6. to dock (a tail)

Conjugation

Conjugation of castrō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	castrō	castrās	castrat	castrāmus	castrātis	castrant
	imperfect	castrābam	castrābās	castrābat	castrābāmus	castrābātis	castrābant
	future	castrābō	castrābis	castrābit	castrābimus	castrābitis	castrābunt
	perfect	castrāvī	castrāvistī	castrāvit	castrāvimus	castrāvistis	castrāvērunt, castrāvēre
	pluperfect	castrāveram	castrāverās	castrāverat	castrāverāmus	castrāverātis	castrāverant
	future perfect	castrāverō	castrāveris	castrāverit	castrāverimus	castrāveritis	castrāverint
passive	present	castror	castrāris, castrāre	castrātur	castrāmur	castrāminī	castrantur
	imperfect	castrābar	castrābāris, castrābāre	castrābātur	castrābāmur	castrābāminī	castrābantur
	future	castrābor	castrāberis, castrābere	castrābitur	castrābimur	castrābiminī	castrābuntur
	perfect	castrātus present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	castrātus imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	castrātus future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	castrem	castrēs	castret	castrēmus	castrētis	castrent
	imperfect	castrārem	castrārēs	castrāret	castrārēmus	castrārētis	castrārent
	perfect	castrāverim	castrāverīs	castrāverit	castrāverīmus	castrāverītis	castrāverint
	pluperfect	castrāvissem	castrāvissēs	castrāvisset	castrāvissēmus	castrāvissētis	castrāvissent
passive	present	castrer	castrēris, castrēre	castrētur	castrēmur	castrēminī	castrentur
	imperfect	castrārer	castrārēris, castrārēre	castrārētur	castrārēmur	castrārēminī	castrārentur
	perfect	castrātus present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	castrātus imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	castrā	—	—	castrāte	—
	future	—	castrātō	castrātō	—	castrātōte	castrantō
passive	present	—	castrāre	—	—	castrāminī	—
	future	—	castrātor	castrātor	—	—	castrantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		castrāre	castrāvisse	castrātūrum esse	castrārī	castrātum esse	castrātum īrī
participles		castrāns	—	castrātūrus	—	castrātus	castrandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		castrandī	castrandō	castrandum	castrandō	castrātum	castrātū

Derived terms

• castrātiō
• castrātor
• castrātōrius
• castrātūra
• castrātus
• procestria

 

Related terms

• castrum (?)

Descendants

Many reflexes show rhotic metathesis and/or crossing with crista.

• Balkan Romance:
  • >? Romanian: cresta
• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: castrare

    Alatri: crastare

  • Neapolitan: crastare
  • Sicilian: castrari
• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: crastare
• North Italian:
  • Friulian: cjastrâ
  • Ligurian: crastâ
  • Lombard: crestà
  • Piedmontese: castré
  • Romansch: chastrer
  • Venetan: castrar
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Franco-Provençal: châtrar, shôtrô, tsathrâ
  • Old French: chastrer
    • French: châtrer
• Occitano-Romance:
  • Catalan: castrar, crestar
  • Old Occitan: castrar, crastar, crestar
    • Occitan: crestar, castrar
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Portuguese: crastar (obsolete?), crestar, castrar
  • Spanish: castrar, crestar (Salamanca)
• Borrowings:
  • → English: castrate
  • → French: castrer
  • → German: kastrieren
  • → Romanian: castra

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 586
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “castrare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 2: C Q K, page 476

Further reading

• “castro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “castro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• castro in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• Félix Gaffiot (1934) “castro”, in Dictionnaire illustré latin-français [Illustrated Latin-French Dictionary] (in French), Hachette.

Portuguese

castro

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈkas.tɾu/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈkas.tɾu/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈkaʃ.tɾu/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈkas.tɾo/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈkaʃ.tɾu/

• Rhymes: (Brazil) -astɾu, (Portugal, Rio de Janeiro) -aʃtɾu
• Homophone: Castro
• Hyphenation: cas‧tro

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese castro, from Latin castrum, from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to cut, cut off, separate”). Cognate with Galician and Spanish castro. Doublet of alcácer, via Arabic.

Alternative forms

• crasto

Noun

castro m (plural castros)

1. fort (of Roman or prehistoric origin)
2. a fortified pre-Roman Iron Age village frequently found in the northwestern regions of the Iberian Peninsula

Derived terms

• castrejo
• Castro

 

Related terms

• alcácer
• castelo

 

See also

• cividade
• citânia

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

castro

1. first-person singular present indicative of castrar

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkastɾo/ [ˈkas.t̪ɾo]
• Rhymes: -astɾo
• Syllabification: cas‧tro

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin castrum. Also survives natively in several Spanish toponyms. Doublet of alcázar, which came through Arabic.

Noun

castro m (plural castros)

1. fort, fortified settlement

   Synonym: fuerte

Related terms

• castillo

 

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

castro

1. first-person singular present indicative of castrar

Further reading

• “castro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28
• Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1984) “castro”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 917