| Proto-Indo-European
|
Germanic
|
Latin
|
Ancient Greek
|
other
|
| *ped-
|
foot, fetter, fetch, fet,
|
biped, bipedal, centipede, pinniped, quadruped, quadrupedal, pedal, millipede, celeripede, pedestrian, impeach (fr), pedicle, pedicel, petiole (fr), sesquipedal, Óbidos (pt), pessary, pejorative, pejorate, pessimist, pessimistic, pessimal, pessimism, pessimum, impeccable, peccable, impede, impediement, expede, expedite, expedient, expedience, expedition, appoggiatura (it), appuy (fr), appui (fr), pawn (fr), peon (fr,es), pedestal (fr<it), pedigree (fr), piepowder (fr)
|
-pod, pous, octopus (la), Hekatompedon, pedion, Pædion, calibre (fr<ar<syc), podium (la), pew (fr<la), Pujol (ca<la), podiatrist, podiatry, pilot (fr<it<gkm), platypus, podo-, tripod, tripus, trapeze (fr<la), trapezium (la)
|
pug (hi), pugmark (hi), teapoy (hnd), charpoy (hnd)
|
| *peg-
|
—
|
expectorate, pec, pectoral, pectoralis, in petto (it), poitrine (fr), petronel (fr), poitrel (fr), poitrinal (fr)
|
—
|
—
|
| *peh₁-
|
fiend, fiendship, fend
|
passion, compassion, passive, impassive, impassion, passible, satispassion, compatible, patient, patience, perpession, penitent, penitente (es), penitence, penultimate, repent, repentance, pene-
|
—
|
—
|
| *peh₂-
|
feed, food, fodder, fad, father, faeder (ang), fatherless, fatherly, foster,
|
pastor, pastoral, appear (fr), appearance (fr), apparition, apparent, transparent, transparence, repast, pasture, padre (es), padre (it), padre (pt), pater, paternoster, père (fr), Jupiter, jovial, Jove, paterfamilias, paternal, paternity, Paderne (gl), patricide, patrician, Patrician, Patrick (en), patriot, patrimony, patron, patronage (fr), pattern (fr), patronicium, patronate, pain au chocolate (fr), pain, companion (fr), company (fr), pannier (fr), penetrate, penetration, pastille (fr<es), pastegh (hy<grc), pastel (fr<it), pastiglia (it<es), pastila (ru<fr<es), pastilla (es), compadre (es), compeer (fr), goombah (nap,scn), pablum, pabulum, pabulation, pabular, pabulary, Paddy (ga<cy), panini (it), pastorela (es<fr), pastorela (oc), empanada (es)
|
Cleopatra, Cleopas, Sosipater, Cleopater, patrilineal, patriarch, patriarchy, Pan, pan-, panic, pandemonium, patricide, pamphlet (fr<la), patronym,
|
ayr (gv), Dyaus Pita (sa), iwan (ar<fa), liwan (ar<fa), apadana (peo), bezoar (es<ar<pal), wallah (hi)
|
| *peh₂ǵ-
|
fast, fasten, avast (nl), fack,
|
provine (fr), propagate, propagation, propaganda, propago, compinge, compact, impinge, impact, pagina, pageant (fr), page (fr), paginal, Pagan, Paganism, pagan, paganity, Powys (cy), pale (fr), peel (fr), palus, pole (gmw), impale, travois (fr), travail (fr), pignus, repagulum, palisade (fr<oc), peasant (fr), paisano (es,nap), paisan (nap)
|
Naupactus (la), Lepanto (it<la), hapax, hapax legomenon, -pexy, -pagus, Areopagus, Areopagite
|
—
|
| *peh₂ḱ-
|
fang, fay, fair, fain
|
pacific, Pacific, peace (fr), pacify, pacification, pacifier, pax, paxis, Pax Americana, pacation, pay (fr), pact, compact, paction, pactitious
|
—
|
—
|
| *peh₂w-
|
few
|
paucal, parvo, pauce, puer, puer aeternus, puerile, puerilism, puerperium, puerility, puerperal, puerperous, Paul, poor (fr), poverty (fr), pauper, pupa, puppet (fr), poppet (fr), pupil, pusillanimous, pony (sco<fr), poule (fr), pullen (en), pucelle (fr), poult (fr), pullet (fr), poultry (fr), poulter (fr), poulterer (fr), pullulate, repullulate, puella, puella aeterna, puella publica, puellile, puelline, impoverish (fr), pupate, pool (fr), puppy (fr), putto (it),
|
pedo-, pedophile, pedophilia, pederast, pederasty, pediatrician, pedagogue, pedagogy, orthopedic, repose (fr<la), pause (fr<la), pausa (la), pose (fr), encyclopedia, entrepôt (fr<la),
|
Brahmaputra (sa)
|
| *peh₃-
|
—
|
imbibe, beverage (fr), bib (en), bibble (en), beaver (fr), potion, bibulous, poison (fr), potable, posca, poculum, bucchero (it<es<pt), bever (fr), bibacious, bibation
|
symposium
|
—
|
| *peḱ- (pluck)
|
fight, fax
|
pectinate, pecten, peculator, pectunculus, pinion
|
cteno-,
|
—
|
| *peḱ- (livestock)
|
fee, fief (fr<frk), feoff (fr<frk), feu (fr<frk), feud (la<fr<frk), feudatory (la<fr<frk), feod (la<fr<frk), feudal (la<fr<frk), enfeoff (fr<frk), hound, fellow (non)
|
peculiar, canine, canid, chenille (fr), Canicula, pecuniary, pecunious, impecunious, peculate
|
, cyclops, cynanche, cynic, cynical, Cynic, cynicism, kynodesme,
|
Connell (ga), corgi (cy),
|
| *peḱ- (joyful)
|
fain
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *pekʷ-
|
—
|
pepo, pompion (fr), pumpkin (fr), pepita (es), cook (gmw), coctile, quittor (fr), cuisine (fr), kitchen (gmw), coquinary, cuisiner (fr), concot, concoction, decoction, biscuit (fr), biscotti (it), precocious, apricot (fr<la<ca<ar<syc<gkm<grc), charcuterie (fr), kiln (ang), culinary, ricotta (it), terracotta (it), kokoretsi (el<sq<?)
|
Pepsi, peptic
|
—
|
| *pel- (skin)
|
fell, film, leather, lederhosen (de), feal, feal (non), camouflage (fr<it<frk), muffle (fr<frk)
|
palla, pallium, pall (ang), palliative, palliate, pell (ang), pellicule, pellicle, pelt (fr)
|
pelta (la), peltast (la), peltate (la), epiploon, erysipelas
|
—
|
| *pel- (fold)
|
flay, flax, fluke, flask, flagon (fr<la<frk), fiasco (it<la<frk), flasket (fr<la<frk), flacon (fr<la<frk), fold, -fold, onefold, fourfold, manifold, manyfold, twifold, threefold, befold, faldstool (la<frk), foldstool (la<frk), faldistory (la<frk), fauteuil (fr<la<frk),
|
ploy (fr), ply (fr), plicate, applicate, application, apply (fr), appliqué (fr), duplex, complicate, complication, display (fr), deploy (fr), reply (fr), replicate, replication, imply, implicate, implication, duplicate, duplication, duplicitous, duplicato-, duplicarius, explicate, inexplicable, explicable, explication, explicit, implicit, employ (fr), employee (fr), multiplex, complex, quadruplex, quintuplicate, multiply (fr), multiplication, complice, accomplice, quintuplex, multiplicative, triplex, simplex, simple (fr), supply (fr), supplicant, supplication, plexus, complect, complexion, complexity, implex, double (fr), duple, tuple, -ple, -tuple, doppio (it), pliant (fr), pliable (fr), splay (fr)
|
peplos, haplo-, diplo-
|
—
|
| *pel- (beat)
|
felt, filter (fr<la<gmw), flack, fleck, flitch, flick (non),
|
appeal (fr), appellation, appellate, appulsion, appellative, compel, interpellate, appel, compellation, repel, repeal (fr), repulse, repulsive, repellant, repellance, dispel, expel, expulsion, expulse, impel, impulse, impulsion, compulsion, compulsive, propel, propulsion, push (fr), pulse, pulsate, plangent, plain (fr), plaint (fr), plague (fr), polish (fr), expolish (fr), polite, interpolate, poultice (fr), polenta (it), pulver (enm), pulvinus, pillow (gmw), powder (fr), pulverize, pollen, pollinium
|
apoplexy, apoplectic, hyperekplexia, plectrum (la), catapult (la), Pallas, polemic, Tlepolemus, Polemon (la), Polemo (la), polemonium (la), catapeltic, palaestra
|
—
|
| *pel- (flour)
|
—
|
poultice (fr), polenta (it), pulver (enm), pulvinus, pillow (gmw), powder (fr), pulverize, pollen, pollinium
|
palaestra
|
—
|
| *pelH-
|
fallow
|
pale (fr), pallid, pallor, pallidum, appall (fr), palomino (es)
|
polio, Pelops, Peloponnese, Peloponnesian,
|
Floyd (cy), Lloyd (cy)
|
| *pelh₂-
|
—
|
appeal (fr), appellation, appellate, appulsion, appellative, compel, interpellate, appel, compellation, repel, repeal (fr), repulse, repulsive, repellant, repellance, dispel, expel, expulsion, expulse, impel, impulse, impulsion, compulsion, compulsive, propel, propulsion, push (fr), pulse, pulsate
|
apoplexy, apoplectic, hyperekplexia, plectrum (la)
|
—
|
| *pent-
|
find, feeze, fease, faze, Finn, Fenno- (la<gmc), fand, Finland
|
pons, pontine, pons asinorum, pontiff (fr), pontifex, pontifical, pontificate, pontificious, pontoon (fr)
|
peripatetic, Pontus (la), Pontic (la), bundook (hi<ar<pal), bonduc (fr<ar<pal)
|
path (gmw<ira)
|
| *per- (before)
|
for, fore, fore-, first, forecome, foresay, far, from, fro (non), frame, forth, firn (de), firth (sco<non), fjord (no), for-, fraked, frakel, forlese, forworth, further, forban, forbear, ford, former, frum (yi), frummer (yi), fordrive, fret, fress (yi), foryield, forget, forlead, forlie, forsake, forsling (nl), forspill, forstand, fortear, fortread, forworth, forward, forwound, forwork, Froxán (gl<la<suevic), Freyr (non), fraulein (de), Forxás (gl<la<suevic), vrou (af), vrouw (nl), frow (dum), frau (de)
|
pre-, praetor, praetorian, preter-, prebund, provender (fr), par (fr), per, apprise (fr), sempre (it), semper-, semper fi, sempitern, per annum, per se, portend, portent, pollute, pollution, porrect, appraise (fr), appreciate, depreciate, praise (fr), price (fr), precious (fr), grand prix (fr), private, privacy, privation, deprive, deprivation, privy (fr), privilege, prime (fr), primo (it), primitive, primogeniture, primus, prim (fr), primary, primacy, premier (fr), primeval, primevous, primate, prince (fr), princess (fr), princeps, principal, principality, principate, principle, pristine (fr), prodigious, prodigy, prodigal, prior, a priori, priority, approach (fr), proxime, proximity, proximal, approximate, propitious, propitiate, propitiator, propriatory, propinquity, approprinquate, province, provincial, Provence (fr<oc), pro, pro forma, prone
|
para-, parish (fr<la), parole (fr<la), palabra (es<la), parabola, parabole, parable (fr<la), Polari (pml), parle (fr), parley (fr), parlance (fr), parlor (fr), paraclete (fr<la), parochial (fr<la), peri-, perizoma, presbyter, Presbyterian, prester (fr), priest (ang), prow (fr<la), prore (la), proto-, protologue, protology, prototype, Protagoras, protogenos, protocol (la), protocollary (la), protocolar (la), protero-, pro-
|
Orange (fr<gmw<la<gaulish), Oireachtas (ga), Reims (fr<la<gaulish)
|
| *per- (fare)
|
ferry, fartlek (sv), fare, ferd, fyrd (ang), fure (non), forfare, farewell, ford, fjord (no), firth (sco<non), fere, fear,
|
parlay (fr<it)
|
prion, perone (fr), porous (fr), porus, aporia, Bosporus, emporium (la), pore (fr), port (gmw), porter (fr), asportation, transport, transportation, support, comport, deport (fr), deportation, opportune, opportunity, desport (fr), sport (fr), export, exportation, import, important, portable, report, portmanteau (fr), Portus, portal, porta, portico (it), portego (vec), perpetuate, pellucid, perennial, perfect, parfait (fr), porch (fr), porticus,
|
pragma, pragmatic, pragmatism, practic (fr<la), practico (es<la), practice (fr<la), practique (fr<la), practicum (la), practical, praxis, dyspraxia, Praxagoras, Praxiteles, Praxiphanes,
|
| *per- (try)
|
fear
|
expert, experience, experiment, perite, peril (fr), periclitate, perilous (fr), periculous, periclitation, empiric, empirical
|
pirate (fr<la)
|
—
|
| *per- (sell)
|
—
|
part (ang), parse (fr), ex parte, particle, particular, parcel (fr), depart (fr), dispart, disperse (fr), impart, partition, participate, jeopardy (fr), participation, participant, participal, participle, partite, -partite, quadripartite, quadripartition, portion, proportion, par, pair (fr), compare, comparison (fr), comparation, disparity, impair (fr), separate, several (fr)
|
pornography
|
—
|
| *perd-
|
fart
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *perh₃-
|
—
|
parent, viviparous, parental, parturition, repertoire (fr), repertory, postpartum, apparatus, apparat (ru), apparatchik (ru), dispair (fr), imperate, imperium, mbret (sq), empire (fr), empery (fr), imperative, imperial, emperor (fr), imperator, empress (fr), imperious, parable, irreparable, reparable, repair (fr), parament, preparation, prepare, reparate, reparation, separate, sever (fr), dissever (fr), vituperate, vituperator, vituperation, vituperable, proper
|
—
|
—
|
| *perḱ- (colored)
|
fard (fr<frk)
|
pulchritude
|
perch (fr<la)
|
—
|
| *perḱ- (dig)
|
farrow, aardvark (af), furrow,
|
pork (fr), porcine, porpoise (fr),
|
—
|
Orkney Islands (non<cel), Orcadian (la<grc<cel), Orgueil (fr<la<gaulish), Orsai (fr<la<gaulish), Orçay (fr<la<gaulish), Orsay (fr<la<gaulish), Musée d'Orsay (fr<la<gaulish)
|
| *perkʷ-
|
farm, fir, ever, every, firth, frith
|
alcornoque (es<mxi),
|
Hercynian Forest
|
Perth (xpi)
|
| *pers-
|
foss (is), force (non)
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *pes-
|
—
|
penis, penile, pencil (fr), penicillin
|
—
|
—
|
| *pesd-
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *peth₂-
|
feather, fathom
|
appetent, appetite, bon appétit (fr), competition, competitor, competitive, competent, competence, impetus, impetigo, impetiginous, impetuous, centripetal, perpetuity, perpetuate, perpetuation, perpetuous, petition, petulant, petulance, repeat (fr), repetition, compete, Pando, Panda, spawn (fr), expand, passim, appetition, pen (fr), pinnacle, panache (fr<it), patent (fr), patera, patella, paella (es<ca), patellula, patibulum, pace (fr), pas (fr), pass (fr), propitious, propitiate, passerine, pennon (fr), pinion (fr),
|
reptile, -ptile, ptilo-, ptero-, pterodactyl, hymenopteran, dipteran, pterygo-, pteryg-, pterygium (la), pterygoid, pterygoidius (la), petal, apetalous, antiptosis, apoptosis, symptom, hippopotamus, patina (la), paten (fr<la), pan (gmw<la), patination (la), helicopter
|
—
|
| *pewǵ-
|
fuck, feak, fist,
|
compunct, expunge, interpunct, interpoint (fr), pourpoint (fr), punctuate, punctuation, punctual, punctuality, punctum, point (fr), punto (it), punctus, puncheon (fr), puncture, pugilism, pugilist, pugio, poinard (fr), pugnaceous, repugn, repugnant, oppugn, propugn, expugn, expugnation, impugn, acupuncture, poignant (fr), pointe (fr), punch (fr)
|
—
|
—
|
| *pewH-
|
—
|
pure (fr), purify, purification, puro (es), pour (fr), Pius, pious, impious, piety, impiety, pity (fr), pietà (it), expiate, inexpiable, expiation, piaculum, piacle, putative, impute, imputation, amputate, amputation, count (fr), compt (fr), compute, computation, computer, depute, deputy (fr), dispute, disputation, suppute, supputate, putamen, repute, reputation
|
—
|
—
|
| *pewḱ-
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *peyǵ-
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *peyh₂-
|
fat, fun (ofs), fond (ofs),
|
pitch (gmw), pine (gmw), pinaster, pinapple (gmw), pineal, pinetum, penguin (fr),
|
—
|
Helvetii (la<cel), Helvetia (la<cel), Irelang (ang<sga), Hibernia (la<grc<pgl)
|
| *peyḱ- (mark)
|
file,
|
depict, depiction, picture, Pict, paint (fr), pinto (es), pint (fr), pigment, pimento (pt), pimiento (es), piment (fr), orpiment (fr), auripigment,
|
poikilo-, poecilo-,
|
—
|
| *peyḱ- (hostile)
|
foe, fey, fay, feud (fr<la<frk)
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *peys-
|
—
|
pile, pestle (fr), pistil, pistillum, pesto (it), piste (fr), piston (fr), pilum
|
—
|
—
|
| *pleh₁-
|
full, fill, overfull, overfill, folk, filch, volk (af)
|
compliment (fr<it<es), complement, complete, completion, completive, compline (fr), deplete, depletion, explete, expletive, expletion, implete, implement, replete, repletion, supplete, suppletion, supply (fr), surplus, supplement, supplemental, comply (fr), complish (fr), accomplish (fr), triple, treble (fr), maniple, manipulate, manipulation, nonplussed, plain (fr), plenary, plene, plebs, pleb, plebeian, plebiscite, plebiscitum, plene, plenary, plenilune, plenty (fr), plenitude, plentitude, doppio (it), double (fr), duple, duplo-, popular, populate, populace, population, public, publicity, republic (fr), republican (fr), people (fr), pueblo (es), plus, e pluribus unum, plural, plurality, plurennial, pluriform,
|
Plethon, plethora, poly-, polygamy, Pollux (la), Polydeuces, polymath, Polyhymnia, polypus, polyp, polysemous, polyspaston, pleroma, plerome (de)
|
Helvetii (la<cel), Helvetia (la<cel)
|
| *pleh₂-
|
field, veld (af), fold, flat (non), flat (sco), floor, Westphalia (la<de)
|
palma (pt), palma (es), palmer (fr), piano (it), plain (fr), explain (fr), explanation, plane, planar, planular, llano (es), plant (ang,fro), plantain (fr), implant, supplant, transplant, clan (gd<owl), plantation, paw (fr), patte (fr), Plautus, placebo, placate, complease (fr), complacent, placid, plea (fr), please (fr), pleasant (fr), pleasure (fr)
|
—
|
Pole (de<opl), Polono- (la<sla), Poland (de<opl), purdah (hnd<fa)
|
| *pleh₃w-
|
flow, flood
|
deplore, explore, exploration, implore
|
—
|
—
|
| *pleḱ-
|
flay, flax, fluke, flask, flagon (fr<la<frk), fiasco (it<la<frk), flasket (fr<la<frk), flacon (fr<la<frk)
|
ploy (fr), ply (fr), plicate, applicate, application, apply (fr), appliqué (fr), duplex, complicate, complication, display (fr), deploy (fr), reply (fr), replicate, replication, imply (fr), implicate, implication, duplicate, duplication, duplicitous, duplicato-, duplicarius, explicate, inexplicable, explicable, explication, explicit, implicit, employ (fr), employee (fr), multiplex, complex, quadruplex, quintuplicate, multiply (fr), multiplication, complice, accomplice, quintuplex, multiplicative, triplex, simplex, simple (fr), supply (fr), supplicant, supplication, plexus, complect, complexion, complexity, implex, pliant (fr), pliable (fr), splay (fr)
|
—
|
—
|
| *pleth₂-
|
flat (non), flan (es,fr<fro<la<frk), flathe, flawn (fr<la<frk), flathon (fr<la<frk), pl
|
—
|
Plataea, Plataeae, plat (fr<la), Plato (la), platonic, place (ang,fro), pleace (ang,fro), piazza (it<la), laplas (ht<la), plaas (af<fr), plate (fr<la), plaza (es<la), piatza (it<la), platy-, platypus, plateau (fr<la), platter (fr<la)
|
—
|
| *plew-
|
fleam, Flemish (ofs),
|
pluvial, impluvium, compluvium, pluvious, pulmonic, pulmonary,
|
periplus (la), pneumonia, Pluto (la), Plutarch (la), Plutus (la), Nauplius (la), Nafplio (el), nauplius (la), Nauplia
|
—
|
| *plewd-
|
fleet, float, flit (non), flote
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *plewk-
|
flee, flight, fly, flock, flea, fowl, voël (af),
|
plume (fr), plumassier (fr), plumule, plumula, plumose
|
—
|
—
|
| *pnew-
|
sneeze, sneer, snirt, snore, snort, neeze,
|
—
|
apnea, pneuma, pneumatic, neume (fr<la), pneumonia, -pnea,
|
—
|
| *preg-
|
freak
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *preh₂-
|
for, fore, fore-, first, forecome, foresay,
|
pre-, praetor, praetorian, preter-, prebund, provender (fr),
|
para-, parish (fr<la), parole (fr<la), palabra (es<la), parabola, parabole, parable (fr<la), Polari (pml), parle (fr), parley (fr), parlay (fr), parlor (fr), paraclete (fr<la), parochial (fr<la)
|
Orange (fr<gmw<la<gaulish), Oireachtas (ga)
|
| *preḱ-
|
frain
|
postulate, expostulate, expostulation, postulation, precarious, precarity, prayer (fr), pray (fr), comprecation, deprecate, deprecation, deprecative, imprecate, imprecation, precative, precation, precatory, percontatorial, percontation, prithee (en<fr)
|
—
|
—
|
| *prep-
|
farm, furbish (fr<frk), refurbish (fr<frk)
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *pres-
|
—
|
press (ang<fr), press (fr), appress, compression, oppress, oppression, depress, depression, express, expression, sprain (fr), espresso (it), express (fr), impress, impression, repress, repression, imprint (fr), print (fr), suppress, suppression, oppressive, impressive, depressive, compressive, expressive, suppressive
|
—
|
—
|
| *prew-
|
frolic (nl), frog
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *prews-
|
freeze, frost,
|
prurigo, pruritus
|
—
|
—
|
| *preyH-
|
filibuster (es<fr<nl), free, friend, friendly, Frigg (non), Frigga (non), Friday, frith, Chilvers, Winfred, Winifred, Frieda (de), Frederick (de), Wilfred, Frederica (la<gmw), Godfrey (xno<la<gmw), Geoffrey (xno<la<gmw), Jeffrey (xno<la<gmw), affray (fr<la<frk), fray (fr<la<frk), afraid (fr<la<frk), -free, freedom, Gottfried (de), Siegfried (de),
|
proper, property, proprietary, impropriety, improper, appropriate, appropriation, propriety
|
—
|
Priya (sa)
|
| *pr̥k-
|
fright, frighten
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| *prot-
|
frood, Frodo (ang)
|
interpret, interpreter, interpretation, interpretable, interpretament
|
—
|
—
|
| *pterH-
|
fern
|
—
|
—
|
Thamirabarani (ta<sa)
|
| *puH-
|
foul, filth, file, befile, defile,
|
pus, suppurate, suppuration, purulent, putrefy, putrid, putrefaction, purulent, putrescent, putrescence
|
pyo-
|
—
|
| Proto-Indo-European
|
Germanic
|
Latin
|
Ancient Greek
|
other
|
