User:Hazarasp/idiolect
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Here's a series of (mainly phonological) notes on my idiolect (to expand on later).
General information
[edit]My idiolect is a mildly unusual form of New Zealand English, as such, it has the following features:
- It is non-rhotic, with linking r (though not consistently)
- It has L-vocalisation (though not 100% consistently). Several mergers (still in progress) between the resulting vowels exist.
- It has the near-square merger (i.e. the vowels in those two words are the same)
- The wine-whine merger is pretty much complete in most NZE nowadays.
- For more, see New Zealand English phonology.
Certain features make it notable within New Zealand English:
- It has th-fronting; i.e. three and free are homophones. However, initially former /ð/ is /d/.
- *-ing* is pronounced /iːn/ (this crops up in a few other lexical items as well).
- The state of my weak-vowel merger is weird (as indicated by the lexical sets).
- Before /j/, the nasals /m/ /n/ can be dropped; occasionally words with no etymological nasal acquire one.
- Final /ɐ/, /ɐː/, /ə/ have mostly fell together. Here, /ə/ is used as a cover symbol (though the actual realisation is quite a bit lower).
Lexical sets
[edit]If you don't know what a lexical set is; click here.
| KIT | ə | FLEECE | əj | NEAR | iə |
| DRESS | e | FACE | aj | SQUARE | iə |
| TRAP | æ | PALM | ɐː | START | ɐː |
| LOT | ɔ | THOUGHT | oː | NORTH | oː |
| STRUT | ɐ | GOAT | ɐw | FORCE | oː |
| FOOT | ʊ | GOOSE | ʉː | CURE | oː, øː |
| BATH | ɐː | PRICE | ɑj | happY | i |
| CLOTH | ɔ | CHOICE | oj | lettER | ə, øː |
| NURSE | øː | MOUTH | æɤ | commA | ə, ɐ |
Pronunciations to note
[edit]Non-L-vocalised variants of words are pretty much predictable and will only be mentioned when deserving special notice. I plan to alphabetise this at some point and add sources for some of the words included to it.
| Word (in standard English orthography) | IPA | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| pronunciation | /pɹəˈnæɤn(t)si.ajʃən/ | By analogy with pronounce (other words such as annunciation, denunciation, enunciation, renunciation are more variable). |
| probably | /ˈpɹɔbli/, /ˈpɹɔbəbli/ | Occasionally /ˈpɹɔbəli/. |
| nowadays | /ˈnæɤdæjz/ | I would usually only used this word in writing. |
| library | /ˈlɑjbɹi/ | Occasionally /ˈlɑjbəɹi/ etc. |
| theater | /ˈfiətə/ | /ˈfəjətə/ sounds stilted. |
| theory | /ˈfiəɹi/ | Homophonous with fairy. /ˈfəjəɹi/ sounds stilted. |
| natural | /ˈnætʃɹuː/ | /ˈnætʃəɹuː/ sounds stilted. No, that vowel isn't GOOSE. |
| police | /ˈpləjs/ | /pəˈləjs/ sounds stilted/dialectal. |
| being | /ˈbəjn/ | Homophonous with been. |
| swim | /ˈswʊm/ | Simple past and past participle swum is expected /ˈswɐm/. |
| shall | /ˈʃuː/ | Though outside of fixed phrases; I say should or will. |
| memory | /ˈmemɹi/ | |
| unfortunately | /ɐnˈfoːtʃnətli/ | fortunately can have the same syncope. |
| actual | /ˈætʃuː/ | Though factual etc. are usually /ˈfækʃuː/. |
| actually | /ˈætʃli/, /ˈækʃli/ | /ˈækʃəli/ etc. when stressed. |
| usual | /ˈjʉːʒuː/ | |
| usually | /ˈjʉːʒli/, /ˈjʉːʒəli/ | |
| tomato | /təˈmɐːtɐw/, /ˈtmɐːtɐw/ | Unstressed/reduced /təˈmɐːtə/, /ˈtmɐːtə/ |
| potato | /pəˈtæjtɐw/ | Unstressed/reduced /pəˈtæjtə/ |
| mango | /ˈmæŋɡɐw/ | Unstressed/reduced /ˈmæŋɡə/ |
| diamond | /ˈdæjmənd/ | Unstressed/reduced /ˈdæjmən/ |
| either | /ˈæjvə/, /ˈəjvə/ | i.e. either pronunciation works for me (though the first is noticeably more common) |
| thank | /ˈfeŋk/ | A case of influence from broader NZE? Though note the nasal environment. |
| route | /ˈɹʉːt/ | |
| February | /ˈfebjʉːiəɹi/, /ˈfebjəɹi/ | |
| often | /ˈɔfən/ | |
| soften | /ˈsɔfən/ | |
| so | /ˈmɐːvləs/, /ˈmɐːvələs/ | |
| envelope | /ˈɔnvəlɐwp/ | There is some variability in this word for me (between this and /ˈenvəlɐwp/). |
| schedule | /ˈskedʒuː/ | There is some variability in this word for me (between this and /ˈʃedʒu/). |
| garage | /ˈɡæɹədʒ/ | |
| scone | /ˈskɔn/ | |
| dynasty | /ˈdənəsti/ | Unstressed /ˈdənsti/ is theoretically possible, though I haven't noticed it. |
| quarter | /ˈkoːtə/ | |
| caramel | /ˈkæɹəmuː/ | |
| kea | /ˈkiə/ | |
| missile | /ˈməsɑjuː/ | |
| vase | /ˈvɐːz/ | |
| basil | /ˈbæzuː/ | |
| pasta | /ˈpæstə/ | Occasionally /ˈpɐːstə/. |
| medicine | /ˈmedəsən/ | |
| yoghurt | /ˈjɐwɡət/ | |
| chorizo | /tʃəˈɹəjtsɐw/ | I know /ts/ in this word a hyperforeignism, but I don't care. |
| zebra | /ˈzebɹə/ | |
| Uranus | /jəˈɹæjnəs/, /jʉːˈɹæjnəs/ | Never /jʊˈɹæjnəs/, though. |
| falcon | /ˈfæɤkən/ | Historically (pre-L-vocalisation) /ˈfælkən/. |
| almond | Lua error: Item 2 in the list of numeric parameters cannot be empty, because the list must be contiguous. | The first comes from historical (pre-L-vocalisation) /ˈælmənd/. |
| children | /ˈtʃuːdʒɹən/ | Or (more formal) /ˈtʃəwdʒɹən/. |
| cure | /ˈkjøː/ | Historic /jʊə/ is usually /jøː/; elsewhere historic /ʊə/ is usually /oː/. |
| tour | /ˈtoː/ | The inclusion of this word in the FORCE set is unusual for NZE AFAIK. |
| deity | /ˈdəjti/ | Earlier /ˈdiːəti/? |
| diary | /ˈdɑjɹi/ | |
| sixth | /ˈsəkf/ | |
| scallop | /ˈskɔləp/ | |
| vacation | /vəˈkæjʃən/ | |
| vehicle | /ˈvekuː/ | Probably earlier /ˈviəku/; the distinction between /iə/ and /e/ can be tenuous in this position. |
| jewelry | /ˈdʒuːri/ | L-vocalisation is often resisted in this word (/ˈdʒulri/); I also sometimes say /ˈdʒuləri/ (with replacement of the suffix). |
| pyjamas | /pəˈdʒɐːməz/ | |
| controversy | /kɔntʃɹəˈvøːsi/ | |
| congratulate | /kəŋˈɡɹætʃəlæjt/ | Also with /dʒ/. |
| really | /ˈɹiəli/ | |
| seperate (adjective) | /ˈsepɹət/ | |
| camera | /ˈkæmɹə/ | |
| chocolate | /ˈtʃɔklət/ | |
| nuclear | /ˈ(n)jʉːkliə/ | |
| privilege | /ˈpɹəvlədʒ/ | |
| particularly | /pəˈtəkjəli/, /ˈpɐtəkjəli/ | |
| comparison | /kəmˈpæɹəʒən/, /kəmˈpæɹəʃən/ | As spelt comparision; by analogy with words ending in -sion, -tion, etc. |
| finance | /ˈfɑjnən(t)s/ | The initial stress and concomitant reduction of the second vowel is nearly universal in my speech. |
| financial | /fəˈnænʃuː/ | |
| dialect | /ˈdɑjəˌlɛk(t)/, /ˈdɑjələk(t)/ | |
| learned | /ˈløːnd/ | Mostly one syllable; note that the past of learn is usually learnt for me. |
| swank | /ˈswɔnk/ | |
| wank | /ˈwɔnk/ | |
| quagmire | /ˈkwɔɡmɑjə/ | |
| swag | /ˈswæɡ/ | |
| Quebec | /kəˈbek/, /kwəˈbek/ | |
| poisonous | /ˈpojznəs/, /ˈpojzənəs/ | |
| violent | /ˈvɑjlənt/ | Never 3 syllables |
| inviolate | /ənvɑjəˈlət/, /ənvɑjˈlət/ | |
| violate | /vɑjˈlajt/, /vɑjəˈlajt/ | |
| violation | /vɑjˈlajʃən/ | |
| women | /ˈwʊmən/ | |
| pecan | /ˈpiːkən/, /ˈpiːkæn/ | |
| totally | /ˈtɐwtəli/, /ˈtɐwtli/ | |
| asterisk (pron. spelling asterix) | /ˈæstəɹəks/, /ˈæstʃɹəks/, /ˈæstəɹəsk/ | The non-metathesised pronunciation is more formal. |
| joint | /ˈdʒojnt/ | Archaising /ˈdʒɑjnt/ |
| government | /ˈɡɐvəmənt/, /ˈɡɐvmənt/ | |
| governing | /ˈɡɐvənin/, /ˈɡɐvnin/ | |
| governance | /ˈɡɐvənən(t)s/, /ˈɡɐvnən(t)s/ | |
| sensitivity | /ˈsen(t)səvəti/, /ˈsen(t)sətəvəti/ | |
| tertiary | /ˈtøːʃəɹi/, /ˈtøːʃɹi/ | |
| deteriorate | /dəˈtiəɹiæjt/, /dəˈtiəɹi.əɹæjt/ | |
| nothing | /ˈnɐfin/ | When unstressed, optionally /ˈnɐfən/ |
| easily | /ˈəjzli/ | |
| Bethlehem | /ˈbefləm/, /ˈbefləhəm/, /ˈbefləhem/ | |
| recognize | /ˈɹekənɑjz/ | occasionally /ˈɹekəɡnɑjz/ |
| New Zealand | /ˈ(n)jʉː zelənd/ | Unstressed/reduced /ˈjʉː zelən/ |
| temperature | /ˈtempɹətʃə/ | |
| average | /ˈævɹədʒ/ | |
| neighbouring | /ˈnæjbɹin/, /ˈnæjbəɹin/ | When unstressed, optionally /ˈnæjbɹən/ |
| beware | /bəˈwiə/, /ˈbwiə/ | |
| century | /ˈsentʃɹi/ | |
| sentry | /ˈsentʃɹi/ | |
| emerald | /ˈemɹuːd/ | |
| category | /ˈkætəɡɹi/ | |
| fuel | /ˈfjuː/ | |
| laurel | /ˈlɔɹuː/ | |
| cauliflower | /ˈkɔliflæɤə/ | |
| sausage | /ˈsɔsədʒ/ | |
| caustic | /ˈkoːstək/ | |
| oh | /ˈɔw/, /ˈɐw/ | The former (and more common pronunciation) seems to be AmE influence. |
| battery | /ˈbætʃɹi/ | |
| aged | /ˈæjdʒd/ | |
| morning | /ˈmoːnin/ | rarely unstressed /ˈmoːnən/ |
| mourning | /ˈmoːnin/ | rarely unstressed /ˈmoːnən/ or /ˈmøːnin/ |
| hierarchy | /ˈhɑjɹɐːki/ | |
| reliquary | /ɹəˈləkwəri/, /ˈɹæləkwəri/, /ˈɹæləkwiəri/ | The stress in the first form is due to interpretation of the word as re- *liquary |
| economics | /ɛkəˈnɔməks/ | |
| obeisance | /əˈbəjzən(t)s/ | |
| Las Vegas | /ˈlɔs væjɡəs/ | |
| Croat | /ˈkɹɐwt/ | |
| several | /ˈsevruː/ | |
| vicissitude | /vəˈsəsətʃʉːd/, /vəˈsəstʃʉːd/ | |
| just | /ˈdʒɐst/, /ˈdʒəs(t)/ | The first pronunciation is for the sense "(morally) right"; the second is for the sense "only". |
| maintenance | /ˈmæj(n)tnən(t)s/, /ˈmæjntənən(t)s/ | |
| maintain | /mənˈtæjn/ | |
| properly | /ˈpɹɔpli/, /ˈpɹɔpəli/ | The trisyllabic form is more formal. |
| wonderfully | /ˈwɐndəfli/ | |
| medicinal | /məˈdəsnuː/, /məˈdəsənuː/ | |
| rational | /ˈɹæʃənuː/, /ˈɹæʃnuː/ | |
| lateral | /ˈlætəɹuː/, /ˈlætʃɹuː/ | The second form is almost always found in derived terms such as equilateral, laterally, etc. |
| equilateral | /ˈekwəˌlætʃɹuː/, /ˌekwəˈlætʃɹuː/ | |
| laterally | /ˈlætʃɹəli/ | |
| literal | /ˈlətəɹuː/, /ˈlətʃɹuː/ | The second form is usually found in derived terms such as literality, literally, etc. |
| literally | /ˈlətʃɹəli/ | /ˈlətʃli/ in colloquial rapid speech. |
| literality | /lətʃˈɹæləti/, /ˈlətʃɹæləti/ | |
| exactly | /ˈəzækli/ | |
| directly | /dəˈɹek(t)li/ | |
| especially | /əˈspeʃli/, /əkˈspeʃli/ | |
| courteous | /ˈkøːtʃəs/, /ˈkøːti.əs/ | |
| cabinet | /ˈkæbnət/ | |
| dangerous | /ˈdæjndʒɹəs/ | |
| interest | /ˈəntʃɹəst/ | Unstressed /ˈəntʃɹəs/ |
| interesting | /ˈəntʃɹəstin/ | Optionally /ˈəntʃɹəstən/ when unstressed |
| federal | /ˈfedʒɹuː/ | |
| funeral | /ˈfjʉːnɹuː/, /ˈfjʉːnəɹuː/ | |
| numeral | /ˈ(n)jʉːmɹuː/, /ˈ(n)jʉːməɹuː/ | |
| definitely | /ˈdefnətli/, /ˈdefənətli/ | |
| mystery | /ˈməstʃɹi/ | |
| seriously | /ˈseɹəsli/, /ˈseɹi.əsli/ | |
| resurrection | /ˈɹəzɹektʃən/, /ˈɹəzəɹe(k)tʃən/ | |
| resurrect | /ˈɹəzɹek(t)/, /ˈɹəzəɹek(t)/ | |
| literature | /ˈlətʃɹətʃɹə/ | |
| habitual | Lua error: Item 2 in the list of numeric parameters cannot be empty, because the list must be contiguous. | |
| consonant | Lua error: Item 2 in the list of numeric parameters cannot be empty, because the list must be contiguous. | |
| legitimate | Lua error: Item 2 in the list of numeric parameters cannot be empty, because the list must be contiguous. | |
| penultimate | Lua error: Item 2 in the list of numeric parameters cannot be empty, because the list must be contiguous. | |
| linguistically | /ˈləŋɡwəstəkli/ | |
| realistically | /ˈriələstəkli/ | |
| electronically | /æləkˈtʃɹɔnəkli/, /æləˈtʃɹɔnəkli/ | |
| traditional | /tʃɹəˈdəʃˌnuː/, /tʃɹəˈdəʃəˌnuː/, /ˈtʃɹæd-/ | |
| traditionally | /tʃɹəˈdəʃˌnəli/, /tʃɹəˈdəʃəˌnəli/, /ˈtʃɹæd-/ | |
| diagonal | /dɑjˈæɡənəl/, /dɑjˈæɡnəl/ | |
| diagonally | /dɑjˈæɡnəli/ | |
| assume | /əˈʃʉːm/, /ˈʃʉːm/ | |
| presume | /pɹəˈʒʉːm/, /pɹəˈʃʉːm/, /pɹəˈzjʉːm/ | |
| resume | /ɹəˈʒʉːm/ | |
| bestial | /ˈbestʃuː/ | |
| question | /ˈkwestʃən/ | |
| tune | /ˈtʃʉːn/ | |
| beauteous | /ˈbjʉːtʃəs/, /ˈbjʉːti.əs/ | |
| mighteous | /ˈmɑjtʃəs/ | |
| plenteous | /ˈplentʃəs/ | |
| fractious | /ˈfɹæ(k)tʃəs/ | |
| punctual | /ˈpɐŋktʃuː/, /ˈpɐntʃuː/ | |
| marvellous | /ˈmɐːvləs/, /ˈmɐːvələs/ | |
| Beatrice | /ˈbəjtʃɹəs/ | |
| ordinance | /ˈoːdənən(t)s/, /ˈoːdnən(t)s/ | |
| national | /ˈnæʃnuː/ | |
| censure | /ˈsenʃə/, /ˈsensə/ | |
| pendulum | /ˈpendʒʉːləm/, /ˈpendʒələm/, /ˈpendʒləm/ | |
| temperament | /ˈtempɹəmənt/ | |
| originally | /əˈɹədʒnəli/ | |
| optionally | Lua error: Item 2 in the list of numeric parameters cannot be empty, because the list must be contiguous. | |
| mineral | /ˈmənɹuː/ | |
| reference | /ˈɹefɹən(t)s/ | |
| absolute | /ˈæbsəlʉːt/, /ˈæpslʉːt/ | |
| nuisance | /ˈ(n)jʉːsən(t)s/, /ˈ(n)jʉːʃən(t)s/ | |
| materially | /məˈtiəjəli/, /məˈtiəɹəjəli/ | |
| Aryan | /ˈiəjən/ | |
| Arian | /ˈiəɹəjən/ | |
| familiar | /fəˈmə.ljə/, /fəˈməw.jə/, /fəˈmuː.jə/ | |
| failure | /ˈfæj.jə/, /ˈfæj.ljə/ | |
| ritual | /ˈɹətʃuː/ | |
| preposterous | /pɹəˈpɔstəɹəs/, /pɹəˈpɔstʃɹəs/ | |
| discriminatory | /dəsˈkɹəmnətʃɹi/ | |
| triangle | /ˈtʃɹɑjəŋɡuː/, /ˈtʃɹɑjæŋɡuː/ | |
| centurion | /senˈtøːɹəjən/, /sənˈtøːɹəjən/, /sənˈtʃøːɹəjən/, /-øːjən/ | |
| something | /ˈsɐmptin/, /ˈsɐm(b)din/ | Unstressed /ˈsɐndən/ |
| nothing | /ˈnɐfin/ | Unstressed /ˈnɐfən/ |
| earring | /ˈiəɹin/, /ˈiəɹən/ | |
| miserable | /ˈməzɹəbuː/ | |
| abominable | /əˈbɔmnəbuː/, /əˈbɔmənəbuː/ | |
| schnitzel | /ˈsnətʃuː/, /ˈʃn-/, /-tsuː/, /-tzuː/ | |
| personal | /ˈpøːsənuː/, /ˈpøːsnuː/ | |
| criminal | /ˈkɹəmənuː/, /ˈkɹəməmuː/, /ˈkɹəmnuː/ | |
| animal | /ˈænəmuː/, /ˈæməmuː/ | |
| permanent | /ˈpøːmənənt/, /ˈpøːməmənt/ | |
| hemorrhoid | /ˈhemɹojd/, /ˈheməɹojd/ | |
| tamarind | /ˈtæməɹənd/, /ˈtæmɹənd/ | |
| arsenal | /ˈɐːsənuː/, /ˈɐːsnuː/ | |
| vegetable | /ˈvedʒtəbuː/, /ˈvedʒdbuː/ | |
| beverage | /ˈbevɹədʒ/ | |
| fashionable | /ˈfæʃənəbuː/, /ˈfæʃnəbuː/ | |
| fashionably | Lua error: Item 1 in the list of numeric parameters cannot be empty, because the list must be contiguous. | |
| regional | /ˈɹəjdʒənuː/, /ˈɹəjdʒnuː/ | |
| regionally | /ˈɹəjdʒnəli/ | |
| personally | /ˈpøːsnəli/ | |
| evangelical | /ˈəvændʒləkuː/, /ˈəvændʒələkuː/, /ˌəvænˈdʒæləkuː/, /ev-/ | The first form is probably generalised from rapid speech. |
| general | /ˈdʒenɹuː/ | |
| croissant | /ˈkɹɔsɔm/, /ˈkɹɔsɔnt/ | |
| emotional | /əˈmɐwʃənuː/, /əˈmɐwʃnuː/ | |
| emotionally | /əˈmɐwʃnəli/ | |
| status | /ˈstætəs/, /ˈstæjtəs/ | The prevalence of either alternate pronunciation is subject to complext variation depending on sense and context. |
| status quo | /ˈstætəs kwɐw/ | /ˈstæjtəs kwɐw/ is rare. |
| necessary | /ˈnesəsiəɹi/, /ˈnehəsiəɹi/ | |
| prerequisite | /pɹəˈɹekwəzət/, /pɹəjˈɹekwəzət/ | |
| command | /kəˈmɐːnd/, /kəˈmænd/, /ˈkmɐːnd/, /ˈkmænd/ | |
| salamander | /ˈsæləmændə/, /ˈsæɤmændə/ | |
| blasphemy | /ˈblæsfəmi/, /ˈblæzfəmi/, /ˈblæsfmi/ | |
| alchemy | /ˈæɤkəmi/, /ˈæɤkmi/ | |
| amenable | /əˈmenəbuː/ | |
| amenity | /əˈmenəti/ | |
| aesthetic | /əsˈfetək/ | |
| evolution | /evəˈlʉːʃən/, /ˈevəlʉːʃən/ | |
| Rudolph | /ˈɹʉːdəf/, /ˈɹʉːdɒf/, /ˈɹʉːdɔwf/ | |
| England | /ˈəŋ(ɡ)lənd/ | Unstressed/reduced /ˈəŋ(ɡ)lən/ |
| length | /ˈlemf/, /ˈlenf/, /ˈleŋf/ | |
| strength | /ˈstʃɹemf/, /ˈstʃɹenf/, /ˈstʃɹeŋf/ | |
| lineage | /ˈlənjədʒ/, /ˈlənəjədʒ/ | |
| necessity | /nəˈsesəti/, /nəˈsesti/ | |
| ambivalent | /æmˈbəvələnt/, /æmˈbəvlənt/, /əmˈbəvələnt/ | |
| turmeric | /ˈtʃʉːmɹək/, /ˈtʃʉːməɹək/ | |
| Los Angeles | /lɔs ˈændʒələjz/, /lɔs ˈændʒələjs/, /lɔs ˈændʒləjz/ | |
| silhouette | /ˈʃələwet/, /ˈʃəw.wet/, /ˈʃə.lwet/ | |
| valuable | /ˈvæwjəbuː/, /ˈvæ.ljəbuː/ | |
| different | /ˈdəfɹənt/ | Unstressed /ˈdəfɹən/ |
| protein | /ˈpɹɐwtin/ | |
| eventually | /əˈventʃəli/, /əˈventʃli/ | |
| graph | /ˈɡɹæf/ | |
| paragraph | /ˈpæɹəɡɹɐːf/ | |
| photograph | /ˈfɐwtəɡɹɐːf/, /ˈfɐwtɐwɡɹɐːf/ | The second pronunciation is due to the influence of photo and the reduction of /ɐw/ to schwa in other words. |
| normally | /ˈnoːməli/, /ˈnoːmli/ | |
| fluorescent | /fløːˈɹesənt/, /fləˈɹesənt/ | |
| carefully | /ˈkiəfli/ | |
| individual | /əndəˈvədʒuː/, /əndˈvədʒuː/, /əndəˈvədʒʉwuː/ | |
| individually | /əndəˈvədʒəli/, /əndəˈvədʒli/ | |
| excellent | /ˈeksələnt/, /ˈekslənt/ | |
| honourable | /ˈɔnɹəbuː/ | |
| courageous | /kəˈɹæjdʒəs/, /ˈkɹæjdʒəs/ | |
| periphery | /pəˈɹəfəɹi/, /pəˈɹəfɹi/, /ˈpɹəfəɹi/, /ˈpɹəfɹi/ | |
| preference | /ˈpɹefɹən(t)s/ | |
| parishioner | /pəˈɹəʃənə/, /pəˈɹəʃnə/, /ˈpɹəʃənə/, /ˈpɹəʃnə/ | |
| numerous | /ˈ(n)jʉːmɹəs/, /ˈ(n)jʉːməɹəs/ | |
| utensil | /jʉːˈten(t)suː/, /jəˈten(t)suː/ | |
| theoretical | /fəˈɹetəkuː/, /fiəˈɹetəkuː/, /ˈfɹetəkuː/ | |
| theoretically | /fəˈɹetəkli/, /fiəˈɹetəkli/, /ˈfɹetəkli/ | |
| malevolent | /məˈlevələnt/, /məˈlevlənt/, /ˈmlevələnt/ | |
| militia | /məˈləʃə/, /ˈmləʃə/ | |
| Antarctica | /ənˈtɐːktəkə/ | Never with /ænˈ-/ |
| serene | /səˈɹəjn/, /ˈsɹəjn/ | |
| tarantula | /təˈɹæn(t)ʃələ/, /təˈɹæn(t)ʃlə/, /ˈtʃɹæn(t)ʃələ/, /ˈtʃɹæn(t)ʃlə/ | |
| reverberate | /ɹəˈvøːbəɹæjt/, /ɹəˈvøːbɹæjt/ | |
| fastidious | /ˈfɐːstədiəs/, /ˈfɐːstədʒəs/ | This word lacks much of a negative connotation for me. |
| syringe | /ˈsɹən(d)ʒ/ | |
| halve | /hɐːv/, /hɐːf/ | |
| diarrhoea | /ˈdɑjəɹiə/, /ˈdɑjɹiə/ | |
| partially | /ˈpɐːʃli/, /ˈpɐːʃəli/ | |
| immediately | /əˈməjdʒətli/, /əˈməjdi.ətli/ | |
| luminous | /ˈlʉːmənəs/, /ˈlʉːmnəs/ | |
| luminosity | /ˈlʉːmnɔsəti/, /ˈlʉːmənɔsəti/ |
Verb forms
[edit]IPA is given for forms with an unusual pronunciation; forms are listed in order from common to rare.
(Historical) strong class 1
[edit]| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| abide | abided | abided |
| arise | arose, arised | arose, arisen, arised |
| bite | bit | bit, bitten |
| chide | chided | chided |
| drive | drove, drived | drove, driven, drived |
| glide | glided, glid | glided, glid |
| override | overrid, overrided | overridden, overrid, overrided |
| ride | rid, rode, rided | ridden, rid, rided |
| rise | rised, rose | rised, rose, risen |
| shine | shined, shone | shined, shone |
| shit | shat, shit | shat, shit |
| shrive | shrived | shrived |
| slide | slid, slided | slid, slided |
| slit | slit, slitted | slit, slitted |
| smite | smited, smote | smited, smote (compare smitten adj.) |
| strike | striked, struck | striked, struck (compare stricken adj.) |
| strive | strived, strove | strived, strove |
| thrive | thrived, throve | thrived, throve |
| write | wrote | written, wrote |
Selected obsolete members
[edit]Some of these are still current in dialects; stride still has wide currency.
| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle | Date of obsolescence |
|---|---|---|---|
| bide | bided | bided | Modern English |
| stride | strided, strode, strid | strided, strode, strid | Modern English |
| belive/blive | belived/blived | belived/blived | Early Modern English? |
| chine | chined | chined | Early Modern English |
| sty | stied | stied | Early Modern English |
| mie | mied | mied | Middle English |
Selected lost members
[edit](i.e. members of the class which are not strong in "mainstream" Modern English)
| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| gripe | griped | griped |
| spew | spewed | spewed |
| writhe | writhed | writhed |
(Historical) strong class 2
[edit]| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| cleave | cleaved | cleaved (compare cloven, cleft adj.) |
| choose | chose | chose, chosen |
| flee | fled, fleed | fled, fleed |
| fly | flew, flied | flew, flied, flewn, flown |
| freeze | freezed, froze | freezed, frozen, froze |
| seethe | seethed | seethed (compare sodden adj.) |
| shoot | shot | shot |
Selected obsolete members
[edit]Some of these are still current in dialects.
| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle | Date of obsolescence |
|---|---|---|---|
| fleet | fleeted | fleeted | Modern English |
| yet/yete | yetted/yeted | yetted/yeted | Early Modern English? |
| dreeze | dreezed | dreezed | Middle English (rare then already) |
Selected lost members
[edit](i.e. members of the class which are not strong in "mainstream" Modern English)
| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| bow | bowed | bowed |
| brew | brewed | brewed |
| creep | crept, creeped | crept, creeped |
| rue | rued | rued |
| shove | shoved | shoved |
| suck | sucked | sucked |
(Historical) strong class 3
[edit]Selected obsolete members
[edit]Some of these are still current in dialects; smart still has reasonably wide currency.
| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle | Date of obsolescence |
|---|---|---|---|
| smart | smarted | smarted | Modern English |
| swink | swinked | swinked | Early Modern English |
| worth | worthed | worthed | Early Modern English |
| thee | theed | theed | Middle English |
| swelt | swelted | swelted | Middle English |
Selected lost members
[edit](i.e. members of the class which are not strong in "mainstream" Modern English)
| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| bark | barked | barked |
| braid | braided | braided |
| carve | carved | carved |
| climb | climbed | climbed |
| delve | delved | delved |
| ding | dinged | dinged |
| help | helped | helped |
| starve | starved | starved |
| thrash | thrashed | thrashed |
| thresh | threshed | threshed |
| yell | yelled | yelled |
| yelp | yelped | yelped |
(Historical) strong class 6
[edit]| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| awake | awoke | awoken, awoke |
| drag | dragged | dragged |
| draw | drew, drawed | drew, drawed |
| forsake | forsaked | forsaken |
| lade | laded | laden, laded |
| shake | shook, shaked | shook, shaked |
| shave | shaved | shaved |
| slay | slayed | slayed |
| stand | stood | stood |
| take | took | took, taken |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke | woke, woken |
| withstand | withstood, withstanded | withstood, withstanded |
Selected obsolete members
[edit]Some of these are still current in dialects.
| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle | Date of obsolescence |
|---|---|---|---|
| grave | graved | graved | Early Modern English |
Selected lost members
[edit](i.e. members of the class which are not strong in "mainstream" Modern English)
| Infinitive/present stem | Simple past | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| ache | ached | ached |
| bake | baked | baked |
| heave | heaved | heaved |
| gnaw | gnawed | gnawed |
| laugh | laughed | laughed |
| sprout | sprouted | sprouted |
| step | stepped | stepped |
| wade | waded | waded |