Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kakati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kākā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *kak(k)-eh₂-yé-ti, from *kakka- (“to defecate”). Baltic cognates include Latvian kākāt, kakāt, Lithuanian kakóti. Other Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek κακκάω (kakkáō, “to defecate”), κάκκη (kákkē, “dung, excrement”), Latin cacō (“defecate”), cacāre (“to shit”), Old Irish cacc, Middle Irish caccaim, German kacken, Middle English cakken, English cack, Old Armenian քակոր (kʻakor), Middle Armenian քաք (kʻakʻ).

Verb

*kàkati impf

to shit, defecate
Synonym: *sьràti

Conjugation

Conjugation of *kakati, *kaka, *kakajetь (?, -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kakanьje	*kakati	*kakatъ	*kakalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kakanъ	*kakajemъ
Active	*kakavъ	*kakaję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kakaxъ	*kaka	*kaka	*kakajǫ	*kakaješi	*kakajetь
Dual	*kakaxově	*kakasta	*kakaste	*kakajevě	*kakajeta	*kakajete
Plural	*kakaxomъ	*kakaste	*kakašę	*kakajemъ	*kakajete	*kakajǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kakaaxъ	*kakaaše	*kakaaše	—	*kakaji	*kakaji
Dual	*kakaaxově	*kakaašeta	*kakaašete	*kakajivě	*kakajita	—
Plural	*kakaaxomъ	*kakaašete	*kakaaxǫ	*kakajimъ	*kakajite	—

Related terms

*kàka (“excrement”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: ка́каць (kákacʹ)
- Russian: ка́кать (kákatʹ)
- Carpathian Rusyn: ка́кати (kákaty)
- Ukrainian: ка́кати (kákaty)
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: ка́кам (kákam); къ́кам (kǎ́kam) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: кака (kaka)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ка̀кати, ка̑кити (dialectal)
  
  Latin script: kàkati, kȃkiti (dialectal)
- Slovene: kákati
West Slavic:
- Czech: kakat, kakati
- Polabian: kokot
- Polish: kakać
- Slovak: kakať; kakat (dialectal)
- Slovincian: kakac
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: kakaś
  - Upper Sorbian: kakać

Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kakati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 117
Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1985), “ка́кати”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 2 (Д – Копці), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 344
Rudnyc'kyj, Ja. (1972–1982) “ка́кати”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, volumes 2 (Д – Ь), Ottawa: Ukrainian Mohylo-Mazepian Academy of Sciences; Ukrainian Language Association, →LCCN, page 607
Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “ка́кам”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 150
Snoj, Marko (2016) “kākati”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*ka̋kati”
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ка́кать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress