Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḳarib-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Verb

*ḳarib-

to be near, to be close; to come near, to approach

Related terms

*ḳarrib- (“to bring, to offer”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ḳarib- (paʕala)

		singular				dual			plural
verbal noun					*ḳarb-
active participle					*ḳārib-
passive participle					ḳarīb-, ḳarūb-
		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
perfect	m	*ḳarabku	*ḳarabka	*ḳaraba		*ḳarabkayā	*ḳarabkā	*ḳarabā	*ḳarabna	*ḳarabkanu	*ḳarabū
perfect	f	*ḳarabku	*ḳarabki	*ḳarabat		*ḳarabkayā	*ḳarabkā	*ḳarabatā	*ḳarabna	*ḳarabkina	*ḳarabā

imperfect	m	*ʔaḳrab	*taḳrab	*yiḳrab			*taḳrabā	*yaḳrabā	*niḳrab	*taḳrabū	*yiḳrabū
imperfect	f	*ʔaḳrab	*taḳrabī	*taḳrab			*taḳrabā	*taḳrabā	*niḳrab	*taḳrabā	*yiḳrabā

imperative	m		*ḳarab				*ḳarabā			*ḳarabū
imperative	f		*ḳarabī				*ḳarabā			*ḳarabā

Derived terms

*ḳarV̄b-u-m (C₁aC₂V̄C₃ pattern verbal adjective)
- Arabic: قَرِيبٌ (qarībun) (see there for further descendants)
- Hebrew: קָרוֹב (qārôḇ)

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒆪𒉡 (/⁠qarābum, qerēbum⁠/, “to be near; to come near”)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: قَرِبَ (qariba) and قَرُبَ (qaruba, “to be near, to come near”)
    - Hijazi Arabic: قرب (garrab)
    - Maltese: qrib
- Northwest Semitic:
  - Aramaic:
    - Imperial Aramaic: 𐡒𐡓𐡁 (qəraḇ)
    - Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡳𐡴𐡡 (qəraḇ)
    - Hatran Aramaic: 𐣲𐣡𐣣 (qəraḇ)
    - Biblical Aramaic, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קְרֵב (qərēḇ, “to come near”)
    - Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢚𐢛𐢂 (qəraḇ)
    - Classical Syriac: ܩܪܶܒ (qəreḇ, “to come near”)
    - Classical Mandaic: ࡒࡓࡁ
  - Canaanite:
    - Hebrew: קָרַב (karáv, qāraḇ, “to approach”)
    - Phoenician: 𐤒𐤓𐤁 (qrb)
  - Ugaritic: 𐎖𐎗𐎁 (qrb /⁠qariba⁠/, “to approach; to be close to”)
- Old South Arabian: 𐩤𐩧𐩨 (qrb, “to be near; to come near”)
- Modern South Arabian:
  - Mehri: ḳɔ́rɔ́b, ḳérǝb
  - Shehri: ḳérəb
- Ethiopian:
  - Amharic: ቀረበ (ḳärräbä)
  - Argobba: ቀረባ (ḳärräba)
  - Ge'ez: ቀረበ, ቀርበ (ḳäräbä, ḳärbä, “to be near, to come near”)
  - Gurage: ቀረበ (ḳäräbä)
  - Harari: ቀረባ (ḳäräba)
  - Tigre: ቀርባ (ḳärba)
  - Tigrinya: ቀረበ (ḳäräbä)

References

Bravmann, Mëir Max (1977) “Semitic Instances of “Linguistic Taboo”. A. Akkadian qarābu “to be offered as a sacrifice” and Related Expressions”, in Studies in Semitic Philology (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics; 6), Leiden: E. J. Brill, →ISBN, pages 465–477
Hoftijzer, J, Jongeling, K. (1995) Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Erste Abteilung, Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten; 21), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, pages 1028–1030
Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 440
Speiser, Ephraim Avigdor (1936) “Studies in Semitic Formatives”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 56, number 1, →DOI, page 35