Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/háwHmah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáwHmas.

Noun

*háwHmah m

1. haoma plant (Ephedra spp.)
2. haoma plant extract, parahaoma
3. plant hypostasic divinity of the haoma plant, Haoma

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*háwHmah	*háwHmā	*háwHmā
vocative	*háwHma	*háwHmā	*háwHmā
accusative	*háwHmam	*háwHmā	*háwHmānh
instrumental	*háwHmā	*háwHmaybyaH	*háwHmāyš
ablative	*háwHmāt	*háwHmaybyaH	*háwHmaybyah
dative	*háwHmāy	*háwHmaybyaH	*háwHmaybyah
genitive	*háwHmahya	*háwHmayāh	*háwHmānam
locative	*háwHmay	*háwHmayaw	*háwHmayšu

Related terms

• *háwHmā m
  • Munji: [script needed] (yūmana)
  • Pashto: اومان (umān), ومان (vumā́n)
  • Semnani: [script needed] (umān), [script needed] (wumān)
  • Shughni: amōǰak (“ephedra, conifer”)

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Scythian: *hū́mā
    • ⇒ Proto-Scythian: *hū́māki
      • Wakhi: yimыk, imыk
    • ⇒ Proto-Scythian: *hū́mawargi
      • ⇒ Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *húmūrgi
        • → Akkadian: 𒅇𒈬𒌨𒂵 (ú-mu-ur-ga /⁠umūrga⁠/)
        • → Ancient Greek: Ἀμύγιοι (Amúgioi)
      • → Old Persian: 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥 (h-u-m-v-r-g /⁠haumavargaʰ⁠/, “Scythian tribe name”, literally “haoma-laying”) (perhaps)
        • → Elamite: 𒌋𒈬𒈥𒋡 (u-mu-mar-qa /⁠umumarqa⁠/)
  • Sogdian: 𐼲𐼴𐼺 (ɣwm)
    • → Persian: خوم (xwm)
    • → Tajik:

      Zarafshani: хума (xuma), хома (xoma)

• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Pashto: اومه (umə́)
  • Munji: [script needed] (yūmə́ɣə), [script needed] (yūmə́gə, “flax”)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: [script needed] (hom), [script needed] (ōma), هومک (hómmuk)
  • Semnani: [script needed] (ama), [script needed] (omə)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Middle Persian:

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwm /⁠hōm⁠/)

    • Classical Persian: هوم (hōm)
      • Iranian Persian: هوم (howm, “ephedra; syrup made from ephedra”)