Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/karilaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*karlaz, *kerlaz^[1]

Etymology

A diminutive of *karaz (but a Proto-Indo-European l-stem according to Kroonen 2013).^[1] Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to become old, to grow”) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙- (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hittite [script needed] (karu).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑ.ri.lɑz/

Noun

*karilaz m

free man
little man, young man

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *karilaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*karilaz	karilōz, karilōs
vocative	*karil	karilōz, karilōs
accusative	*karilą	*karilanz
genitive	karilas, karilis	*karilǫ̂
dative	*karilai	*karilamaz
instrumental	*karilō	*karilamiz

Usage notes

In Old English and Old Norse the descendants of this word are used to refer to men of a lower social class than the descendant terms of *erlaz, which specifically refer to nobles.

Descendants

Some descendants seem to indicate that the word lost its middle syllable (*karlaz), a common change across the Germanic languages.^[3]

Proto-West Germanic: *karil, *karul, *karl
- Old English: ċeorl, ċiorl
  - Middle English: cherl, cheorl, churl
    - English: churl
    - Scots: churl
    - Yola: chourle
- Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl
  - North Frisian: keerl
  - West Frisian: tsjirl, tsjerl
- Old Saxon: *keril
  - Middle Low German: kerl, kerle
    - Dutch Low Saxon: (Gronings, Achterhoeks) keerl, (Twents, Achterhoeks) kearl
    - German Low German: Kerel, Keerl
    - Westphalian:
      Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Kǟrl
      Suerländer-Märkisch: Kærl, Kæl, Kêrl
      Westmünsterländisch: Käärl, Kerl, Kiärl
    - → German: Kerl
    - → Saterland Frisian: Käärel
- Old Dutch: *keril, *karal, karl
  - Middle Dutch: carel, caerl, kerl, kerel
    - Dutch: kerel
      - Afrikaans: kêrel
      - Jersey Dutch: kääd'l
      - → Saterland Frisian: kerel, kërel, kërdel^[4]
      - → West Frisian: keardel, kearel
  - Limburgish: kaerel
- Old High German: *keril, karal, karl
  - Middle High German: karl, karle, kërl, kërle
    - → Old Polish: karzeł
      - Polish: karzeł
  - ⇒ Old High German: Karl (given name)
    - German: Karl, Carl
      - → English: Karl, Carl (see there for further descendants)
    - → Latin: Carolus (see there for further descendants)
- → Proto-Slavic: *korľь (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*karilaʀ)^[5]
- Old Norse: karl, kall
  - Icelandic: karl
  - Faroese: kallur
  - Norwegian: kall, kar
    - → Danish: kar
      - Norwegian Bokmål: kar
  - Jamtish: kall, karr (< *karaz)
  - Elfdalian: kall
  - Old Swedish: karilʀ^[5]^[6]
    - Swedish: karl
  - Danish: karl, kal
    - Norwegian Bokmål: kall
  - ⇒ Old Norse: Karl (given name)^[7]
    - Icelandic: Karl, Carl
    - Faroese: Karl
    - Norwegian: Karl, Carl
    - Old Swedish: Karl
      - Swedish: Karl, Carl
    - Old Danish: Karl
      - Danish: Karl, Carl
        → Greenlandic: Karl, Kaarali, Kaarale
    - ⇒ Old Norse: Karli, Karle, Kalli (diminutive)
      - Icelandic: Karli
      - Norwegian: Karle, Kalle, Calle
      - Old Swedish: Karle, Kalle
        Swedish: Karli, Karle, Carli, Carlie, Karly, Kalle, Calle
        → Estonian: Kalle
      - Old Danish: Karli
        Danish: Karli, Karly, Kalle, Calle
        → Greenlandic: Kaali
      - → Finnish: Karli, Karle, Kaarle, Kalle, Kale, Kali, Kalla, Kallu
        → Estonian: Kalle
        → Swedish: Kaarle
      - → Sami: Gállá, Kálle
    - → English: Karl, Carl
      - → Cebuano: Karl, Carl
    - → Finnish: Karl
    - → Sami: Kárral
  - → Middle English: carl
    - Scots: carl, cairl, karl
    - English: carl
- → Finnish: karilas^[2]
→ Proto-Samic: *kāllēs (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kerla- ~ *karla-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285: “nom. *ǵérh₂-ōl, gen. *ǵrh₂-l-ós, acc. *ǵorh₂-él-m”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 de Vries, J. Nederlandsch Etymologisch Woordenboek. 1971.
^ Wörterbuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache. ten Doornkaat Koolman, J., Volume 2. 1879. 199th page.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. Volume II. 237th page.
^ Antiqvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige. Tionde Delen. 1887-1891. 305th page.
^ Pfaff, Judith (2018). Nordic Names. Web.

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kerla- ~ *karla-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285: “nom. *ǵérh₂-ōl, gen. *ǵrh₂-l-ós, acc. *ǵorh₂-él-m”

[EWN-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[NEW-3] 3.0 ^3.1 de Vries, J. Nederlandsch Etymologisch Woordenboek. 1971.

[WOS-4] Wörterbuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache. ten Doornkaat Koolman, J., Volume 2. 1879. 199th page.

[egp-5] 5.0 ^5.1 The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. Volume II. 237th page.

[6] Antiqvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige. Tionde Delen. 1887-1891. 305th page.

[7] Pfaff, Judith (2018). Nordic Names. Web.

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