Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hardijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *harduz (“hard, severe”) ‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑr.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hardijaną

1. to make hard, strong; to harden

Inflection

Conjugation of *hardijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hardijō	*hardijaų	—	*hardijai	?
2nd singular	*hardīsi	*hardijais	*hardī	*hardijasai	*hardijaisau
3rd singular	*hardīþi	*hardijai	*hardijaþau	*hardijaþai	*hardijaiþau
1st dual	*hardijōs	*hardijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hardijaþiz	*hardijaiþiz	*hardijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hardijamaz	*hardijaim	—	*hardijanþai	*hardijainþau
2nd plural	*hardīþ	*hardijaiþ	*hardīþ	*hardijanþai	*hardijainþau
3rd plural	*hardijanþi	*hardijain	*hardijanþau	*hardijanþai	*hardijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hardidǭ	*hardidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hardidēz	*hardidēdīz
3rd singular	*hardidē	*hardidēdī
1st dual	*hardidēdū	*hardidēdīw
2nd dual	*hardidēdudiz	*hardidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hardidēdum	*hardidēdīm
2nd plural	*hardidēdud	*hardidēdīd
3rd plural	*hardidēdun	*hardidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hardijandz	*hardidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hardijan
  • Old English: hierdan, herdan, hyrdan, hirdan
    • Middle English: herden, harden (merged with descendant of Old English heardian)
      • English: hard (obsolete)
  • Old Frisian: herda
  • Old Dutch: *herden
    • Middle Dutch: herden, harden
      • Dutch: harden
        • Afrikaans: hard
  • Old High German: herten
    • Middle High German: herten
      • German: härten
  • → Old French: hardir
    • French: hardi
    • → English: hardy
• Old Norse: herða
  • Icelandic: herða
  • Norwegian: herda, herde
  • Old Swedish: hærþa
    • Swedish: härda
  • Old Danish: hærthæ
    • Danish: hærde
• Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*hardjan), 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gahardjan)
• → Proto-Finnic: *kärcidäk (see there for further descendants)
• → Proto-Samic: *kiertëtēk (see there for further descendants)