Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamaraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Traditionally treated as derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone”) (compare Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone”)), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), via a formation like *h₂eḱmoros (compare Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará, “stony”)). But the phonology is problematic; even the metathesis of *h₂ and ḱ assumed to underlie Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō does not account for the Germanic short vowel. Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *hamara (“butt of an axe, back of a knife”).

Noun

*hamaraz m

1. hammer

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *hamaraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hamaraz	*hamarōz, *hamarōs
vocative	*hamar	*hamarōz, *hamarōs
accusative	*hamarą	*hamaranz
genitive	*hamaras, *hamaris	*hamarǫ̂
dative	*hamarai	*hamaramaz
instrumental	*hamarō	*hamaramiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hamar
  • Old English: hamor, hamer, homer
    • Middle English: hamer, hamber
      • Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer
      • English: hammer
        • → Fiji Hindi: haamaa
        • → Japanese: ハンマー
        • → Sranan Tongo: amra
  • Old Frisian: hamer, homer
    • Saterland Frisian: Hoomer
    • West Frisian: hammer
  • Old Saxon: hamar, hamur
    • Middle Low German: hāmer
      • Low German: Hamer
      • Plautdietsch: Homa
  • Old Dutch: *hamar
    • Middle Dutch: hamer
      • Dutch: hamer
        • Afrikaans: hamer
      • West Flemish: oamer
  • Old High German: hamar
    • Middle High German: hamer
      • Bavarian: Håmmer
      • German: Hammer
      • Luxembourgish: Hummer
      • Yiddish: האַמער (hamer)
• Old Norse: hamarr
  • Icelandic: hamar
  • Faroese: hamar, hamari
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: hamar, hammar
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: hammar
  • Elfdalian: åmår
  • Old Swedish: hamar
    • Swedish: hammare, hammar
  • Old Danish: hamær, hambær
    • Danish: hammer
      • Norwegian Bokmål: hammer
  • Gutnish: hammare, hamar

References

• Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact (Thesis)‎^[1], Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet