Appendix:Old Marathi Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Marathi, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Old Marathi 𑘦𑘨𑘿𑘮𑘘𑘿𑘘𑘰 (marhaṭṭā) edit (38) | Old Marathi मर्हट्टा (marhaṭṭā) edit (61) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 𑘀𑘮𑘦 𑘿 | अहम् (aham) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 𑘝𑘳𑘦 𑘿 | तुम् (tum) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 𑘭𑘻 (so) | सो (so), सा (sā), तम् (tam) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 𑘁𑘦𑘲𑘽 (āmīṃ), 𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲 (āmhī) | वयम् (vayam), अम्हे (amhe) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘹 (tumhe), 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲𑘽 (tumhīṃ) | तुम्हे (tumhe) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 𑘭𑘼 (sau) | ते (te), ता ( tā) |
| 7 | this | 𑘮𑘰 (hā)*, 𑘮𑘹 (he)*, 𑘮𑘹𑘽 (heṃ)* | एय (eya), इम (ima), अमु ( amu) |
| 8 | that | 𑘝𑘻 (to)*, 𑘝𑘲 (tī)*, 𑘝𑘹𑘽 (teṃ)* | तम् (tam) |
| 9 | here | 𑘊𑘞 (etha) | एथ (etha) |
| 10 | there | 𑘝𑘹𑘞 (tetha), 𑘝𑘹𑘎𑘚𑘹 (tekaḍe) | तेथ (tetha), तेकडे (tekaḍe) |
| 11 | who | 𑘎𑘪𑘜 (kavaṇa), 𑘎𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘜 (kavhaṇa), 𑘎𑘻𑘜 (koṇa), 𑘎𑘻𑘜𑘿𑘮 (koṇha) | को (ko), का (kā) |
| 12 | what | 𑘎𑘰𑘃 (kāī), 𑘎𑘰𑘧 (kāya), 𑘎𑘰𑘧𑘹 (kāye) | काइं (kāiṃ), काय (kāya), काये (kāye) |
| 13 | where | 𑘎𑘻𑘙𑘹 (koṭhe) | कत्थ (kattha) |
| 14 | when | 𑘎𑘃𑘽 (kaīṃ), 𑘎𑘹𑘽𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘰 (keṃvhā), 𑘎𑘺𑘽 (kaiṃ), 𑘎𑘹𑘠𑘪𑘰𑘽 (kedhavāṃ) | कइं (kaïṃ), केंव्हा (keṃvhā), कैं (kaiṃ), केधवां (kedhavāṃ) |
| 15 | how | 𑘎𑘺𑘭 (kaisa), 𑘎𑘺𑘭𑘹𑘡𑘲 (kaisenī) | कैस (kaisa), कैसेनि (kaiseni) |
| 16 | not | 𑘡𑘰𑘮𑘲 (nāhī), 𑘡𑘰𑘮𑘲𑘽 (nāhīṃ) | नाहि (nāhi), नाहिं (nāhiṃ), नाही (nāhī), नाहीं (nāhīṃ) |
| 17 | all | 𑘭𑘪𑘿𑘪𑘹 (savve) | सव्वे (savve) |
| 18 | many | ||
| 19 | some | ||
| 20 | few | ||
| 21 | other | ||
| 22 | one | ||
| 23 | two | ||
| 24 | three | ||
| 25 | four | ||
| 26 | five | ||
| 27 | big | ||
| 28 | long | ||
| 29 | wide | ||
| 30 | thick | ||
| 31 | heavy | ||
| 32 | small | 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘰 (lahāṇā), 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘡𑘰 (lahānā), 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘡𑘰𑘩 (lahānāla), 𑘩𑘰𑘡 (lāna) | लहाणा (lahāṇā), लहाना (lahānā), लहानाल (lahānāla), लान (lāna) |
| 33 | short | ||
| 34 | narrow | ||
| 35 | thin | 𑘢𑘰𑘝𑘯 (pātaḷa) | पातळ (pātaḷa) |
| 36 | woman | ||
| 37 | man (adult male) | पुरुसो (puruso) | |
| 38 | man (human being) | 𑘦𑘰𑘜𑘳𑘭𑘻 (māṇuso) | माणुसो (māṇuso) |
| 39 | child | ||
| 40 | wife | ||
| 41 | husband | ||
| 42 | mother | ||
| 43 | father | ||
| 44 | animal | ||
| 45 | fish | 𑘦𑘰𑘭𑘰 (māsā), 𑘦𑘔 (macha), 𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘔 (maccha) | मासा (māsā), मछ (macha), मच्छ (maccha) |
| 46 | bird | 𑘢𑘰𑘏𑘲𑘨𑘳𑘽 (pākhīruṃ), 𑘢𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘲 (pakṣī) | पक्खिणो (pakkhiṇo) |
| 47 | dog | 𑘎𑘳𑘝𑘲𑘨𑘰 (kutīrā) | कुतिरा (kutirā) |
| 48 | louse | ||
| 49 | snake | 𑘭𑘰𑘢 (sāpa) | सप्पो (sappo) |
| 50 | worm | ||
| 51 | tree | 𑘖𑘰𑘚 (jhāḍa) | रुक्खो (rukkho) |
| 52 | forest | वणम् (vaṇam) | |
| 53 | stick | ||
| 54 | fruit | फलायिम् (phalāyim) | |
| 55 | seed | ||
| 56 | leaf | 𑘢𑘰𑘡 (pāna) | पान (pāna) |
| 57 | root | ||
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ||
| 59 | flower | 𑘣𑘳𑘩 (phula) | पुप्फायिम् (pupphāyim) |
| 60 | grass | 𑘐𑘪𑘝 (gavata) | गवत (gavata) |
| 61 | rope | ||
| 62 | skin | ||
| 63 | meat | 𑘦𑘼𑘽𑘭 (mauṃsa) | मौंस (mauṃsa) |
| 64 | blood | रत्त (ratta) | |
| 65 | bone | ||
| 66 | fat (noun) | ||
| 67 | egg | ||
| 68 | horn | 𑘭𑘱𑘽𑘐 (siṃga) | सिंग (siṃga) |
| 69 | tail | ||
| 70 | feather | ||
| 71 | hair | ||
| 72 | head | ||
| 73 | ear | कण्णो (kaṇṇo) | |
| 74 | eye | अक्खि (akkhi) | |
| 75 | nose | नासो (nāso) | |
| 76 | mouth | 𑘝𑘻𑘽𑘚 (toṃḍa) | तोंड (toṃḍa) |
| 77 | tooth | 𑘟𑘰𑘽𑘝 (dāṃta) | दांत (dāṃta) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 𑘕𑘲𑘥 (jībha) | जीहा (jīhā) |
| 79 | fingernail | ||
| 80 | foot | 𑘢𑘰𑘄𑘩 (pāula) | पाउल (pāula) |
| 81 | leg | ||
| 82 | knee | ||
| 83 | hand | हत्था (hatthā) | |
| 84 | wing | ||
| 85 | belly | 𑘢𑘻𑘘 (poṭa) | पोट (poṭa) |
| 86 | guts | ||
| 87 | neck | 𑘐𑘯𑘰 (gaḷā) | गळा (gaḷā) |
| 88 | back | 𑘢𑘰𑘘 (pāṭa), 𑘢𑘰𑘙𑘲 (pāṭhī) | पाट (pāṭa), पाठी (pāṭhī) |
| 89 | breast | ||
| 90 | heart | हियय (hiyaya) | |
| 91 | liver | ||
| 92 | to drink | ||
| 93 | to eat | खायै (khāyai) | |
| 94 | to bite | ||
| 95 | to suck | ||
| 96 | to spit | ||
| 97 | to vomit | ||
| 98 | to blow | ||
| 99 | to breathe | ||
| 100 | to laugh | ||
| 101 | to see | ||
| 102 | to hear | सुणै (suṇai) | |
| 103 | to know | ||
| 104 | to think | ||
| 105 | to smell | ||
| 106 | to fear | ||
| 107 | to sleep | सुयै (suyai) | |
| 108 | to live | ||
| 109 | to die | ||
| 110 | to kill | ||
| 111 | to fight | ||
| 112 | to hunt | ||
| 113 | to hit | ||
| 114 | to cut | ||
| 115 | to split | ||
| 116 | to stab | ||
| 117 | to scratch | ||
| 118 | to dig | ||
| 119 | to swim | ||
| 120 | to fly | ||
| 121 | to walk | चलै (calai) | |
| 122 | to come | ||
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ||
| 124 | to sit | अच्छै (acchai) | |
| 125 | to stand | ||
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ||
| 127 | to fall | पडै (paḍai) | |
| 128 | to give | ||
| 129 | to hold | ||
| 130 | to squeeze | ||
| 131 | to rub | ||
| 132 | to wash | ||
| 133 | to wipe | ||
| 134 | to pull | ||
| 135 | to push | ||
| 136 | to throw | ||
| 137 | to tie | ||
| 138 | to sew | ||
| 139 | to count | ||
| 140 | to say | ||
| 141 | to sing | गायै (gāyai) | |
| 142 | to play | खेळै (kheḷai) | |
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | ||
| 145 | to freeze | ||
| 146 | to swell | ||
| 147 | sun | सूरियो (sūriyo) | |
| 148 | moon | 𑘓𑘡𑘿𑘟𑘻 (cando) | चन्दो (cando) |
| 149 | star | ||
| 150 | water | ||
| 151 | rain | ||
| 152 | river | नै (nai) | |
| 153 | lake | ||
| 154 | sea | समुद्दो (samuddo) | |
| 155 | salt | ||
| 156 | stone | ||
| 157 | sand | ||
| 158 | dust | ||
| 159 | earth | ||
| 160 | cloud | मेहो (meho) | |
| 161 | fog | ||
| 162 | sky | आयासो (āyāso) | |
| 163 | wind | ||
| 164 | snow | ||
| 165 | ice | ||
| 166 | smoke | ||
| 167 | fire | ||
| 168 | ash | ||
| 169 | to burn | ||
| 170 | road | ||
| 171 | mountain | ||
| 172 | red | ||
| 173 | green | ||
| 174 | yellow | ||
| 175 | white | ||
| 176 | black | ||
| 177 | night | ||
| 178 | day | ||
| 179 | year | ||
| 180 | warm | ||
| 181 | cold | ||
| 182 | full | ||
| 183 | new | ||
| 184 | old | ||
| 185 | good | ||
| 186 | bad | ||
| 187 | rotten | ||
| 188 | dirty | ||
| 189 | straight | ||
| 190 | round | ||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ||
| 193 | smooth | ||
| 194 | wet | ||
| 195 | dry | ||
| 196 | correct | ||
| 197 | near | ||
| 198 | far | ||
| 199 | right | ||
| 200 | left | ||
| 201 | at | ||
| 202 | in | एम्मि (emmi) | |
| 203 | with | ||
| 204 | and | ||
| 205 | if | ||
| 206 | because | ||
| 207 | name |