-вш

Bulgarian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-vъšь, past active participle ending. The element -ш (-š) is also found in the old comparative forms of adjectives.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [-fʃ]
Audio: (file)

Suffix

-вш • (-vš)

(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from athematic verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:
бим (bim)/би́да (bída, “to be, to become”) → бивш (bivš, “former”)

дам (dam)/да́да (dáda, “to give”) → давш (davš, “grant”) (dated) → да́шен (dášen, “generous”)

ям (jam)/яда (jada, “to eat”) → ядш (jadš), явш (javš, “fed”) (dated) → я́шен (jášen, “epicure”)

съзнам (sǎznam)/съзная (sǎznaja, “to realize”) → съзнавш (sǎznavš, “realized, recognized”) (dated)
(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from simple thematic verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:
обви́я (obvíja, “to wrap, to envelop”) → оби́вш (obívš) (obsolete) → любвеоби́в (ljubveobív, “loving”) (literally: “surrounding with love”)

мра (mra, “to die”) → мървш (mǎrvš) (obsolete) → мъ́рша (mǎ́rša, “carcass, carrion”) (literally: “dead flesh”)

скри́я (skríja, “to hide”) → скривш (skrivš) (obsolete) → скри́шен (skríšen, “secret”)

зе́я (zéja, “to gape”) → зевш (zevš) (obsolete) → зев (zev, “oral cavity, gullet”)

Usage notes

In Modern Bulgarian, the derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as normal adjectives. The past active participle construction has been lost.

Alternative forms

-в (-v) — regular, without emphatic -ш
-ш (-š) — 0-grade suffix

Derived terms

-шен (-šen)
-вост (-vost)

Related terms

-авш (-avš), -ав (-av)
-ивш (-ivš), -ив (-iv)
-евш (-evš), -ев (-ev)
-явш (-javš), -яв (-jav)

References

St. Stoyanov (1983) “Прилагателни имена от причастия”, in Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език, volume 2, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 150