穀
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]穀 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾 10 in Chinese, 禾 9 in Japanese, 15 strokes in Chinese, 14 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 土木竹弓水 (GDHNE), four-corner 47947, composition ⿰⿱⿳士冖一禾殳 (GHTK) or ⿰⿳士冖禾殳 (J))
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 858, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25221
- Dae Jaweon: page 1283, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2164, character 11
- Unihan data for U 7A40
Chinese
[edit]| trad. | 穀 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 谷*/穀 | |
| alternative forms | 糓 䅽 㯏 | |
| See usage notes below | ||
Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloːɡ) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) phonetic 𣪊 ().
Etymology
[edit]From Austroasiatic or an area word (Schuessler, 2007); compare:
- Proto-Vietic *r-koːʔ (“husked rice”), Khmu [script needed] (rŋkoʔ, “husked rice”)
- Jingpho n-gu (n³³ ku³³, “rice (uncooked)”) (from Austroasiatic)
- Proto-Tai *C̬.qawꟲ (“rice”) (borrowed from Austroasiatic, whence Thai ข้าว (kâao, “rice”))
- Burmese ကောက် (kauk, “rice; paddy”) (supported by Hill, 2019)
STEDT compares this to provisional Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuk (“rice, grain (crop)”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gu2
- Cantonese (Jyutping): guk1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kuk
- Northern Min (KCR): gŭ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gók
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gorh6
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7koq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
- Wade–Giles: ku3
- Yale: gǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
- Palladius: гу (gu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gu2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: guk1
- Yale: gūk
- Cantonese Pinyin: guk7
- Guangdong Romanization: gug1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊk̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kuk
- Hakka Romanization System: gugˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gug5
- Sinological IPA: /kuk̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gŭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gók
- Sinological IPA (key): /kouʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gorh6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɒʔ¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gorh6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɒʔ²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- kok - literary;
- kak - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gog4 / gag4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kok / kak
- Sinological IPA (key): /kok̚²/, /kak̚²/
Note: gag4 - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: kuwk
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤok/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kloːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]穀
- corn; grain; cereal
- 五穀／五谷 ― wǔgǔ ― Five Grains
- 歲凶，年穀不登，君膳不祭肺，馬不食穀。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Suì xiōng, nián gǔ bùdēng, jūn shàn bù jì fèi, mǎ bù shí gǔ. [Pinyin]
- In bad years, when the grain of the season is not coming to maturity, the ruler at his meals will not make the (usual) offering of the lungs, nor will his horses be fed on grain.
岁凶，年谷不登，君膳不祭肺，马不食谷。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- foxtail millet (Setaria italica, the plant or the unhulled grain)
- (literary) salary of an official
- (literary) to rear; to bring up
- (literary) to live
- 穀則異室，死則同穴。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Gǔ zé yì shì, sǐ zé tóng xué. [Pinyin]
- While living, we may have to occupy different apartments;
But when dead, we shall share the same grave.
谷则异室，死则同穴。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (regional) paddy; unhulled rice
- (regional) rice plant
- (literary) good; fine
- 穀旦于差，南方之原。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Gǔdàn yú chāi, nánfāng zhī yuán. [Pinyin]
- A good morning having been chosen,
For the plain in the South.
- a surname
Usage notes
[edit]In 现代汉语词典 (7th edition), the simplified form of 穀 when used as "good; fine", "salary of an official" and a surname, and the simplified form of 穀梁 (Gǔliáng), are themselves.
Synonyms
[edit]| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 粟, 禾, 嘉穀, 稷 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 粟 | |
| Taxonomic name | 粟 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 穀子 |
| Harbin | 穀子 | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 穀子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 穀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 穀子 |
| Wanrong | 穀 | |
| Xi'an | 穀子 | |
| Xining | 穀子 | |
| Xuzhou | 穀子 | |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 穀子 |
| Lanzhou | 穀子 | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 小米 |
| Wuhan | 粟穀 grain | |
| Guiyang | 小米 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 小米 |
| Yangzhou | 穀子 | |
| Hefei | 穀子 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 狗尾粟, 粟 |
| Yangjiang | 狗尾粟, 粟仔 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 粟仔, 黃粟仔, 狗尾粟 |
| Yudu | 狗尾粟, 貓尾粟, 黃粟 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 粟 plant, 粟穀 grain |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 穀子, 穀 |
| Xinzhou | 穀 | |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 蘆粟, 狗尾粟 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 秮, 犬尾秮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 黍仔 |
| Chaozhou | 秮 | |
| Jieyang | 秮 | |
| Haikou | 粟 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 粟禾 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 小米 |
| Suzhou | 粟 | |
| Danyang | 小米 | |
| Wenzhou | 粟米 | |
| Jinhua | 粟兒 plant, 粟穀 grain | |
Compounds
[edit]- 不穀／不谷 (bùgǔ)
- 九穀／九谷
- 五穀／五谷 (wǔgǔ)
- 五穀不分／五谷不分
- 五穀不升
- 五穀豐登／五谷丰登 (wǔgǔfēngdēng)
- 五穀豐稔／五谷丰稔
- 包穀／包谷 (bāogǔ)
- 嘉穀／嘉谷
- 嚼穀／嚼谷
- 孤寡不穀／孤寡不谷
- 川穀／川谷
- 布穀／布谷 (bùgǔ)
- 布穀鳥／布谷鸟 (bùgǔniǎo)
- 年穀／年谷
- 息穀／息谷
- 戩穀／戬穀
- 打穀／打谷 (dǎgǔ)
- 打穀機／打谷机
- 撥穀／拨谷
- 晒穀
- 晒穀場／晒谷场
- 楊穀／杨谷
- 殖穀／殖谷
- 田穀／田谷
- 百穀／百谷
- 礱穀機／砻谷机
- 穀倉／谷仓 (gǔcāng)
- 穀圭／谷圭
- 穀城／谷城 (Gǔchéng)
- 穀子／谷子 (gǔzi)
- 穀日／穀日
- 穀旦／穀旦 (gǔdàn)
- 穀梁傳／穀梁传 (Gǔliángzhuàn)
- 穀梁／穀梁 (Gǔliáng)
- 穀物／谷物 (gǔwù)
- 穀神星／谷神星 (Gǔshénxīng)
- 穀穀／谷谷
- 稻穀／稻谷 (dàogǔ)
- 穀米／谷米 (gǔmǐ)
- 穀草／谷草 (gǔcǎo)
- 穀賤傷農／谷贱伤农
- 穀道／谷道
- 穀雨／谷雨 (Gǔyǔ)
- 穀類／谷类 (gǔlèi)
- 穀風／谷风 (gǔfēng)
- 穀食／谷食 (gǔshí)
- 積穀／积谷
- 積穀防饑／积谷防饥 (jīgǔfángjī)
- 米穀／米谷
- 脫穀機／脱谷机
- 臧穀亡羊／臧谷亡羊
- 荒年穀／荒年谷
- 辟穀
- 辟穀絕粒／辟谷绝粒
- 錢穀／钱谷
- 館穀／馆谷
References
[edit]- “穀”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]| Shinjitai | 穀 | |
| Kyūjitai [1][2][3] |
穀 穀or 穀 ︀?
|
|
| 穀󠄀 穀 󠄀?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
| 穀󠄃 穀 󠄃?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. | ||
Kanji
[edit]穀
(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 穀)
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
- Kun: いきる (ikiru, 穀きる)←いく (iku, 穀く, historical)、たなつもの (tanatsumono, 穀)、やしなう (yashinau, 穀う)←やしなふ (yasinafu, 穀ふ, historical)、よい (yoi, 穀い)
- Nanori: よし (yoshi)、より (yori)
Compounds
[edit]- 穀雨 (kokū)
- 穀蛾 (kokuga)
- 穀倉 (kokugura)
- 穀穀 (kokukoku)
- 穀日 (kokujitsu)
- 穀菽 (kokushuku)
- 穀食 (kokushoku): cereal-eating
- 穀草 (kokusō): cereal; grain
- 穀倉 (kokusō)
- 穀象虫 (kokuzōmushi)
- 穀断ち (kokudachi)
- 穀旦 (kokutan)
- 穀粒 (kokutsubu)
- 穀潰し (kokutsubushi)
- 穀帛 (kokuhaku)
- 穀風 (kokufū)
- 穀粉 (kokufun)
- 穀減り (kokuberi)
- 穀物 (kokumotsu): cereal; grain
- 穀屋 (kokuya)
- 穀粒 (kokuryū)
- 穀類 (kokurui): cereal; grain
- 穀霊 (kokurei)
- 嘉穀 (kakoku)
- 禾穀 (kakoku)
- 祈穀 (kikoku)
- 九穀 (kyūkoku)
- 旧穀 (kyūkoku)
- 五穀 (gokoku)
- 雑穀 (zakkoku)
- 秫穀 (jukkoku)
- 新穀 (shinkoku)
- 戩穀 (senkoku)
- 脱穀 (dakkoku)
- 百穀 (hyakkoku)
- 不穀 (fukoku)
- 米穀 (beikoku)
- 六穀 (rokkoku)
References
[edit]- ^ “穀”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 1578 (paper), page 841 (digital)
- ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, , page 903 (paper), page 464 (digital)
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 穀 (MC kuwk).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞k̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [곡]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [nu]
- Phonetic hangul: [누]
Hanja
[edit]穀 (eumhun 곡식 곡 (goksik gok))
穀 (eumhun 어린아이 누 (eorinai nu))
Compounds
[edit]- 곡가 (穀價, gokga)
- 곡간 (穀間, gokgan)
- 곡곡 (穀穀, gokgok)
- 곡귀 (穀貴, gokgwi)
- 곡기 (穀氣, gokgi)
- 곡단 (穀旦, gokdan)
- 곡달 (穀疸, gokdal)
- 곡도 (穀道, gokdo)
- 곡두 (穀頭, gokdu)
- 곡두생각 (穀頭生角, gokdusaenggak)
- 곡량 (穀糧, gongnyang)
- 곡령 (穀靈, gongnyeong)
- 곡류 (穀類, gongnyu)
- 곡름 (穀廩, gongneum)
- 곡물 (穀物, gongmul)
- 곡벽 (穀壁, gokbyeok)
- 곡복사신 (穀腹絲身, gokboksasin)
- 곡상 (穀商, goksang)
- 곡성 (穀城, Gokseong)
- 곡식 (穀食, goksik)
- 곡우 (穀雨, gogu)
- 곡인 (穀人, gogin)
- 곡일 (穀日, gogil)
- 곡적 (穀賊, gokjeok)
- 곡정 (穀精, gokjeong)
- 곡정수 (穀精水, gokjeongsu)
- 곡주 (穀酒, gokju)
- 곡차 (穀茶, gokcha)
- 곡창 (穀倉, gokchang)
- 곡창 (穀脹, gokchang)
- 곡천 (穀賤, gokcheon)
- 곡출 (穀出, gokchul)
- 곡퇴 (穀堆, goktoe)
- 곡풍 (穀風, gokpung)
- 곡향 (穀鄕, gokhyang)
- 곡희 (穀餼, gokhui)
- 양곡 (糧穀, yanggok)
- 오곡 (五穀, ogok)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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