硬

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See also: 峺
硬 U 786C, 硬
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-786C
← 硫
[U 786B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 硭 →
[U 786D]

Translingual

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Stroke order
12 strokes

Han character

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硬 (Kangxi radical 112, 石 7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一口一中大 (MRMLK), four-corner 11646, composition ⿰石更)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 831, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24230
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1247, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2432, character 6
  • Unihan data for U 786C

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 硬
alternative forms 鞕

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (丙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
更 *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs
粳 *kraːŋ
埂 *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ
浭 *kraːŋ
稉 *kraːŋ
梗 *kraːŋʔ
哽 *kraːŋʔ
綆 *kraːŋʔ
鯁 *kraːŋʔ
挭 *kraːŋʔ
骾 *kraːŋʔ
郠 *kraːŋʔ
硬 *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs
鞕 *ŋɡraːŋs
丙 *pqraŋʔ
炳 *praŋʔ
邴 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
怲 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
苪 *praŋʔ
蛃 *praŋʔ
昺 *praŋʔ
昞 *praŋʔ
窉 *praŋʔ
柄 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
鈵 *praŋs
寎 *praŋs
病 *braŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs) : semantic 石 phonetic 更 (OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs).

Pronunciation

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Note: ngaang6-2 - alternative pronunciation for "certainly".
Note:
  • ngī/ngǐ/ngēe/ngē - vernacular;
  • gēng/gěng - literary.
Note:
  • nge6 - vernacular;
  • ngeng7 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 硬
Mandarin Beijing /iŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /iŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /iŋ⁵³/
Jinan /iŋ²¹/
Qingdao /iŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /əŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /niŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /ȵiə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /iŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /ȵĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /ȵiŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /ŋən³⁵/
Chengdu /ŋən¹³/
Guiyang /ŋen²¹³/
/in²¹³/ 新,少
Kunming /ə̃²¹²/
Nanjing /ən⁴⁴/
Hefei /ʐən⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /niəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ȵiŋ³⁵/
/ȵie̞³⁵/
Hohhot /nĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ŋã²³/
Suzhou /ŋã³¹/
Hangzhou /ŋɑŋ¹³/
Wenzhou /ŋiɛ²²/
Hui Shexian /ŋʌ̃³²⁴/
/ŋɛ²²/
Tunxi /ȵiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ŋən¹¹/
Xiangtan /ŋən²¹/
Gan Nanchang /ŋɑŋ²¹/
Hakka Meixian /ŋaŋ⁵³/
Taoyuan /ŋɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋaŋ²²/
Nanning /ŋaŋ²²/
Hong Kong /ŋaŋ²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /giŋ²²/
/ŋi²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋaiŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋaiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋẽ³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ŋɛ³³/
Rime
Character 硬
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 耕 (117)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五爭切
Baxter ngeangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋˠɛŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋᵚæŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋɐŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋəɨjŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋɛŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋæŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋæŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		èng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngang6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 硬 硬
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 880 881
Phonetic
component 		丙 丙
Rime
group 		陽 陽
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		鞕
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋɡraːŋs/ /*ŋɡraːŋs/
Notes 見傷寒論 同鞕，王韻五孟反

Definitions

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硬

  1. hard (resistant to pressure)
  2. tough; strong; firm
  3. good (in terms of quality or ability)
  4. stiff; inflexible
  5. obstinately; forcibly; resolutely
  6. (slang) to become hard; to have an erection
  7. (Cantonese, Teochew) certainly; definitely; of course

Synonyms

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  • (hard):
Dialectal synonyms of 硬 (“hard”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 硬
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 硬
Taiwan 硬
Harbin 硬
Singapore 硬
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 硬
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 硬
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 硬
Xi'an 硬
Xining 硬
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 硬
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 硬
Lanzhou 硬
Ürümqi 硬
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 硬
Wuhan 硬
Guiyang 硬奏, 硬
Guilin 硬
Liuzhou 硬
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 硬
Yangzhou 硬
Hefei 硬
Cantonese Guangzhou 硬
Hong Kong 硬
Taishan 硬
Dongguan 硬
Yangjiang 硬
Singapore (Guangfu) 硬
Gan Nanchang 硬
Lichuan 硬
Pingxiang 硬
Hakka Meixian 硬
Yudu 硬
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 硬
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 硬
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 硬
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 硬
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 硬
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 丁
Huizhou Jixi 硬
Jin Taiyuan 硬
Xinzhou 硬
Northern Min Jian'ou 硬
Eastern Min Fuzhou 硬, 𠕇
Southern Min Xiamen 硬, 𠕇
Quanzhou 硬, 𠕇
Zhangzhou 硬, 𠕇
Taipei 𠕇, 硬
New Taipei (Sanxia) 𠕇, 硬
Kaohsiung 𠕇, 硬
Yilan 𠕇, 硬
Changhua (Lukang) 𠕇, 硬
Taichung 𠕇
Tainan 𠕇, 硬
Hsinchu 𠕇
Kinmen 𠕇
Penghu (Magong) 𠕇
Singapore (Hokkien) 𠕇, 硬
Manila (Hokkien) 𠕇, 硬
Chaozhou 硬, 𠕇
Shantou (Chaoyang) 𠕇
Singapore (Teochew) 𠕇
Leizhou 𠕇
Wenchang 𠕇
Haikou 硬, 𠕇
Singapore (Hainanese) 硬
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 硬
Wu Shanghai 硬
Shanghai (Chongming) 硬
Suzhou 硬
Danyang 硬
Hangzhou 硬
Ningbo 硬
Wenzhou 硬
Jinhua 硬
Xiang Changsha 硬
Loudi 硬
Shuangfeng 硬
  • (thick):
Dialectal synonyms of 稠 (“thick; viscous”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 稠
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 稠
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 稠, 糨
Taiwan 稠
Harbin 稠
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 稠
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 厚
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 稠
Wanrong 稠
Xi'an 稠
Xuzhou 稠, 厚
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 稠
Lanzhou 稠
Ürümqi 稠, 糨, 糊
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 稠, 乾, 釅
Wuhan 釅, 稠
Guiyang 乾
Liuzhou 稠
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 稠
Yangzhou 厚, 稠, 乾
Nantong 厚
Hefei 厚, 乾
Cantonese Guangzhou 杰
Hong Kong 杰
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 杰
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 杰
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 醹
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 杰
Macau 杰
Guangzhou (Panyu) 杰
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 杰
Guangzhou (Conghua) 杰
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 杰
Foshan 杰
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 杰
Foshan (Shunde) 杰
Foshan (Sanshui) 杰
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 杰
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 杰
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 杰
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 杰
Zhuhai (Doumen) 杰
Jiangmen (Baisha) 杰
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 杰
Taishan 醹, 杰
Kaiping (Chikan) 醹, 杰
Enping (Niujiang) 杰, 醹
Heshan (Yayao) 杰
Dongguan 杰
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 杰
Shenzhen (Dapeng) 杰
Shaoguan 杰
Yunfu 杰
Yangjiang 𤄷, 杰
Xinyi 杰
Lianjiang 杰
Nanning 杰
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 杰
Gan Nanchang 及
Lichuan 濃
Pingxiang 濃
Hakka Meixian 醹, 結
Xingning 醹
Huidong (Daling) 醹, 竭
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 竭
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 醹
Changting 醹, 濃, 竭
Wuping 醹, 竭
Wuping (Pingyu) 醹
Liancheng 醹, 竭
Ninghua 濃, 稠
Yudu 竭
Ruijin 竭
Shicheng 濃
Shangyou (Shexi) 醹
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 醹
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 醹
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 醹
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 醹
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 醹
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 醹
Hong Kong 醹
Huizhou Jixi 硬
Shexian 硬
Huangshan (Tunxi) 厚
Xiuning 硬
Yixian 硬
Qimen 硬
Wuyuan 硬
Jin Taiyuan 稠
Northern Min Jian'ou 濃
Jian'ou (Dikou) 濃
Songxi 濃
Zhenghe 濃
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 濃
Jianyang 濃
Wuyishan 濃
Pucheng (Shibei) 濃
Eastern Min Fuzhou 𬇴
Fuzhou (Changle) 𬇴
Lianjiang 𬇴
Fuqing 洘
Pingtan 洘
Yongtai 𬇴
Minqing 𬇴
Gutian 𬇴
Pingnan 𬇴
Luoyuan 𬇴
Fu'an 𬇴
Ningde 𬇴
Xiapu 𬇴
Zherong 𬇴
Shouning 濃
Zhouning 𬇴
Fuding 𬇴
Southern Min Xiamen 洘, 洽
Xiamen (Tong'an) 洘
Quanzhou 洘, 洽
Jinjiang 洘
Nan'an 洘
Shishi 洘
Hui'an 洘
Anxi 洘
Yongchun 洘
Dehua 洘
Zhangzhou 洘, 洽, 汔, 𠕇, 醪
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 𠕇
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 𠕇
Hua'an 𠕇
Nanjing 𠕇
Pinghe 𠕇, 汔
Zhangpu 汔
Yunxiao 糊
Zhao'an 汔
Dongshan 汔
Taipei 洘
New Taipei (Sanxia) 洘
Kaohsiung 洘
Yilan 洘, 汔
Changhua (Lukang) 洘
Taichung 洘
Tainan 洘
Taitung 洘
Hsinchu 洘
Kinmen 洘
Penghu (Magong) 洘
Penang (Hokkien) 汔
Singapore (Hokkien) 洘
Manila (Hokkien) 洘, 洽
Longyan 汔, 釅
Zhangping 乾, 𠕇
Zhangping (Yongfu) 渴
Datian 洘, 醪
Pingnan (Shangdu) 杰
Chaozhou 𫀸
Shantou 𫀸
Shantou (Chenghai) 𫀸
Jieyang 𫀸
Haifeng 𫀸
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 𫀸
Leizhou 洘, 渴
Wenchang 渴
Haikou 渴
Puxian Min Putian 洘
Xianyou 洘
Central Min Yong'an 濃
Sanming (Shaxian) 濃
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 杰
Wu Shanghai 厚
Shanghai (Chongming) 厚
Suzhou 厚
Wuxi 乾
Danyang 乾, 厚
Hangzhou 厚
Ningbo 燥
Wenzhou 饘
Jinhua 厚
Xiang Changsha 釅
Shuangfeng 濃

Antonyms

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  • (antonym(s) of “hard”): 軟／软 (ruǎn)

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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硬

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. Solid, hard, firm.

Readings

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  • Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)
  • Kan-on: ごう (gō)
  • Kan’yō-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: かたい (katai, 硬い, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

硬 (eumhun 굳을 경 (gudeul gyeong))

  1. hanja form? of 경 (“harden, stiffen”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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硬: Hán Nôm readings: ngạnh

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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