恐
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]恐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心 6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP) or 難一弓心 (XMNP), four-corner 17331, composition ⿱⿰工凡心(GJKV) or ⿱⿰工⿹⺄㐅心(HT))
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 384, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10552
- Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 25
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2289, character 8
- Unihan data for U 6050
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 恐 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 恐 | |
alternative forms |
Glyph origin
[edit]Old Chinese | |
---|---|
缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
贑 | *kluːmʔ |
涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
江 | *kroːŋ |
肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
扛 | *kroːŋ |
杠 | *kroːŋ |
豇 | *kroːŋ |
茳 | *kroːŋ |
釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
矼 | *kroːŋ |
玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
功 | *koːŋ |
工 | *koːŋ |
疘 | *koːŋ |
魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
愩 | *koːŋ |
碽 | *koːŋ |
貢 | *koːŋs |
羾 | *koːŋs |
空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
鞏 | *koŋʔ |
巩 | *koŋʔ |
銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
筇 | *ɡoŋ |
桏 | *ɡoŋ |
邛 | *ɡoŋ |
In the Shuowen Jiezi appears as phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 𢀜 () semantic 心 (“heart”). The modern form can be interpreted as phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) semantic 心 (“heart”)
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hung2
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiúng
- Northern Min (KCR): kě̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): kṳ̄ng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5khon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kǒng
- Wade–Giles: kʻung3
- Yale: kǔng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koong
- Palladius: кун (kun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hung2
- Yale: húng
- Cantonese Pinyin: hung2
- Guangdong Romanization: hung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiúng
- Hakka Romanization System: kiungˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kiung3
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ³¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kě̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰœyŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: kṳ̄ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰyŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 恐 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰuŋ²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /kʰuŋ²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /kʰuŋ¹³/ | |
Jinan | /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /kʰəŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ | |
Xining | /kʰuə̃⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /kʰũn⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /kʰuŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /kʰoŋ⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /kʰoŋ⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /kʰoŋ²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /kʰəŋ²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰuəŋ⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /kʰũŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /kʰoŋ³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /kʰoŋ⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /t͡ɕʰyɔ³⁵/ /kʰoŋ³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /kʰuʌ̃³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /kʰan³¹/ ~怖 /t͡ɕʰin³¹/ ~怕 | |
Xiang | Changsha | /kʰoŋ⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /kʰən⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kʰuŋ²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiuŋ³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /kʰioŋ³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hoŋ³⁵/ |
Nanning | /kʰuŋ³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /huŋ³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰyŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰɔŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰioŋ⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /xɔŋ³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: khjowngX, khjowngH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoŋʔ/, /*kʰoŋs/
Definitions
[edit]恐
Compounds
[edit]- 唯恐 (wéikǒng)
- 唯恐不及
- 恐嚇/恐吓 (kǒnghè)
- 恐後爭先/恐后争先 (kǒnghòuzhēngxiān)
- 恐怖 (kǒngbù)
- 恐怕 (kǒngpà)
- 恐怖主義/恐怖主义 (kǒngbùzhǔyì)
- 恐怖分子 (kǒngbùfènzǐ)
- 恐怖小說/恐怖小说
- 恐怖片兒/恐怖片儿
- 恐恐然
- 恐惶 (kǒnghuáng)
- 恐惶悚懼/恐惶悚惧 (kǒnghuángsǒngjù)
- 恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
- 恐慌症 (kǒnghuāngzhèng)
- 恐憂/恐忧 (kǒngyōu)
- 恐慮/恐虑 (kǒnglǜ)
- 恐懼/恐惧 (kǒngjù)
- 恐水病 (kǒngshuǐbìng)
- 恐變症/恐变症
- 恐鳥/恐鸟 (kǒngniǎo)
- 恐龍/恐龙 (kǒnglóng)
- 惟恐 (wéikǒng)
- 惜恐
- 惶恐 (huángkǒng)
- 惴恐
- 惶恐不安 (huángkǒngbù'ān)
- 擔驚受恐/担惊受恐 (dānjīngshòukǒng)
- 有恃無恐/有恃无恐 (yǒushìwúkǒng)
- 深恐
- 爭先恐後/争先恐后 (zhēngxiānkǒnghòu)
- 猶恐/犹恐 (yóukǒng)
- 生恐
- 皇恐灘/皇恐滩 (Huángkǒng Tān)
- 紅色恐怖/红色恐怖 (hóngsè kǒngbù)
- 經濟恐慌/经济恐慌 (jīngjì kǒnghuāng)
- 臨死不恐/临死不恐 (línsǐbùkǒng)
- 臨難不恐/临难不恐 (línnànbùkǒng)
- 誠恐/诚恐 (chéngkǒng)
- 誠恐誠惶/诚恐诚惶 (chéngkǒngchénghuáng)
- 誠惶誠恐/诚惶诚恐 (chénghuángchéngkǒng)
- 震恐 (zhènkǒng)
- 驚恐/惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
- 驚恐萬分/惊恐万分
References
[edit]- “恐”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]恐
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: く (ku)
- Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)←きよう (kyou, historical)
- Kun: おそれる (osoreru, 恐れる, Jōyō); おそろしい (osoroshii, 恐ろしい, Jōyō); おそれ (osore); こわい (kowai, 恐い); おそらく (osoraku, 恐らく) see
Compounds
[edit]Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [공]
Hanja
[edit]恐 (eumhun 두려울 공 (duryeoul gong))
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]恐: Hán Việt readings: khúng, khủng
恐: Nôm readings: khủng, thứ
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
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- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading きょう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading きよう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading おそ・れる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading おそ・ろしい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading おそれ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading こわ・い
- Japanese kanji with kun reading おそ・らく
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