fabrics are manufactured, and a considerable woolen trade is maintained. Pop., 7500.
ALBUQUERQUE. The county seat of Bernalillo Co., New Mexico, on the Rio Grande, 73 miles southwest of Santa Fé, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, and Atlantic and Pacific railroads (Map: New Mexico, E 2). It has an elevation of 5000 feet above the sea, is the seat of the University of New Mexico (organized 1889), a government school for Indians (founded in 1881), and several academies; has a large trade in grain, hides, wool, and manufactures of iron and brick, and in the vicinity are silver, gold, copper, and iron mines. Albuquerque was founded in 1706, was named in honor of Albuquerque, then Viceroy of New Mexico, and was a prominent settlement during the Spanish régime. The new town really dates from 1880, and was incorporated as a city in 1892. The mayor is elected annually and the city council is composed of eight members. Pop., 1890, 3785; 1900, 6238.
ALBUQUERQUE, Affonso de, The Great (1453-1515). Viceroy of the Portuguese Indies. He was born at Alhandra, a town near Lisbon, and is known in the national epics as “the Portuguese Mars” and as “the Portuguese Cæsar.” Albuquerque spent his youth in attendance at the palace of King Alfonso V. He took part in the expedition against the Turks, which terminated in the victory of the Christians at Otranto in 1481. In 1489 he became chief equerry to King John II. He was assigned to duty on the Indian fleet of 1503, and acquitted himself with such discretion that King Emanuel appointed him viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in the East in 1506. His predecessor, Francisco de Almeida (q.v.), refused to give up his office, however, and sent Albuquerque as a prisoner to Cananore. In October, 1509, he was released, and took over the authority of the viceroy. Albuquerque captured the fortress of Goa, February 16, 1510, but was forced to evacuate it and retire to Panjim, where he awaited reënforcements from Europe, with whose help, on November 26, 1510, he recaptured the city, which has ever since been the chief seat of Portuguese power and commerce in the East. He gradually completed the conquest of Malabar, Ceylon, the Sunda Isles, the peninsula of Malacca, and (in 1515) the island of Ormuz, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. He made the Portuguese name respected in the East, and many of the princes, especially the kings of Siam and Pegu, sought his alliance and protection. He maintained strict military discipline, was active, humane, respected, feared by his neighbors, and beloved by his subjects. Notwithstanding his valuable services, Albuquerque did not escape the envy of the courtiers and the suspicions of King Emanuel, who appointed Lopez Soarez, a personal enemy of Albuquerque, to supersede him as viceroy. This ingratitude affected him deeply. Ishmael, the Shah of Persia, offered his assistance to resist the arbitrary decree of the Portuguese court, but Albuquerque would not violate his allegiance. A few days afterward, commending his son to the king in a short letter, he died at sea near Goa, December 16, 1515. Emanuel honored his memory and raised his son to the highest dignities in the State. This son, whose name, Braz, or Blasius, was altered to Affonso after his father's death, compiled from the official dispatches and private letters of the viceroy the Commentarios do Grande Affonso d'Alboquerque (printed in Lisbon in 1557; reprinted in 1576 and 1774). A translation, edited by W. de G. Birch, published by the Hakluyt Society of London, in four volumes, 1875-84, is the standard authority for this period of Indian history.
ALBUR′NUM (Lat. sap-wood, from albus, white). An old name for the sap-wood of ordinary trees (Dicotyledons and Conifers). As the tree adds new layers of wood, the ascending sap abandons the deeper seated layers, which also become modified through age. This leads usually to a sharp contrast in the appearance of the two regions, the outer region traversed by the sap (alburnum) being lighter in color and consisting of thinner-walled cells than does the older heart wood or “duramen.” See Wood.
ALBURY, a̤l′bẽr-ĭ. A border town of New South Wales, Australia, on the Murray River, connected with the State of Victoria by two bridges (Map: New South Wales, D 5). It is sometimes called the Federal City. It is at the head of the river navigation, 190 miles, by rail, northeast of Melbourne, and has a trade in the agricultural and mineral produce of the district. Pop., 5500. Consult The Union Celebration at Albury, 1883 (Sydney, 1883).
ALCÆ′US (Gk. Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios). One of the first lyric poets of Greece, and contemporary with Sappho. He was a native of Mitylene, and flourished at the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth century B.C. Alcæus was of aristocratic birth, and became a leader against the tyrants of his native city, Myrsilus and Melanchrus. Being banished from home, he traveled during his exile, it is said, as far as Egypt. While he was absent, a former comrade in arms, Pittacus, was called to the head of the State by the people, whereupon Alcæus took up arms against him as a tyrant; but in attempting to force his way back he was captured by Pittacus, who, however, generously granted him his life and freedom. Alcæus's odes in the Æolic dialect—arranged in ten books by the Alexandrians—contained political songs bearing on the struggles against the tyrants, hymns, and drinking and love songs. Only fragments remain. Alcæus was the inventor of the form of stanza which is named after him, the Alcaic; this Horace, the most successful of his imitators, transplanted into the Latin language. The fragments were collected in Bergk's Poetæ Lyrici Græci, iii: fourth edition, pp. 147ff (Leipzig, 1882). Consult Smyth, Greek Melic Poets (New York, 1900).
ALCA′ICS. Certain kinds of Greek and Latin logaœdic verse, named from the poet Alcæus (q.v.), their reputed inventor. The greater Alcaic consists of a preliminary syllable (anacrusis), a trochaic dipody, cyclic dactyl, and trochaic dipody catalectic. In Horace the second foot is regularly an irrational spondee,
The lesser Alcaic is composed of two cyclic dactyls and a trochaic dipody acatalectic,
The Alcaic stanza consists of two greater Alcaics, a trochaic quaternarius, with anacrusis, and a lesser Alcaic.
Ius : tum et te|nacem | proposi|ti vi|rum
non : civium | ardor | prava iu | bentium,
non : voltus | instan|tis ty | ranni
mente qua|tit soli|da, neque | Auster
