Fricative became Voiced in early Germanic, and then generally became a Voiced Plosive; so in this case we have regularly Eng. b, d, g, corresponding to I.Eu. and Lat. p, t, k.
Thus the Eng. -d of participles and adjectives (as in loved, or moneyed) comes from the original -t- which is preserved in the Lat. ending -tus (§ 282), Greek ‐τός, Sans. -tás; Greek and Sanskrit keep the original accent on the ending. So the -d- in Eng. gard-en comes from the -t- which is preserved in Gr. χορτóς, ‘cleared space,’ Lat. hortus. So the -d- in Cumberland-English fader represents correctly the -r- before the accented syllable in Gr. πατήρ, Sans. pitā́; the -th- in southern English is due to an analogical assimilation to the -th- in mother.
(3) The Indo-European Voiced Aspirates became in Germanic Voiced Fricatives and these, as we have just seen, became Voiced Plosives.
Thus Eng. b in to bear corresponds to Sans. bh in bhar-āmi, Gr. φέρω, Lat. fero (§ 175), all meaning ‘I bear.’
Eng. d in dare, durst answers to Sans. dh in dhársati ‘he dares,’ Gr. θ in θάρσος ‘boldness.’
Eng. g in garden answers to I.Eu. g̑h which appears as χ in Gr. χορτός and h in Lat. hortus.
(4) The Voiced Plosives became Breathed.
| Thus | Eng. | p | in | thorpe | corresponds | to | Lat. | b | in | trabs, ‘beam for building.’ |
| „ | „ | t | „ | (to) tow | „ | „ | „ | d | „ | dūco, ‘I draw, lead’. |
| „ | „ | c | „ | (bishop)-ric | „ | „ | „ | g | „ | rēgnum, ‘kingdom’. |
