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Quintuplet cluster

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Quintuplet Cluster
Infrared image of the Quintuplet Cluster
Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA
Observation data (J2000. epoch)
Right ascension17h 46m 13.9s[1]
Declination−28° 49′ 48″[1]
Distance26 kly (8 kpc[2])
Apparent dimensions (V)50" (2 pc)[3]
Physical characteristics
Mass10,000[3] M☉
Estimated age4.8 million years[4]
Dense cluster of massive young stars near the Galactic Center. Optically obscured.
Other designationsIRAS 17430-2848, G000.16-00.06
Associations
ConstellationSagittarius
See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters

The Quintuplet cluster is a dense cluster of massive young stars about 100 light years from the Galactic Center (GC). Its name comes from the fact it has five prominent infrared sources residing in it. Along with the Arches Cluster it is one of two in the immediate GC region. Due to heavy extinction by dust in the vicinity, it is invisible to optical observation and must be studied in the X-ray, radio, and infrared bands.

The Quintuplet is less compact than the nearby Arches Cluster, with fewer of the most massive and luminous stars, but it does have the distinction of hosting two of the extremely rare luminous blue variables, the Pistol Star and the less well-known qF 362 (aka V4650 Sgr), and a third just a few parsecs away.[2] It also contains a number of red supergiants, all suggesting a slightly more evolved cluster around 4 million years old.[5]

Discovery and naming

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The trapezium of four bright red stars just below centre, plus one to the left, are the original Quintuplet (HST/NICMOS image)

The Quintuplet was originally identified in 1983 as a pair of infra-red sources in a 2.5 micron survey of the galactic centre.[6] These two sources were numbered 3 and 4, and later referred to with the acronym GCS for Galactic Centre Source. GCS-3 was later resolved into four sources, labelled I-IV, that together with GCS-4 formed a compact quintuplet of unusually bright small objects. They were assumed to be young hot luminous stars surrounded by dust shells and therefore extremely reddened.[7]

In 1990, a total of 15 sources in the Quintuplet region was studied in more detail at several wavelengths, later referred to by Q or GMM (after the authors Glass, Moneti, and Moorwood) numbers. The original five stars were identified as numbers Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q9, with additional sources Q5 and Q6 identified as part of the same cluster. They were still considered to be protostars reddened by surrounding dust.[8]

In 1994, several stars were identified as having broad helium emission lines in their spectra, and some showed narrow hydrogen emission lines. This was completely unexpected for protostars, instead suggesting the objects were much more evolved stars.[9] Shortly afterwards two emission line stars were classified as Wolf Rayet stars, and a third as a Luminous Blue Variable that was thought to be one of the most luminous stars in the galaxy. A small number of red supergiants were also identified, narrowing the likely age of the cluster.[10]

In 1999, a study of nearly 600 stars in the cluster showed that the Quintuplet contained more Wolf–Rayet stars than any known cluster, as well as a second Luminous Blue Variable. The numbers from this survey are referred to as qF, or sometimes as FMM after all three authors (but not QMM).[3] A 2008 study of the cluster used LHO numbers for the members and clarified the status of the unusual reddened Wolf–Rayet stars as WC stars surrounded by dust presumed to be formed from colliding winds between the WR component and a less evolved OB companion.[11][12]

The cluster was also catalogued as a first magnitude "stellar" source at 4.2 microns in the Air Force Geophysics Lab survey and given the number 2004 (AFGL 2004).[13][14]

Properties

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Mid-IR image of the centre of the galaxy, with the Quintuplet stars as the brightest source to the left of the centre (and 2nd inset)
Image of the Quintuplet cluster's brightest stars; V4998 Sagittarii, The Pistol star, and qF362

The Quintuplet is seen (in the infra-red) 12 arc-minutes NW of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). The cluster stars and associated objects such as the Pistol Nebula have large radial velocities only likely to be from orbiting close to the galactic centre, so the cluster is thought to be physically associated with the galactic centre.[3] The galactic centre is considered to be about 8 kpc away, so the projected distance of the Quintuplet on the sky is 30 pc from Sagittarius A*.[15]

The age of the quintuplet can be estimated from the likely ages of its member stars. Mapping the stars of the cluster to evolutionary isochrones gives ages around 4 million years.[4][3] However stars such as the two (or three) LBVs are expected to explode as supernovae within three million years, an obvious problem. It has been suggested that the age may be as low as 3.3–3.6 million years or that star formation was staggered over a million years or more.[5] Another proposal is that the remaining highly massive stars were formed or rejuvenated by binary interactions.[4]

The masses of stars clusters can be measured by integrating the stellar mass function. Although only the most massive cluster members can be detected, the mass function can be estimated to lower levels and the cluster mass is calculated to be around 10,000 M☉.[3]

Members

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The Quintuplet contains a number of massive and somewhat evolved stars, including 21 Wolf–Rayet stars, 2 luminous blue variables (three including the nearby runaway V4998 Sagittarii), and a number of red supergiants. There is also associated nebulosity ionised by the hot stars, most notably the Pistol Nebula between the Pistol Star and the core of the Quintuplet.[16]

Prominent stars (in K band infra-red)
GCS[6] Q/GMM[8] LHO[16] qF/FMM[3] Other names Spectral type[16] Magnitude (KS)[16] Luminosity (L☉) Temperature (K)
3-IV 1 75 243 WR 102da WC9?d 7.9 ~150,000[17] ~45,000[17]
3-II 2 42 231 WR 102dc WC9d OB 6.7 ~150,000[17] ~45,000[17]
4 3 19 211 WR 102ha WC8/9d OB 7.2 ~200,000[17] ~50,000[17]
3-I 4 84 251 WR 102dd WC9d 7.8 ~150,000[17] ~45,000[17]
5 115 270N V4646 Sgr M2 I 8.6 (var?) 24,000[5] 3,600[5][failed verification]
6 79 250 WC9d 9.3 ~150,000[17] ~45,000[17]
7 7 192 M6 I 7.6 47,000[5] 3,274[5]
8 67 240 WR 102hb WN9h[5] 9.6 2,600,000[18] 25,100[18]
3-III 9 102 258 WR 102db WC9?d 9.2 ~200,000[17] ~45,000[17]
10 71 241 WR 102ea WN9h[5] 8.8 2,500,000[18] 25,100[18]
11 47 235N WR 102f WC8 10.4 ~200,000[17] ~60,000[17]
12 77 278 O6–8 I eq? 9.6 ~1,200,000[5] ~35,000[5]
13 100 257 O6–8 I fe 9.4 ~1,400,000[5] ~35,000[5]
14 146 307A O6–8 I f? 8.7 ~2,500,000[5] ~35,000[5]
15 110 270S WR 102df O6–8 I f (Of/WN?) 10.6 1,600,000[18] 25,100[18]
134 Pistol Star LBV 7.3[2] 3,300,000[19][20] 11,800[21]
362 V4650 Sgr LBV 7.1[2] 1,800,000[21] 11,300[21]
99 256 WR 102i WN9h[18] 10.5 1,500,000[18] 31,600[18]
158 320 WR 102d WN9h[18] 10.5 1,200,000[18] 35,100[18]
V4998 Sgr LBV 7.5[2] 1,600,000–4,000,000[22] 12,000

References

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  1. ^ a b Beichman, C. A.; Neugebauer, G.; Habing, H. J.; Clegg, P. E.; Chester, Thomas J. (1988). "Infrared astronomical satellite (IRAS) catalogs and atlases. Volume 1: Explanatory supplement". Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Catalogs and Atlases. Volume 1: Explanatory Supplement. 1. Bibcode:1988iras....1.....B.
  2. ^ a b c d e Mauerhan, J. C.; Morris, M. R.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H.; Wang, Q. D.; Stolovy, S. R.; Lang, C.; Glass, I. S. (2010). "Discovery of a Luminous Blue Variable with an Ejection Nebula Near the Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 713: L33–L36. arXiv:1002.3379. Bibcode:2010ApJ...713L..33M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L33. S2CID 42696538.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Figer, Donald F.; McLean, Ian S.; Morris, Mark (1999). "Massive Stars in the Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 514: 202–220. arXiv:astro-ph/9903281. Bibcode:1999ApJ...514..202F. doi:10.1086/306931. S2CID 15816020.
  4. ^ a b c Schneider, F. R. N.; Izzard, R. G.; De Mink, S. E.; Langer, N.; Stolte, A.; De Koter, A.; Gvaramadze, V. V.; Hußmann, B.; Liermann, A.; Sana, H. (2014). "Ages of Young Star Clusters, Massive Blue Stragglers, and the Upper Mass Limit of Stars: Analyzing Age-dependent Stellar Mass Functions". The Astrophysical Journal. 780 (2): 117. arXiv:1312.0607. Bibcode:2014ApJ...780..117S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/780/2/117. S2CID 28410959.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Liermann, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Oskinova, L. M. (2012). "The Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: A14. arXiv:1203.2435. Bibcode:2012A&A...540A..14L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117534. S2CID 118741449.
  6. ^ a b Kobayashi, Y.; Okuda, H.; Sato, S.; Jugaku, J.; Dyck, H. M. (1983). "Infrared polarization in the direction to the galactic center". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 35: 101. Bibcode:1983PASJ...35..101K.
  7. ^ Okuda, H.; Shibai, H.; Nakagawa, T.; Matsuhara, H.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hayashi, M.; Kaifu, N.; Nagata, T.; Gatley, I.; Geballe, T. (1989). "An IR Quintuplet Near the Galactic Center". The Center of the Galaxy: Proceedings of the 136th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union. 136: 281. Bibcode:1989IAUS..136..281O.
  8. ^ a b Glass, I. S.; Moneti, A.; Moorwood, A. F. M. (1990). "Infrared images and photometry of the cluster near G 0.15 – 0.05". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 242: 55P–58P. Bibcode:1990MNRAS.242P..55G. doi:10.1093/mnras/242.1.55p.
  9. ^ Moneti, A.; Glass, I. S.; Moorwood, A. F. M. (1994). "Spectroscopy and Further Imaging of IRAS Sources Near the Galactic Centre". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 268: 194–202. Bibcode:1994MNRAS.268..194M. doi:10.1093/mnras/268.1.194.
  10. ^ Figer, Donald F.; McLean, Ian S.; Morris, Mark (1995). "Two New Wolf-Rayet Stars and a Luminous Blue Variable Star in the Quintuplet (AFGL 2004) near the Galactic Center". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 447: L29–L32. Bibcode:1995ApJ...447L..29F. doi:10.1086/309551.
  11. ^ Okuda, Haruyuki; Shibai, Hiroshi; Nakagawa, Takao; Matsuhara, Hideo; Kobayashi, Yukiyasu; Kaifu, Norio; Nagata, Tetsuya; Gatley, I.; Geballe, T. R. (1990). "An infrared quintuplet near the Galactic center". The Astrophysical Journal. 351: 89. Bibcode:1990ApJ...351...89O. doi:10.1086/168447.
  12. ^ Moneti, A.; Stolovy, S.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Figer, D. F.; Najarro, F. (2001). "Mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of the enigmatic cocoon stars in the Quintuplet Cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 366: 106–120. arXiv:astro-ph/0010558. Bibcode:2001A&A...366..106M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000192. S2CID 9973563.
  13. ^ Gullixson, C.; Gehrz, R. D.; Hackwell, J. A.; Grasdalen, G. L.; Castelaz, M. (1983). "The stellar component of the galaxy as seen by the AFGL infrared sky survey". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 53: 413. Bibcode:1983ApJS...53..413G. doi:10.1086/190897.
  14. ^ Nagata, Tetsuya; Woodward, Charles E.; Shure, Mark; Pipher, Judith L.; Okuda, Haruyuki (1990). "AFGL 2004 – an infrared quintuplet near the Galactic center". Astrophysical Journal. 351: 83. Bibcode:1990ApJ...351...83N. doi:10.1086/168446.
  15. ^ Lang, Cornelia C.; Figer, Don F.; Goss, W. M.; Morris, Mark (1999). "Radio Detections of Stellar Winds from the Pistol Star and Other Stars in the Galactic Center Quintuplet Cluster". The Astronomical Journal. 118 (5): 2327–2330. arXiv:astro-ph/9907176. Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2327L. doi:10.1086/301092. S2CID 12515939.
  16. ^ a b c d Liermann, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Oskinova, L. M. (2009). "The Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 494 (3): 1137–1166. arXiv:0809.5199. Bibcode:2009A&A...494.1137L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810371. S2CID 260300.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Todt, H. (2012). "The Galactic WC stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: A144. arXiv:1201.6354. Bibcode:2012A&A...540A.144S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117830. S2CID 119182468.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Liermann, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Oskinova, L. M.; Todt, H.; Butler, K. (2010). "The Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 524: A82. arXiv:1011.5796. Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..82L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912612. S2CID 30091863.
  19. ^ Lau, R. M.; Herter, T. L.; Morris, M. R.; Adams, J. D. (2014). "Nature Versus Nurture: Luminous Blue Variable Nebulae in and Near Massive Stellar Clusters at the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (2): 120. arXiv:1403.5298. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785..120L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/120. S2CID 118447462.
  20. ^ Mauerhan, J. C.; Morris, M. R.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H.; Wang, Q. D.; Stolovy, S. R.; Lang, C.; Glass, I. S. (2010). "Discovery of a Luminous Blue Variable with an Ejection Nebula Near the Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 713 (1): L33–L36. arXiv:1002.3379. Bibcode:2010ApJ...713L..33M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L33. S2CID 42696538.
  21. ^ a b c Najarro, Francisco; Figer, Don F.; Hillier, D. John; Geballe, T. R.; Kudritzki, Rolf P. (2009). "Metallicity in the Galactic Center: The Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 691 (2): 1816–1827. arXiv:0809.3185. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691.1816N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1816. S2CID 15473563.
  22. ^ Nazé, Y.; Rauw, G.; Hutsemékers, D. (2012). "The first X-ray survey of Galactic luminous blue variables". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 538: A47. arXiv:1111.6375. Bibcode:2012A&A...538A..47N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118040. S2CID 43688343.
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