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* 中国国会导航模板 國會





Provisional Senate
of the Republic of China

中華民國臨時參議院
Established28 January 1912 (1912-01-28)
Meeting place
Kiangsu Provincial Assembly Building, Nanking
Advisory Council Building, Peking
Constitution
Organizational Outline of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China
Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China

Provisional Senate of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國臨時參議院), also translated to Advisory Council,[1] was the temporary legislature established in the earlier years of the Republic of China, before the National Assembly was formed. The first Provisional Senate lasted from 1912 to 1913, and the second from 1917 to 1918.

History

[edit]

In Nanking

[edit]
Nanking Provisional Senate met in the former site of Kiangsu Provincial Assembly[2]
中华民国元年孙大总统向临时参议院辞职摄影，1912年4月1日

On the new year's day of 1912, Sun Yat-sen assumed office as the Provisional President of the Republic of China, and thus the Provisional Government began. An earlier assembly (Chinese: 各省都督府代表聯合會; lit. 'Joint Assembly of Provincial Commandery Representatives'), which elected Sun, started to act on behalf of the Senate on the next day, followed by choosing the temporary speaker and deputy speaker and amending the Organizational Outline of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國臨時政府組織大綱), which governs the establishment of the Provisional Senate. At 11 a.m. on 28 January, the Provisional Senate, with 43 members, was formally opened in Nanking, thereby dissolving the assembly.

Discussions over enacting the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China began on 7 February. Five days later Puyi abdicated as emperor of Qing dynasty, sending Yuan Shikai to form a republican government. Yuan was elected as the Provisional President on 15 February, succeeding Sun as part of the negotiated deal. The Provisional Constitution was adopted on 8 March. This was followed by other pieces of legislation such as the Senate Act (Chinese: 參議院法), and standing order and internal rules of the senate.

The Provisional Government and the Provisional Senate subsequently relocated to Peking, following two motions passed on 2 April, for the government, and on 4 April, for the legislature. The session adjourned on 8 April, and subsequently resumed on 29 April at the opening ceremony in Peking.

In Peking

[edit]
1913年2月1日，法國《插圖畫報》（即《巴黎競賽畫報》前身）上刊登的中華民國成立之初的北京臨時參議院圖片。下方左側為議長吳景濂，右側為副議長湯化龍

1912年4月南京临时参议院迁到北京，即成为北京临时参议院。北京临时参议院还对《临时约法》进行了修改，通过了《修改约法青海为西蒙古并增加议员案》，除西藏外，全国各地均有议员与会。但在第一次会议上，仅有在院议员的4/5以上出席，而不是全部议员的4/5以上。

北京临时参议院自1912年4月29日在清朝资政院旧址举行开院典礼，至1913年4月8日第一届国会开幕而闭院。北京临时参议院设置委员长、法制委员会、财政委员会、庶政委员会、请愿委员会、惩罚委员会。开院期间制定通过了《中华民国国会组织法》、《参议院议员选举法》、《众议院议员选举法》、《蒙藏事务局官制》、《中央行政官官等法》、《中央行政官官俸法》、《国务院官制》、《国旗统一案》、《服制》、《印花税法》等。

北京參議院閉院當日紀念攝影（《民国之精华》）
北京臨時參議院開院式（《民国之精华》）

Power

[edit]

第一章　臨時大總統

  • 第四條 　　臨時大總統得參議院之同意有宣戰媾和締結條約之權
  • 第五條 　　臨時大總統得參議院之同意有任用各部部長及派遣外交專使之權
  • 第六條 　　臨時大總統得參議院之同意有設立臨時中央審判所之權

第二章　參議院

  • 第八條 　　參議院以各省都督府所派之參議員組織之
  • 第九條 　　參議員每省以三人為限其派遣方法由各省都督府自定之
  • 第十條 　　參議開會議時各參議員有一表決權
  • 第十一條　　參議院之職權如左
    • 一 議第四條及第六條事件
    • 二 承諾第五條事件
    • 三 議決臨時政府之預算
    • 四 檢查臨時政府之出納
    • 五 議決全國統一之稅法幣制及發行公債事件
    • 六 議決暫行法律
    • 七 議決臨時大總統交議事件
    • 八 答復臨時大總統諮詢事件
  • 第十二條　　參議院會議時以到會參議員過半數之所決為準但關於第四條事條非有到會議員三分之二之同意不得決議
  • 第十三條　　參議院議決事件由議長具報經臨時大總統蓋印發交行政各部執行之
  • 第十四條　　臨時大總統對於參議院議決事件如不以為然得於呈報後十日內聲明理由交令復議 參議院對於復議事件如有到會參議員三分之二以上之同意仍執前議時應仍照前條辦理
  • 第十五條　　參議院議長由參議員用記名投票法互選之以得票滿投票總數之半者為當選
  • 第十六條　　參議院辦事規則由參議院議定之
  • 第十七條　　參議院未成立以前暫由各省都督府代表會代行其職權但表決權每以一票為限

第三章　行政各部

  • 第十八條　　各部設部長一人總理本部事務
  • 第十九條　　各部所屬職員之編制及其權限由部長規定經臨時大總統准施行

第四章　附則

  • 第二十條　　臨時政府成立後六個月以內由臨時大總統召集國民議會其召集方法由參議院議決事
  • 第二十一條　臨時政府組織大綱施行期限以中華民國憲法成立之日為止


第一章 總綱

*第四條　中華民國以參議院、臨時大總統、國務員、法院行使其統治權。

第三章 參議院<br/>

*第十六條　中華民國之立法權以參議院行之。

*第十七條　參議院以第十八條所定各地方選派之參議員組織之。

*第十八條　參議員每行省、內蒙古、外蒙古、西藏各選派五人；靑海選派一人。其選派方法由各地方自定之。<br/>參議院會議時每參議員有一表决權。

*第十九條 參議院之職權如左︰

**一　議决一切法律案。

**二　議決臨時政府之豫算決算。

**三　議決全國之稅法幣制及度量衡之準則。

**四　議決公債之募集及國庫有負擔之契約。

**五　承諾第三十四條、三十五條、四十條事件。

**六　答覆臨時政府諮詢事件。

**七　受理人民之請願。

**八　得以關於法律及其他事件之意見建議於政府。

**九　得提出質問書於國務員，並要求其出席答覆。

**十　得咨請臨時政府查辦官吏納賄違法事件。

**十一　參議院對於臨時大總統認爲有謀叛行爲時，得以總員五分四以上之出席，出席員四分三以上之可決彈劾之。

**十二　參議院對於國務員認爲失職或違法時，得以總員四分三以上之出席，出席員三分二以上之可决彈劾之。

*第二十條　參議院得自行集會開會閉會。

*第二十一條　參議院之會議須公開之。但有國務員之要求或出席參議員過半數之可决者，得秘密之。

*第二十二條　參議院議决事件咨由臨時大總統公布施行。

*第二十三條　臨時大總統對於參議院議决事件，如否認時，得於咨達後十日內聲明理由，咨院覆議。但參議院對於覆議事件，如有到會參議員三分二以上仍執前議時，仍照第二十二條辦理。

*第二十四條　參議院議長由參議員用記名投票法互選之，以得票滿投票總數之半者爲當選。

*第二十五條　參議院參議員於院內之言論及表决，對於院外不負責任。

*第二十六條　參議院參議員除現行犯及關於內亂外患之犯罪外，會期中非得本院許可，不得逮捕。

*第二十七條　參議院法由參議院自定之。

*第二十八條　參議院以國會成立之日解散。其職權由國會行之。

第四章 臨時大總統副總統<br/>

*第二十九條　臨時大總統、副總統由參議院選舉之。以總員四分三以上出席得票滿投票總數三分二以上者爲當選。

*第三十三條　臨時大總統得制定官制官規，但須提交參議院議决。

*第三十四條　臨時大總統任免文武職員，但任命國務員及外交大使公使須得參議院之同意。

*第三十五條　臨時大總統經參議院之同意，得宣戰媾和及締結條約。

*第三十八條　臨時大總統得提出法律案於參議院。

*第四十條　臨時大總統得宣告大赦、特赦、减刑、復權。但大赦須經參議院之同意。

*第四十一條　臨時大總統受參議院彈劾後，由最高法院全院審判官互選九人組織特別法庭審判之。

第五章 國務員<br/>

*第四十六條　國務員及其委員得於參議院出席及發言。

*第四十七條　國務員受參議院彈劾後，臨時大總統應免其職。但得交參議院覆議一次。

第七章 附則<br/>

*第五十五條　本約法由參議院參議員三分二以上，或臨時大總統之提議，經參議員五分四以上之出席，出席員四分三之可决得增修之。


Article 16. The legislative power of the Chinese Republic is exercised by the Advisory Council. Article 17. The Advisory Council shall be composed of members elected by the several districts as provided in Article 18. Article 18. The Provinces, Inner and Outer Mongolia, and Tibet shall each elect and depute five members to the Advisory Council and Chinghai shall elect one member. The election districts and methods of elections shall be decided by the localities concerned. During the meeting of the Advisory Council each member shall have one vote. Article 19. The Advisory Council shall have the following powers: (1) To pass all law bills. (2) To pass the budgets of the Provisional Government. (3) To pass laws of taxation, of currency and of weights and measures for the whole country. (4) To pass measurts for the calling of public loans and to conclude contracts affecting the national treasury. (5) To give consent to matters provided in Articles 34, 35, and 40. (6) To reply to inquiries from the Provisional Government. (7) To receive and consider petitions of citizens. OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 151 (8) To make suggestions to the government on legal or other matters. (9) To introduce interpellations to members of the cabinet and to insist on their being present in the Council in making replies thereto. (10) To insist on the government investigating into any alleged bribery and infringement of laws by officials. (11) To impeach the Provisional President for high treason, by a majority vote of three-fourths of the quorum consisting of more than four-fifths ofthe total number of the members. (12) To impeach members of the cabinet for failure to perform their official duties or for violation of the law, by majority votes of two-thirds of the quorum consisting of over three-fourths of the total number of the members. Article 20. The Advisory Council shall itself convoke, open and adjourn its own meetings. Article 21. The meetings of the Advisory Council shall be conducted publicly, but secret meetings may be held at the instigation of members of the cabinet or by the majority vote of its quorum. Article 22. Matters passed by the Advisory Council shall be communicated to the Provisional President for promulgation and execution. Article 23. If the Provisional President should veto matters passed by the Advisory Council, he shall, within ten days after he received such resolutions, return the same with stated reasons to the Council for reconsideration. If the same matter should again be passed by a two-thirds vote of the quorum of the Council, it shall be dealt with in accordance with Article 22. Article 24. The President of the Advisory Council shall be elected by ballots signed by the voting members, and the one who receives more than one-half of the total number of the votes cast shall be elected. Article 25. Members of the Advisory Council shall not, outside the Council hall, be responsible for their opinions expressed and votes cast in the Council. Article 26. Members of the Council shall not be arrested without the permission of the President of the Council, except for crimes committed at the time of arrest and for crimes pertaining to civil and international warfare. Article 27. Procedures of the Advisory Council shall be decided by its own members. Article 28. The Advisory Council shall be dissolved on the day of 152 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW the convocation of the National Assembly and its powers shall be exercised by the latter.


Members

[edit]
1912年2月15日，孫文率南京临时政府官员及南京临时参议院参议员出发赴明孝陵祭奠明太祖朱元璋前，与总统府人员及参议员在临时参议院正门前合影。前排左起：1徐申伯，2蓝天蔚，3蔡元培，4黄兴，5孙中山，6赵仕北，7魏宸组，8胡汉民，9黄大伟，10陈宽沆；第二排左起：1景耀月，2张伯烈，3陈陶遗，4欧阳振声，5刘彦，6彭允彝；彭允彝之上穿西装现半身者为江西代表汤漪；最后一排右起第五人为马素[3][4]

The Organizational Outline only provided that each province should send at most three senators. On the date of founding the Provisional Senate had a total of 42 members, including 30 formal members (from Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Fujian, Guangxi) and 12 representatives (from Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Fengtian, Zhili, Henan) acting on behalf of the senators that were yet to report duty.[5] The size grew to 45, or 39 as media reports varied,[6] on 1 March.[7][8]

According to Article 18 of the Provisional Constitution which came into effect on 11 March, each of the 22 provinces, Inner and Outer Mongolia, and Tibet shall elect five members to the Provisional Senate and one for Chinghai. This gives the total number of senators at 126. However not all members were deputed throughout the session.

List of verified senators[8][9]
Province Senator Session
Zhili 谷钟秀 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
王振垚 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
籍忠寅 Assumed office by 6 May Peking
李榘 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
谷芝瑞 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
Fengtian 吴景濂 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
劉興甲 Assumed office on 29 Apr Peking
曾有翼 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
李秉恕 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
孫孝宗 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
Jilin 王樹聲 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
金鼎勛 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
楊策 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
何裕康 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
李芳 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
Heilongjiang 高家驥 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
王赤卿 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
戰雲霽 Assumed office on 17 May Peking
關文鐸 Assumed office on 13 May Peking
薛珠 Peking
喜山 Assumed office on 12 Jul substituting 薛珠 Peking
Henan 李槃 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
陈景南 Assumed office on 25 Mar Nanking
丁廷骞 Assumed office on 25 Mar Nanking
张善与 Assumed office on 25 Mar Nanking
李载赓 Assumed office on 25 Mar Nanking
Shandong 彭占元 Assumed office on 27 Feb Nanking
劉星楠 Assumed office on 4 Mar Nanking, Peking
史泽咸 Assumed office on 26 Mar after 22 Mar by-election[10] Nanking
于洪起 Assumed office on 26 Mar after 22 Mar by-election[10] Nanking
陈命官 Assumed office on 26 Mar after 22 Mar by-election[10] Nanking
丁世嶧 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
周樹標 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
王丕煦 Disqualified for not assuming office within 20 days after appointment Peking
侯延爽 Assumed office on 10 June succeeding 王丕煦 Peking
Shanxi 李素 Assumed office on 28 Jan after appointed by Shanxi Provincial Assembly Nanking, Peking
劉懋賞 Assumed office on 28 Jan after appointed by Shanxi Provincial Assembly; resigned in early Jun Nanking, Peking
景耀月 Appointed on 31 Jan by Shanxi Provincial Assembly; resigned by early Feb after appointed as executive official Nanking
宋汝梅 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
張聯魁 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
劉盥訓 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
苗雨潤 Assumed office on 4 Jul succeeding 劉懋賞 Peking
Shaanxi 趙世鈺 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking, Peking
张蔚森 Appointed on 31 Jan; absent thereafter Nanking
马步云 Appointed on 31 Jan; assumed office on 5 Feb and took leave; absent between 6 to 20 Feb; no records thereafter Nanking
康宝忠 Substituted 张蔚森 on 14 Feb; absent thereafter; apparently delisted by 1 Mar Nanking
李述膺 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
景志傅 Assumed office by 4 May Peking
茹欲立 Assumed office on 8 May Peking
陳同熙 Assumed office on 27 May Peking
Hunan 彭允彝 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
刘彦 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
欧阳振声 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
覃振 Assumed office on 27 Mar Nanking
Hubei 时功玖 Assumed office on 27 Mar; resigned on 1 Mar; delisted on 2 Mar[7] Nanking
张伯烈 Assumed office on 27 Mar; resigned on 1 Mar; delisted on 2 Mar[7] Nanking
刘成禺 Assumed office on 27 Mar; resigned on 1 Mar; delisted on 2 Mar[7] Nanking
田桐 Assumed office on 25 Mar Nanking
刘道仁 Assumed office on 29 Mar Nanking
胡秉柯 Assumed office on 1 Apr Nanking
欧阳启勋 Assumed office on 5 Apr Nanking
Anhui 常恒芳 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
凌毅 Appointed on 31 Jan Nanking
范光启 Appointed on 28 Jan; no records thereafter Nanking
胡绍斌 Assumed office on 29 Feb substituting 范光启 Nanking
Jiangsu 杨廷栋 Appointed on 31 Jan; resigned on 27 Feb but rejected by Senate; delisted on 1 Mar[11] Nanking
陈陶遗 Assumed office on 31 Jan; resigned on 27 Feb but rejected by Senate; delisted on 1 Mar[12] Nanking
凌文渊 Assumed office on 31 Jan; resigned on 27 Feb but rejected by Senate; delisted on 1 Mar[13] Nanking
Jiangxi 汤漪 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
王有兰 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
文群 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
Zhejiang 王正廷 Appointed on 31 Jan Nanking
殷汝骊 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
陈毓川 Assumed office on 28 Jan; took leave on 1 Feb; resigned on 7 Feb; delisted on 1 Mar Nanking
黄群 Assumed office on 25 Mar substituting 陈毓川 Nanking
Fujian Lin Sen Assumed office on 28 Jan; resigned in early May Nanking
陳承澤 Assumed office on 28 Jan; resigned in early May Nanking
潘祖彝 Assumed office on 28 Jan; resigned on 1 Feb Nanking
张继 Assumed office on 1 Feb substituting 潘祖彝; resigned on 29 Feb Nanking
鄭祖蔭 Assumed office on 29 Mar substituting 张继; resigned in early May Nanking
  • （4月29日到院，5月初辭職）
  • 潘祖彜（4月29日到院，5月初辭職）
  • 李兆年（6月7日到院）
  • 周翰（6月17日到院）　
  • 連賢基（6月17日到院）　
  • 林翰（6月17日到院，1913年2月24日辭職）　　
  • 劉崇佑（6月19日到院）
Guangdong 赵仕北 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
钱树芬 Appointed on 31 Jan Nanking
丘沧海 Appointed on 31 Jan; absent thereafter; retired in early Feb due to health Nanking
金章 Assumed office on 13 Mar substituting Nanking
Guangxi 邓家彦 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
曾彦 Appointed on 31 Jan; assumed office on 5 Mar[9] Nanking
朱文劭 Appointed on 31 Jan; no record thereafter Nanking
刘崛 Assumed office on 8 Mar substituting 朱文劭 Nanking
Sichuan 张懋隆 Assumed office on 28 Jan; left office on 5 Feb Nanking
吴永珊 Assumed office on 28 Jan; left office on 5 Feb Nanking
周代本 Assumed office on 28 Jan; left office on 5 Feb Nanking
黄树中 Assumed office on 5 Feb Nanking
李肇甫 Assumed office on 5 Feb Nanking
熊成章 Assumed office on 5 Feb Nanking
Yunnan 段宇清 Assumed office on 28 Jan Nanking
张耀曾 Assumed office on 17 Feb Nanking
席聘臣 Assumed office on 15 Mar Nanking
Guizhou 文崇高 Assumed office on 28 Jan as representative to Guizhou commandary 楊藎誠; suspected not formally appointed Nanking
平刚 Assumed office on 28 Jan as representative to Guizhou commandary 楊藎誠; suspected not formally appointed Nanking

Speaker

[edit]

The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker were elected amongst the senators. The Nanking senate also elected the Presiding Officer (Chinese: 審議長) on 5 February.[9]

Portrait Name Term of office Session
Speaker Lin Sen 28 January 1912 8 April 1912 Nanking
Wu Jinglian (吳景濂) 29 April 1912 8 April 1913 Peking
Deputy Speaker Chen Taoyi (陳陶遺) 28 January 1912 ? (resigned) Nanking
Wang Chengting 15 March 1912 8 April 1912
Tang Hualong 29 April 1912 8 April 1913 Peking
Presiding Officer Li Zhaofu (李肇甫) 5 February 1912 8 April 1912 Nanking

Committees

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Provisional Senate formed various review committees, on foreign affairs, petition, bills, and finance. In Nanking senate the review committees would elect a chairman, while the whole house would elect a Presiding Officer.

Committees formed in Nanking were [9]

References

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北京临时参议院（1912年4月29日-1913年4月8日）

[edit]

以下按照學者考證列出議員名單：[14]

  • 議長　吴景濂（奉天，4月29日到院）
  • 副議長　湯化龍（湖北，4月29日到院）
  • 全院委員會委員長　谷鍾秀（直隶，5月4日前到院）
  • 法制委員會委員長　張耀曾（云南，5月4日前到院）
  • 財政委員會委員長　殷汝驪（浙江，5月4日前到院）
  • 庶政委員會委員長　鄭萬瞻（湖北，4月29日到院）
  • 請願委員會委員長　曾彦（广西，5月4日前到院，1912年2月3日辭議員職）
  • 懲罰委員會委員長　彭占元（山東，5月4日前到院）

第二次临时参议院（1917年11月10日－1918年8月12日）

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第二次是在粉碎张勋复辟之后，到第二届国会（安福国会）正式成立之前。该临时参议院于民国六年（1917年）11月10日成立。同年11月14日举行议员选举，王揖唐任议长，那彦图任副议长。1918年8月12日，即第一届国会（民元国会）期满日，临时参议院解散，安福国会正式成立。第二次临时参议院原本是研究系梁启超的主张，但是研究系的梁善济竞选议长失败。

1917年11月14日确定的临时参议院的议员如下：[15]

參议员：

{{中华民国中央立法机构}}

  1. ^ "The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China" (PDF). World Statesmen.
  2. ^ "中国国民党中央党部，南京民国建筑网，于2011-07-02查阅". Archived from the original on 2012-09-08. Retrieved 2011-10-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "钟伯毅、邓家彦口述，谢文孙等整理，钟伯毅、邓家彦口述自传，中国大百科全书出版社，2009年". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2011-10-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "孙中山先生珍贵历史照片在广东珠海被发现，中华网，2002-12-12". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-10-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ 参议院会员姓名录，申报1912年1月30日；平佚，临时政府成立记，东方杂志第8卷第11号
  6. ^ 参议院议事录，申报1912年3月5日
  7. ^ a b c d 鄂省参议员刘成禺、时功玖、张伯烈辞职之公布, 申报1912年3月2日
  8. ^ a b 刘劲松，南京参议院议员人数与《临时约法》的效力，近代史研究2005年1期
  9. ^ a b c d 李学智，民国初年的法治思潮与法制建设：以国会立法活动为中心的硏究，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2004年，第66页
  10. ^ a b c 清代档案史料丛编（八），中华书局，第338页
  11. ^ 邹小站，关于南京临时政府与《临时约法》的几个问题，近代史研究1997年第3期
  12. ^ 邹小站，关于南京临时政府与《临时约法》的几个问题，近代史研究1997年第3期
  13. ^ 邹小站，关于南京临时政府与《临时约法》的几个问题，近代史研究1997年第3期
  14. ^ 李学智，北京临时参议院议员人数及变动情况考，近代史研究1998年第04期
  15. ^ 劉寿林等編 (1995). 民国職官年表. 中華書局. ISBN 7-101-01320-1.
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