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Tornado outbreak of May 2, 1942

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Tornado outbreak of May 2, 1942
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes≥ 8
Maximum ratingF4 tornado
DurationMay 2, 1942
Overall effects
Fatalities31
Injuries≥ 172
Damage$1,095,000 ($20,420,000 in 2024 USD)[note 1]
Areas affectedCentral United States
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1942

On May 2, 1942, a deadly tornado outbreak affected portions of the Central United States, particularly Northeastern Oklahoma and Southeast Kansas. In the latter areas the severe weather event produced at least four violent, long-tracked tornado families, retroactively assessed as having inflicted F4 damage, that varied in length from 55 to 88 mi (89 to 142 km). Altogether these claimed 29 lives and injured at least 158 people, featuring six known tornadoes, all rated F4. Besides these, the outbreak also yielded two other tornadoes, both deadly: a long-lived F3 family in Illinois that killed one person and an F2 in Missouri that killed one more. The entire outbreak killed 31 people and injured at least 172.[note 2]

Confirmed tornadoes

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Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
? ? ? 1 1 6 0 ≥ 8

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.[2][note 3] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2 ) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.[6][note 4] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

May 2 event

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Confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, May 2, 1942
F# Location County / Parish State Time (UTC)[note 5] Path length Width[note 6] Damage
F4 S of Morrison to Pawhuska to near South Coffeyville Noble, Pawnee, Osage, Washington, Nowata Oklahoma 20:30–? 85 mi (137 km) 1,760 yd (1,610 m)♯ $150,000
3 deaths – This erratic, long-lived tornado family, up to 1 mi (1.6 km) wide, mostly hit remote areas, but did impact rural ranches, leveling structures and killing "hundreds" of cattle as it did so. Entering southeastern Pawhuska, it destroyed a 12-block swath of housing there, 30 homes in all. The death toll remained low, as most residents had sheltered in time. At least 28—possibly 32—injuries occurred. The path zigzagged, and damage often emerged on either side of the main event, indicating multiple tornadoes.[16][17][18][19]
F4 S of Cushing to N of Owasso Payne, Creek, Tulsa, Osage Oklahoma 21:15–? 55 mi (89 km) 880 yd (800 m)♯ $65,000
7 deaths – This tornado family initially damaged little, tracking past Drumright, Olive, and Silver City. Passing northwest of Tulsa, it leveled some homes, along with many other structures, and felled trees. Four deaths occurred near Turley and three more north of Fisher. 20 people were injured. Secondary areas of damage were frequently noted, suggesting multiple tornadoes.[16][17][18][19]
F4 Near McLoud to N of Chilesville Pottwatomie, Lincoln, Okfuskee, Creek Oklahoma 21:30–? 55 mi (89 km) 1,232 yd (1,127 m)♯ $120,000
16 deaths – This tornado family leveled small farmhouses in the Welty–Paden–Boley area, passing a short distance south of Prague. The severest damage occurred near Chilesville, where a "small farming community" was obliterated, resulting in a dozen deaths. In all 80 people were injured.[16][17][18][19]
F4 SW of Fredonia to Chanute Wilson, Neosho Kansas 21:30–? 30 mi (48 km) 300 yd (270 m) $150,000
1 death – This was the first of three tornadoes in an 88-mile-long (142 km) family, one or more of which were up to 0.9 mi (1.4 km) wide, that produced relatively little F4 damage. The first tornado struck about 35 farms, leveling four homes. 10 injuries occurred.[20][17]
F4 N of Iola to N of Lone Elm Allen, Anderson Kansas 22:00–? 11 mi (18 km) 400 yd (370 m) $100,000
The next member of the Fredonia family, this tornado produced F4 damage east of Colony, where it hit 24 barns and nine homes. 10 injuries occurred.[20][17]
F4 E of Humboldt to NW of Xenia Allen, Bourbon, Linn Kansas 22:20–? 35 mi (56 km) 200 yd (180 m) $150,000
2 deaths – This tornado, the final member of the Fredonia family, damaged 20 or more farmsteads. The deaths occurred near La Harpe and Mound City. 10 injuries occurred.[20][17]
F3 SW of Franklin to NW of Springfield to near Waynesville Morgan, Sangamon, Logan, DeWitt Illinois 01:00–? 70 mi (110 km) 300 yd (270 m) ≥ $360,000
1 death – A long-tracked tornado family hit eastern Franklin, destroying or damaging 105 homes there, of which at least five incurred F3 damage. Debris from Franklin was lofted 4 mi (6.4 km). Parallel tornadoes may have caused damage in Logan County. 12 injuries occurred.[17]
F2 SE of Fayette Howard Missouri 02:10–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
1 death – A home was swept off its foundation. A woman inside was fatally crushed beneath a fallen chimney. Two people were injured.[17]

Notes

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  1. ^ All losses are in 1942 USD unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
  3. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[3] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[4] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[5]
  4. ^ The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[7][8] Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[9] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[10] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;[11] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[12]
  5. ^ All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  6. ^ The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[13] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[14][15]

References

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  1. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  2. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  3. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  4. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  5. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  6. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, pp. 1497, 1503.
  7. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  8. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  9. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  10. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  11. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  12. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  13. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  14. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
  15. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
  16. ^ a b c Grazulis 1984, p. A-51.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Grazulis 1993, p. 900.
  18. ^ a b c USWB 1942, p. 111.
  19. ^ a b c Wahlgren 1942, p. 25.
  20. ^ a b c Grazulis 1984, p. A-52.

Sources

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