Teide National Park
| Teide National Park | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Location of Teide  Teide National Park (Spain, Canary Islands) | |
| Location | Tenerife, Spain |
| Coordinates | 28°15′47″N 16°36′58″W / 28.263°N 16.616°W |
| Area | 189.9 km2 |
| Established | 1954 |
| Visitors | 4 million visits yearly |
| Type | Natural |
| Criteria | vii, viii |
| Designated | 2007 (31st session) |
| Reference no. | 1258 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
Teide National Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is a national park located in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
The national park is centered on Mount Teide, the highest mountain of Spain (3,718 meters high) in addition, the highest volcano in the Atlantic Ocean islands and the third highest volcano in the world from its base in the ocean floor (7.500 meters high). Pico Viejo, also included within the national park limits, is the second highest volcano in the Canary Islands with its 3,135 m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the only two peaks in the Canary islands rising above the 3,000 m level.[1]
The park has an area of 18,990 hectares located in the municipality of La Orotava.[2] It was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[3] Since the end of 2007, it has also been one of the 12 Treasures of Spain. On a ridge, to the east of Teide, are the telescopes of the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is the most visited national park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited in the world,[4] with some 3 million visitors yearly.[5] In 2016, it was visited by 4,079,823 visitors and tourists reaching a historical record.[6][7]
There are morning and afternoon coach trips through the park, departing from selected areas in the south of Tenerife's tourist towns. Access to the peak requires a free permit that needs to be booked in advance.[8]
History
[edit]Teide National Park held spiritual significance to aboriginal Guanches, and important archaeological sites have been discovered in the park. Teide was a place of worship for the Guanches, who believed it was the gate to hell (Echeyde).[9]
National park status was declared on January 22, 1954. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the European Diploma of Protected Areas, in its highest category. This recognition and conservation management has been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004. In 2007, UNESCO declared Teide National Park a World Heritage Site. Teide National Park is also at the end of 2007, one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.[10]
Teide National Park is complementary to the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park,[11] this is mainly due to being in each of them represented the volcanic structures and forms less evolved magmas of such islands (Hawaii) and more evolved and differentiated (Teide).[12] Moreover, Teide National Park shares similar scenic characteristics with the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, United States.
Geography and climate
[edit]The Teide National Park has generally a very sunny, dry and mild climate. The major climates found in the Teide National Park are the Mediterranean climate (Csa/Csb) and the Semi-arid climate (BSk).[13]
The Izaña Teide Observatory located at 2,371 metres (7,779 ft) asl registers an annual temperature of 10.2 °C (50.4 °F) and almost 3,500 sunshine hours annually. Most summer days have completely clear skies.[14]
| Climate data for Izaña Observatory (1991–2020 normals) (altitude: 2,371 metres (7,779 ft)), extremes since 1919 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.7 (81.9) |
30.4 (86.7) |
29.6 (85.3) |
27.2 (81.0) |
24.6 (76.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
30.4 (86.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
9.1 (48.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.9 (42.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
2.8 (37.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −8.0 (17.6) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.3 (2.41) |
58.8 (2.31) |
56.7 (2.23) |
23.9 (0.94) |
5.6 (0.22) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.1 (0.00) |
7.2 (0.28) |
8.3 (0.33) |
43.6 (1.72) |
59.0 (2.32) |
67.9 (2.67) |
393.1 (15.46) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.5 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 6.6 | 38 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 249 | 241 | 303 | 320 | 376 | 395 | 397 | 368 | 314 | 271 | 231 | 233 | 3,698 |
| Source: Météo Climat[15] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Izaña Observatory (altitude: 2,371 metres (7,779 ft)) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.7 (81.9) |
30.4 (86.7) |
29.6 (85.3) |
27.2 (81.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
11.1 (52.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.8 (46.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
1.3 (34.3) |
2.7 (36.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −8.0 (17.6) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47 (1.9) |
67 (2.6) |
58 (2.3) |
18 (0.7) |
7 (0.3) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
5 (0.2) |
13 (0.5) |
37 (1.5) |
54 (2.1) |
60 (2.4) |
367 (14.5) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 34 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 50 | 54 | 48 | 45 | 40 | 32 | 25 | 30 | 43 | 55 | 54 | 52 | 44 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 226 | 223 | 260 | 294 | 356 | 382 | 382 | 358 | 295 | 259 | 220 | 218 | 3,473 |
| Source: 1981-2010 averages and 1920-2021 extremes. Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[16][17] | |||||||||||||
Flora and fauna
[edit]
The lava flows on the flanks of Teide weather to a very thin, but nutrient and mineral rich soil that supports a diverse number of plant species. Vascular flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of which are endemic to Tenerife.[18]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) occur from 1000 to 2100 m, covering the middle slopes of the volcano, and having an alpine timberline 1000 m lower than that of continental mountains of similar latitude.[19] At higher altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera provides sufficient shelter for more fragile species such as the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), and the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to grow.[20]
The most dominant plant species in the Teide National Park are the Teide white broom (Cytisus supranubius), which has a white and pink flower; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has white and violet flowers; and the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose red flowers form a pyramid up to 3m in height.[21] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) can be found at altitudes close to 3,600m above sea level. The Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) can be found right up to the summit of the volcano, making it the highest flowering plant in Spain.[22]
These plants are adapted to the tough environmental conditions on the volcano such as high altitude, intense sunlight, extreme temperature variations, and lack of moisture. Adaptations include acquiring semi-spherical forms, acquiring a downy or waxy cover, reducing the exposed leaf area, and having a high flower production.[20][23] Flowering takes place in the late spring or early summer, in the months of May and June.[18]
The Teide National Park contains a huge range of invertebrate fauna, over 40% of which are endemic species, with 70 species only being found in the national park. The invertebrate fauna include spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[24]
In contrast, Teide national park has only a limited variety of vertebrate fauna.[25] Ten species of bird nest in the park. These include the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea teydea); Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii); the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria); and a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[26][27]
Three endemic reptile species are also found in the park – the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), and the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[25][28]
The only mammals native to the park are bats, the most common species of which is Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals such as the mouflon, the rabbit, the house mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, and the Algerian hedgehog have all been introduced to the park.[29]
Scientific landmark
[edit]The similarity between environmental and geological conditions of Teide National Park and the planet Mars have made the park the ideal place for testing instruments that will travel to Mars and reveal past or present life on Mars. In 2010 a research team tested at Las Cañadas del Teide the Raman instrument that was to be used in the ESA-NASA ExoMars expedition to Mars.[30]
In 2017, ESA tested planetary rovers in an area of the park known as Las Minas de San José.[31]
Sister parks
[edit]
Besides the Teide National Park participates in different international programs and exchange advice with other national parks in the world, especially Central America, South America and Europe. In regard to international cooperation, the Teide National Park has provided technical support to the Souss-Massa National Park located in southwestern of Morocco.[33]
Gallery
[edit]-
Teide National Park -
Teide National Park -
Teide National Park -
Llano de Ucanca -
Teide National Park in winter -
Panoramic view -
Rock formations -
Rock formations -
La Tarta del Teide (Teide Cake)
._Tenerife,_Canary_Islands,_Spain,_Southwestern_Europe.jpg)
._Tenerife,_Canary_Islands,_Spain,_Southwestern_Europe-2.jpg)
._Tenerife,_Canary_Islands,_Spain,_Southwestern_Europe-5.jpg)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "The Geology of the Canary Islands - 1st Edition". shop.elsevier.com. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
- ^ "BOE.es - BOE-A-1999-24700 Resolución de 14 de octubre de 1999, de la Secretaria General de Medio Ambiente, por la que se publica el Acuerdo por el que se amplían los límites del Parque Nacional del Teide por incorporación de terrenos colindantes al mismo". www.boe.es. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
- ^ "Teide National Park". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ En las entrañas del volcán|El Español
- ^ "Parque Nacional del Teide. Ascenso, Fauna, Flora..." Retrieved March 21, 2016.
- ^ El Teide bate récord de visitantes y supera los cuatro millones
- ^ El Teide bate su récord de visitantes en 2016, con más de cuatro millones
- ^ "Mount Teide Cable Car Prices and Timetable | Volcano Teide". www.volcanoteide.com. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
- ^ Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R., eds. (2013). Teide Volcano: Geology and Eruptions of a Highly Differentiated Oceanic Stratovolcano. Active Volcanoes of the World. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-25892-3.
- ^ "Los 12 Tesoros de España, resultados definitivos". SobreTurismo (in Spanish). 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
- ^ Carracedo, J. C. (Juan Carlos). The geology of the Canary Islands. Troll, V. R. Amsterdam, Netherlands. ISBN 978-0-12-809664-2. OCLC 951031503.
- ^ "El Parque Nacional del Teide, Patrimonio Mundial: Valores geológicos determinantes" (PDF). Acceda.ulpgc.es. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ "Standard Climate Values. Canary Islands". AEMET. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ "Standard Climate Values. Izaña". AEMET. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ "Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne - Îles Canaries (page 1)" (in French). Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "Standard Climate Values. Izaña".
- ^ "Absolute Extreme Values. Izaña".
- ^ a b Dupont, Yoko L., Dennis M., Olesen, Jens M., Structure of a plant-flower-visitor network in the high altitude sub-alpine desert of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Ecography. 26(3), 2003, pp. 301–310.
- ^ Gieger, Thomas and Leuschner, Christoph, Altitudinal change in needle water relations of the Canary pine (Pinus Canariensis) and possible evidence of a drought-induced alpine timberline on Mt. Teide, Tenerife, Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 199(2), 2004, Pages 100-109y
- ^ a b J.M. Fernandez-Palacios, Climatic response of plant species on Tenerife, the Canary islands, J. Veg. Sci. 3, 1992, pp. 595–602
- ^ "Tenerife National Park - Flora". Tenerife Tourism Corporation. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
- ^ J.M. Fernandez-Palacios and J.P de Nicolas, Altitudinal pattern of vegetation variation on Tenerife, J. Veg. Sci. 6, 1995, pp. 183–190
- ^ C. Leuschner, Timberline and alpine vegetation on the tropical and warm-temperate oceanic islands of the world: elevation, structure and floristics, Vegetatio 123, 1996, pp. 193–206.
- ^ "Tenerife National Park - Fauna". Tenerife Tourism Corporation. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
- ^ a b Thorpe, R.S., McGregor, D.P., Cumming, A.M., and Jordan, W.C., DNA evolution and colonisation sequence of island lizards in relation to geological history: MTDNA RFLP, cytochrome B, cytochrome oxidase, 123 RRNA sequence, and nuclear RAPD analysis, evolution, 48(2), 1994, pp. 230-240
- ^ Lack, D., and H.N. Southern. 1949. Birds of Tenerife. Ibis, 91:607-626
- ^ P.R. Grant, "Ecological compatibility of bird species on islands", Amer. Nat., 100(914), 1966, pp. 451–462.
- ^ Lever, Christopher (2003). Naturalized Reptiles and Amphibians of the World (First ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850771-0..
- ^ Nogales, M., Rodríguez-Luengo, J.L. & Marrero, P. (2006) "Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non-native mammals on the Canary Islands" Mammal Review, 36, 49–65
- ^ "Tenerife se convierte en un laboratorio marciano". Elmundo.es. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ "Rovers drive through Tenerife darkness". European Space Agency. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- ^ "España: Cooperación en Parques Nacionales" (PDF). Otros.conaf.cl. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ a b "Cooperación internacional entre parques nacionales" (PDF). Magrama.gob.es. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
External links
[edit]
- UNESCO World Heritage Site datasheet
- Teide National Park - Official Website of Tenerife Tourism Corporation
- Volcano Teide Experience - Official Website for Activities and Excursions &
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